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Hemorrhagic fever in Saudi Arabia: challenge to public health, effective management and future considerations


Taha A Kumosani
Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
Syed S Razvi
Maha J Balgoon
Mohammed Kaleem
Etimad A Huwait
Maryam A Alghamdi
Soonham S Yaghmoor
Khalid O Abualnaja
Elie K Barbour
Khalid A AL-Madani
Majdi H AlToukhi
Afnan T Kumosani
Said S Moselhy

Abstract

Background: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) refers to a group of febrile illnesses caused by different viruses that result in high mortality in animals and humans. Many risk factors like increased human-animal interactions, climate change, increased mobility of people and limited diagnostic facility have contributed to the rapid spread of VHF.


Materials: The history of VHFs in the Saudi Arabian Peninsula has been documented since the 19th century, in which many outbreaks have been reported from the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Despite presence of regional network of experts and technical organizations, which expedite support and respond during outbreaks, there are some more challenges that need to be addressed immediately. Gaps in funding, exhaustive and inclusive response plans and improved surveillance systems are some areas of concern in the region which can be dealt productively. This review primarily focusses on the hem- orrhagic fevers that are caused by three most common viruses namely, the Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift valley fever virus, and Dengue fever virus.


Conclusion: In summary, effective vector control, health education, possible use of vaccine and concerted synchronized efforts between different government organizations and private research institutions will help in planning effective out- break-prevention and response strategies in future.


Keywords: Viral fever; hemorrhagic fever (VHF); Saudi Arabia; challenges; management; future considerations.


Journal Identifiers


eISSN: 1729-0503
print ISSN: 1680-6905