Sexuality and other issues in Africa and beyond

Togolese scientists studied the effect of leaves of S.mombin on uterine muscle contraction in child birth.5 They concluded that the hydro-ethanolic extract of S.mombin leaves exert their effect through prostaglandins release, α2-adrenoreceptors stimulation and calcium release, and subsequent uterine smooth muscle contraction. The next paper6 by Kumuda and others reports on salivary cortisol levels in postmenopausal women with psychosomatic disorders. They found that salivary cortisol was higher in post-menopausal women with clinically diagnosed psychosomatic disorders, than in those without. To conclude this sexuality section, we bring you the seminal work by Stella Gbotoloru who found that quinine blocks ovulation and induces oxidative stress in the ovary.7

Kenyan researchers on the other hand 2 report on sexual experiences of 200 secondary school students in Nakuru, where a large number had had sexual experiences. The work by Adimora 3 and others, on the other hand, brings to the fore the predictive power of the home environment and peer pressure on disruptive and risky sexual behaviour of adolescents. Now to sexuality of pregnancy: Iranian authors assessed effects of pregnancy on sexual function of couples. They report that sexual dysfunction is a widespread problem during pregnancy among Iranian couples. This paper makes very interesting reading and it is highly recommended. 4 Togolese scientists studied the effect of leaves of S.mombin on uterine muscle contraction in child birth. 5 They concluded that the hydro-ethanolic extract of S.mombin leaves exert their effect through prostaglandins release, α2-adrenoreceptors stimulation and calcium release, and subsequent uterine smooth muscle contraction. The next paper 6 by Kumuda and others reports on salivary cortisol levels in postmenopausal women with psy-chosomatic disorders. They found that salivary cortisol was higher in post-menopausal women with clinically diagnosed psychosomatic disorders, than in those without. To conclude this sexuality section, we bring you the seminal work by Stella Gbotoloru who found that quinine blocks ovulation and induces oxidative stress in the ovary. 7

Non Communicable Diseases
In the next section, we bring you very interesting papers on non-communicable diseases. Shen and others have developed a cytokine signature from peripheral blood that serves as a fingerprint for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. 8 Chinese authors have demonstrated that '572G/C polymorphism of the IL-6 gene may be a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in Asians.' 9 On the other hand, a study from South Africa casts doubt on the 'yield of interpretable test result of fine needle aspiration cytology when compared to breast ultrasonography', prompting them to recommend omission of FNAC from the triple assessment of women with suspected breast cancer. 10 The work by Jibrin and others 11 highlights the histo-pathological pattern of brain tumours in Nigeria. The rest of the NCD papers, deal with diagnosis of ischemic disease 12 , rheumatoid arthritis 13 , the retina 14 , hearing loss 15 , limb injury 16 , poisoning 17 , and glaucoma. 18

Child Health
We have a few papers on child health. South African clinicians bring us an interesting paper on congenital abnormalities found during circumcision. 19 Oral mutilation of infants has been reported in East Africa, but no substantial work had been reported from the Sudan. We bring you an interesting treatise on this subject by Elgamri and i others. 20 They found that 10% of the children studied had infant oral mutilation and identified several associated factors. The other papers are on neonatal mortality in Ghana 21 , and new born thyroid function. 22

Infections:
HIV of course is the big story here, with authors reporting adherence to ART 23 , physical activity 24 and disputes over HIV diagnosis by ELISA 25 , hepatitis C 26 and surveillance of epidemic prone diseases. 27 Finally, we bring you papers on uroliths 28 , kidney disease 29 , childhood cervical spine injuries 30 , and several letters to the editor in response to previous publications on oesophageal candidiasis. 31,32 So relax and enjoy this exotic menu of papers in African Health Sciences.

James K Tumwine
Editor in Chief, African Health Sciences.