Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine

A narrative review of sample size estimation for quantitative epidemiological and clinical study designs

2026-03-18T19:58:34+00:00

Introduction: Sample size estimation is a crucial step in conducting valid and reliable research. It is the most common question researchers ask biostatisticians, as these investigators often face the problem of estimating the correct sample size for their research.

Aim: This article aims to discuss the methods of sample size estimation in quantitative epidemiological and clinical research, presenting key principles and commonly used techniques in a simplified manner.

Discussion: Unlike the previously published reviews, this article presents simple, straightforward, and easy-to-understand sample size formulas as well as basic principles on sample size estimation of common study designs in epidemiological and clinical research. In addition, explanations were provided on different statistical theories and concepts, such as outcome variable, confidence level, power, and effect size, which are important considerations in estimating scientifically appropriate sample size.

Conclusion: Based on the descriptions and simplified formulas in this article, researchers can easily estimate a sample size that aligns with their study design and outcome measures, enabling more robust and reliable estimates and ensuring that the findings can be generalised to the wider population.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective study.

2026-03-18T20:01:04+00:00

Background: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a disease whose incidence varies across the different races worldwide. This study examined the epidemiology, clinical presentation and management of IHPS in Nigeria.

Patients and Methods: A retrospective study of cases of IHPS was conducted across six paediatric surgical centres in Nigeria with complements of at least two paediatric surgeons and high patient turn overs. Data collected were analyzed, the results obtained were expressed in simple percentages, mean ± standard deviation while linear relationships were obtained using Spearman’s correlation and the level of significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: One hundred and thirty-one patients were managed across the six centres in Nigeria, their ages ranged from 5 days – 44 weeks with a median of 6 weeks. There were 109 (83.2%) boys and 22 (16.8%) girls (M: F = 5:1). Electrolyte derangement was observed in 63(48.1%) patients (hyponatraemia – 42.0%, hypokalaemia – 35.9%, hypochloraemia – 32.1% and metabolic acidosis – 39.7%). The peri-operative mortality rate in this review was 5.3%. Post-operative complications had statistically significant association with longer duration of symptoms before presentation (p = 0.037), presence of jaundice (p = 0.024) and raised levels of creatinine at presentation (p = 0.002). Longer duration of symptoms before presentation (p = 0.037) were significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusion: The epidemiology and clinical presentations are still similar to findings from outside Nigeria but comparable to other Low Middle Income Countries and post-operative outcome is also comparably good.

Psychosocial distress, body image perception, and coping mechanisms among breast cancer patients: A cross-sectional study at a tertiary health facility in Sub-Saharan Africa

2026-03-18T20:24:40+00:00

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide, often leaving survivors with significant psychological distress and altered body image. Understanding these psychosocial challenges and the coping mechanisms used is crucial for providing holistic care.

Aim: This study assessed the prevalence of psychological distress, body image perception, and coping mechanisms among breast cancer survivors and explored the relationship between coping strategies and body image perception.

Methods: A cross-sectional study recruited 160 adult female breast cancer survivors (mean age 42.77±7.50 years). Data were collected using structured questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) for distress, a psychosocial support scale, a body image perception tool, and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE) inventory. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and t-tests.

Results: High rates of distress were observed: 57.5% of respondents reported psychological distress, and 62.5% experienced body image dissatisfaction. Psychosocial support was low for 51.9% of participants. The most common coping mechanisms were ‘religion’ and ‘active coping’. Higher body image distress was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with both adaptive (active coping, acceptance, religion) and maladaptive (self-distraction, denial, venting, behavioural disengagement, self-blame) coping strategies.

Conclusion: Psychological distress and body image dissatisfaction are highly prevalent in this group of breast cancer survivors. These findings underscore the need for early, targeted psycho-oncological interventions that address the complex relationship between body image distress and reliance on both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies.

Perceptions of student engagement in medical education: A cross-sectional study of students and faculty in Nigeria

2026-03-18T20:27:38+00:00

Background: Student engagement in medical education encompasses the various ways students participate in institutional management, educational processes, research activities, and community-oriented initiatives. Alignment between student and faculty perceptions is essential for the successful design and implementation of engagement strategies. This study uses the AMEE ASPIRE framework to measure the perceptions of students and faculty across key domains.

Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 555 medical students fromthe University of Ibadan and University of Ilorin and 65 faculty members from the University of Ibadan. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Frequencies and percentages were generated for all AMEE ASPIRE perception items. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences between perception levels and respondent category (students versus faculty), with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: While both students and faculty generally reported positive perceptions of student engagement, there were notable differences in perception about institutional governance. Students reported significantly stronger perception for involvement in vision and mission development (89.7% vs 66.2%; p<0.001), committee representation (95.7% vs 87.7%; p=0.006), policy development (92.1% vs 64.6%; p<0.001), and leadership roles in curriculum development (86.1% vs 56.9%; p<0.001). Conversely, both groups showed high support for student participation in the school’s education programmes, academic environment and in service delivery.

Conclusion: Significant perception gaps were identified in institutional governance engagement. Addressing these disparities will require formalising faculty–student partnerships and enhancing existing platforms for meaningful collaboration.

The Ibadan acute and chronic heart failure project: Rationale and design

2026-03-18T21:31:25+00:00

Introduction: Until recently, little was known about the emerging problemof non-communicable forms of heart failure supplementing traditional pathways to the syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa due to infections and infestations. Contemporary studies have built on historical reports to demonstrate that the aetiology and indeed case profile of heart failure (i.e., more women and younger individuals affected in the prime of their lives) is different from that of high-income countries.

Objective: This study will assess the long-term outcomes, risk factors, clinical phenotypes, and genomics of heart failure in Ibadan, Nigeria, estimate the healthcare cost associated with heart failure and how it affects evidence-based care, and understand the cultural and social conceptions of heart failure in the city and, by extension, in Nigeria.

Methodology: Data from each subject shall be obtained using a uniformand standardized case report form. A detailed clinical documentation on cases of heart failure will be undertaken. The following data shall be obtained: study identification number, centre code, demographic data, date of diagnosis of HF, and pre-admission history (previous heart failure-related admissions). Others include New York Heart Association functional class, symptoms, signs, self-reported cardiovascular risk factors, aetiology of heart failure, comorbidities, blood investigations, point-of-care biomarker, Chest X-ray, 12-lead ECG, echocardiography, medications, barriers to care, quality of life data, etc. Blood samples will be obtained during enrollment for analysis of biochemical biomarkers.

Results: The primary outcome of the study will be mortality by any cause. Secondary outcomes will include non-fatal major events (both resulting in and not resulting in admission).

Conclusion: The project will provide data on the contemporary aetiology, clinical profile management and outcomes of heart failure in Ibadan, which may be extrapolated to other parts of the country.

Socio-clinical demographics and risk factors for heart failure at a tertiary hospital in South-South Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

2026-03-18T21:37:36+00:00

Introduction: Heart failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients globally. It is a prevalent syndrome with poor prognosis, for which identification of variables that increase mortality and are treatable might lead to improved survival. This study aimed to find the pattern of socio-clinical demographics and the risk factors of heart failure at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done looking at 175 inpatient and outpatient heart failure cases diagnosed using Framingham’s criteria and transthoraxic echocardiography.

Results: The mean age was 56.33+/-16.94 years. There were more males than females, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Majority(54.3%) of the patients studied were in the occupational class I(Senior public servants, professionals, managers, large scale traders, businessmen and contractors). About 15% of patients had no formal education, while about 40% had a tertiary level education. A majority had a history of hypertension (61.1%), while about 25% had a history of diabetes. There was a history of alcohol use in 44% of participants with a history of angina being present in about 20% of patients. Fifteen percent had a history of tobacco use, while the least represented risk factors were history of valvular heart disease (3.4%), family history of sudden death (2.9%), and family history of heart disease (0.1%).

Conclusion: Heart failure was more common in middle age group, males, married individuals, social class 1 and those with a tertiary level of education. Orthopnea was the most common presenting feature. Hypertensive heart disease was the most common risk factor, and other risk factors included diabetes and alcohol use.

Epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prevention of stroke: A narrative review

2026-03-18T21:49:07+00:00

Introduction: Stroke is a major public health problem globally, and surviving patients have very high risks of recurrence. Age, sex, ethnicity, transient ischaemic attack(TIA), and hereditary characteristics are non-modifiable risk factors while the major modifiable risk factors for stroke are hypertension, diabetes, lack of physical exercise, alcohol and drug abuse, cholesterol, diet management and cardiac diseases.

Objective: The aim of this narrative review was to discuss the current management and prevention of stroke.

Methods: In this review, the databases of Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were used for literature search. The MESH terms used included “Diagnosis of Stroke”, “Epidemiology of Stroke”, “Management of Stroke” and “Prevention of Stroke”. The other terms were “Stroke Mimicks” and “Biomarkers of Stroke”. Studies that evaluated the current management of stroke in adult patients were included. This article is guided by the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA).

Results: A total of 800 studies were found. After excluding duplicate papers and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 72 studies were included for review. The included studies were published between 2010 and 2025. These studies included 9 Randomised Controlled Ttrials, a cohort study and other studies.

Conclusions: Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain is the most common form of clinical imaging procedure used in the treatment of stroke and Non-contrast CT Scans are usually the first step in imaging process. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive imaging technique, it shows ischaemic changes very early and is effective in the evaluation of cerebral changes in ischaemic stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging is more precise in excluding intracranial hemorrhage and MRI with DWI is more accurate in the revealing acute ischemic stroke. Stroke treatment mainly focuses on restoring blood flow to the brain and treating stroke-induced neurological injury.

A prospective, observational study on etiological spectrum of end stage kidney disease in North India: Dominance of diabetic kidney disease and emerging trends

2026-03-18T21:54:51+00:00

Background: End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) poses a formidable challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like India. With the epidemiological transition favoring non-communicable diseases, the burden of diabetes and hypertension as leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has grown substantially. This study aims to characterize the etiological spectrum of ESKD in a North Indian tertiary care center, with a special focus on the rising prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD).

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between June 2023 and December 2024, enrolling 132 patients undergoing incident hemodialysis. Data on demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters, and underlying CKD etiologies were collected and analyzed.

Results: DKD was identified as the most common cause of ESKD [n=50 (40.9%)], followed by hypertensive nephrosclerosis [n=19(14.4%)], chronic glomerulonephritis [n=13(9.8%)], and unknown etiology [n=19(14.4%)]. Other causes included hepatorenal syndrome-associated CKD [n=8(6.1%)], obstructive uropathy [n=7(5.3%)], polycystic kidney disease [n=6(4.6%)], and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis [n=6(4.6%)].

Conclusion: DKD is the predominant cause of ESKD in this cohort from North India. Early diagnosis, risk factor management, and nephrology referral are crucial. Regional profiling of etiologies can improve health planning and resource allocation.

Ultrasound findings in the gallbladder of adult Sickle Cell Anaemia and sex-age matched non Sickle Cell Anaemia patients at National Hospital Abuja: An analytic cross sectional study

2026-03-18T22:01:18+00:00

Background: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), a hereditary hemoglobinopathy prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, is associated with chronic haemolysis that predisposes patients to pigment gallstones. While gallbladder complications are common in SCA, especially in resource-limited regions, adult-targeted screening remains infrequent.

Objective: To evaluate gallbladder morphology in adults with SCA using ultrasonography and compare these findings with healthy, age- and sex-matched non-SCA in relation to their anthropometry parameters.

Methods: In this hospital-based analytic cross sectional study, 160 confirmed adult SCA patients and 160 age and sex-matched healthy controls underwent standardized gallbladder ultrasound. Parameters assessed included gallbladder volume, gallbladder wall thickness, and presence of stones in gallbladder. The examination was performed after atleast 6 hours fasting using a 3.5-5.0MHZ curvilinear array probe of a Mindray DC-N3-PRO ultrasound machine. The data obtained was analysed with SPSS version 20.0 using Student T-Test, p-value and Spearman or Karl-Pearson’s correlation coefficient where appropriate, and the results were presented in tables where necessary. The significant findings identified were highlighted.

Results: The prevalence of cholelithiasis among the sickle cell anaemia subjects in this study was 20%, while the prevalence of cholelithiasis among the controls was 7.5%. Sickle cell anaemia subjects had significantly higher mean gallbladder volume (31.9±1.2cm²) compared to the healthy controls (23.2±1.4cm²), (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Adults living with SCA exhibit significantly higher rates of cholelithiasis and enlarged gallbladder volumes. Routine ultrasound screening should be integrated into adult SCA management in Nigeria to facilitate early intervention.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of first aid management of avulsed teeth among primary school teachers in Ibadan, Nigeria

2026-03-18T22:07:10+00:00

Background: Teachers’ prompt and proper first aid management of avulsed teeth in schools is crucial for a favorable prognosis. Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of primary school teachers in Ibadan, Nigeria, regarding the first aid management of avulsed teeth and their relationship with the participants’ sociodemographic factors.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among primary school teachers from randomly selected local government areas in Ibadan, Nigeria, from October to December 2023. Data collection was done using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. The sociodemographic characteristics and KAP scores were summarized using descriptive statistics. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to identify the association between sociodemographic factors and KAP scores.

Result: A total of 251 teachers participated in the study, with median (Interquartile Range (IQR)) age and teaching experience of 47 years (37- 54) and 19 years (10-24), respectively. About twenty-four percent of them had adequate knowledge, and 37.4% demonstrated a positive attitude toward the emergency management of avulsed teeth. One hundred and seventeen teachers had witnessed avulsion injuries before, and out of them, 49 (41.8%) did nothing. Teachers with prior information were more likely to have adequate knowledge. [aOR = 2.66, 95% CI (1.28; 5.52), p = 0.008]

Conclusion: This study revealed that a high proportion of primary school teachers had inadequate knowledge, poor attitude, and sub-optimal practices of first aid management of dental avulsion. This highlights a critical need for targeted educational interventions among teachers to increase the prognosis of dental avulsion in school children.

Application levels of principles of POCT implementation, management, and maintenance through the perceptions of healthcare professionals at a tertiary hospital in Uyo, Akwa State, Nigeria

2026-03-18T22:14:13+00:00

Background: The application of principles for the implementation, management, and maintenance of point-of-care (POC) testing systemservice is unclear in tertiary healthcare settings in Nigeria. Hence, the study assessed these principles through the perceptions of healthcare professionals (HCPs).

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 HCPs in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH), southern Nigeria, using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire that assessed the major principles for POC system service. The questionnaires assessed the implementation principles (determination of healthcare need, presence of POC Organizing and implementation committee, POC testing policy/ accountability protocols, direct involvement of Health care Professionals (HCPs) and the training and certification of operators), the management principles (establishment of quality assurance and audit policies, establishment of maintenance and inventory control policies, establishment of documentary protocols) and the maintenance principles (accreditation and/or regulation of POC testing systems/devices and the central laboratory’s involvement in effecting all the principles). Categorical data were summarized in frequency and percentages and presented in tables and figures.

Results: Regarding implementation principles, most respondents affirmed not having determined the healthcare need, clinical/operational/ economic benefits, performance requirements, clinical risks, and costs before deployment (63.3%), not having any POC organizing/ implementation coordinating committee (83.3%), no POC testing policy/ accountability protocols (96.7%), and no training/certification of operators for POC systems/devices in the hospital and/or their departments/units (91.7%) (p<0.001). On the management principles, most respondents affirmed negatively to having established quality assurance/ audit policies (83.3%), maintenance/inventory control policies (91.7%), and documentary protocols for POC systems/devices in the hospital and/ or their department/unit (96.7%) (p<0.001). Concerning the maintenance principles, most respondents affirmed to no accreditation/regulation policy (73.3%) and involvement of the central laboratory regarding the POCT systems/devices within the hospital and/or their departments/ units (78.4%) (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The level of application of POC principles is low within UUTH based on current findings. This highlights a critical gap in current operational practices, posing potential risks to the quality of patient diagnostic data. Immediate development/implementation of targeted programs and enhanced compliance protocols to address these deficiencies is recommended.

Behavioural pattern during Covid 19 and effect of various hygiene protocols on disease prevention among security personnel in University of Maidiguri Teaching Hospital.

2026-03-18T22:20:05+00:00

Background: Human behaviours have huge impact on disease prevention and how the attitudes and behaviour of security personnel in UMTHMaiduguri affect disease prevention during Covid-19 is the core of this study.

Objective: To ascertain the knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and effects of disease preventive protocols of security personnel working within University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) towards Covid-19.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which took place fromSeptember 2020 to March 2021, approved by the Ethical Review Board of the Borno State Ministry of Health, carried out among security personnel selected through a simple random sampling technique. The data from this study was entered into Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS Statistics) soft version 29.0. The data was tested for normality; discreet variables were tested using Chi square while continuous variables were tested using either T-test or Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for parametric data and their non-parametric equivalent for non-parametric data. P- Value of less than 0.05(P< 0.05) was set as statistically significant.

Result: Total of 64 people completed the survey, 57(89.9%) males and 7(10.1%) females. The mean age is 28.1yrs, range of 42yrs, and standard deviation of 9.3yrs. The Prevalence of physical distancing, use of face mask and hand washing before and after onset of Covid-19 pandemic 49(76.6%);53(82.8%), 45(70.3%);56(87.5%), 52(81.3%); 53(82.8%). Majority have one form of misconception or the other for their non-adherent to Covid-19 protocols, there was also statistical significant improvement in the use of face mask and physical distancing when we compared before and after Covid-19 pandemic declaration with P-values of 0.023 and 0.038 respectively but no significant difference in the frequency of hand washing (P-value 0.44) and there was no major change in the level of Covid-19 related signs and symptoms before and after declaration of Covid-19 pandemic in Maiduguri.

Conclusion: The study showed a significant improvement in the attitude and behaviour of the security personnel towards Covid-19. There was still a high level of misconception of the security personnel towards Covid-19 as most respondents would rather pray over Covid-19 or visit the herbalist than seek medical care. Overall, there was some level of improvement in their preventive measures towards Covid-19.

Adult-onset Rasmussen Encephalitis mimicking chronic cerebral infarct – A case report

2026-03-18T22:26:30+00:00

Background: Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) is a rare, chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the brain that results in progressive unilateral cerebral atrophy, severe neurological deterioration, and drug-resistant focal seizures. Although classically described in children, particularly those under the age of ten, a small but growing number of adult-onset cases have been documented in recent years, with a notable predominance among females. Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and differentiation of RE from other unilateral cerebral pathologies. Given the scarcity of imaging mimics and the significant therapeutic implications, it is essential that radiologists and clinicians recognize its characteristic imaging patterns to facilitate early and accurate diagnosis, thereby preventing delays in the initiation of appropriate treatment.

Case Summary: We present a case of Rasmussen Encephalitis in an adult female, which was initially misdiagnosed as a chronic cerebral infarct on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A detailed review of subsequent imaging revealed typical features of RE, including progressive unilateral cortical atrophy and signal changes confined to one cerebral hemisphere.

Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of adult-onset RE, which may mimic chronic vascular insults on imaging. Awareness of its distinctive radiological features and characteristic electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities are crucial for early and accurate diagnosis. Early recognition also allows for timely institution of appropriate therapy, which may slow disease progression, improve seizure management, and preserve neurological dysfunction.

A rare case of discordant anomaly in a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy: Tessier cleft with severe hydrocephalus in a low resource setting

2026-03-18T22:31:36+00:00

Introduction: Congenital anomalies in twin pregnancies pose significant challenges for prenatal diagnosis and management, especially in low-resource settings. Discordant anomalies, especially those involving the central nervous system (CNS) and craniofacial structures, are rare but associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality rates.

Case Presentation: We report a rare case of Severe Tessier cleft in a discordant twin of a 27-year-old Gravida 5 Para 0+4 woman who booked for antenatal care at 31 weeks and 5 days’ gestation with no prior fetal anomaly scans. She had a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy, with ultrasound revealing one of the fetuses affected by severe hydrocephalus. She presented at 37 weeks and 6 days of gestation and had an elective cesarean section. The first twin, a healthy female, had a birth weight of 3.2 kg and good APGAR scores. The second twin, a male with multiple craniofacial and skeletal congenital anomalies. The APGAR scores were 6 at the first minute and 7 at the fifth minute, but died at about the third hour of life.

Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of prenatal anomaly assessment and care. Multidisciplinary care, including in-depth counseling and timely intervention, is crucial to optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes.

A missed spontaneous splenic rupture in a Nigerian neonate – A rare and challenging case report and review of literature.

2026-03-19T16:06:38+00:00

Background: Splenic rupture is relatively uncommon in newborns but could occur from birth trauma, increase intra-abdominal pressure such as polyhydramnios and fetal ascites. Abdominal ultrasonography remains the radiologic investigation of choice in this clime. We present this rare finding, first in the literature from sub-Saharan Africa, to raise awareness, and improve our index of suspicion of this extremely fatal condition.

Case summary: A 2-day old male who was delivered via elective caesarian section at 39 weeks gestational age. He cried well at birth but was noticed to have a distended abdomen and respiratory distress 4 hours after birth with a reduction of the packed cell volume from 40% at 5 hours of life to 23% on the second day after birth. Abdominal ultrasound scan showed hepatosplenomegaly with moderate ascites. An initial diagnosis of malrotation with midgut volvulus was made. Exploratory laparotomy was done on the 36^th hour of life after optimization of the hematocrit level with intra-operative findings of a 3cm sub capsular splenic laceration and 100 mls of haemoperitoneum with clots. The bleeding point was identified and a haemostatic agent applied. Six hours post-surgery, he suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest and all efforts at resuscitation were unsuccessful.

Conclusion: Management of this condition may be non-operative or surgical. Irrespective of the treatment approach, it is associated with high mortality in the setting of delayed diagnosis and intervention. Thus, it is important to have a high index of suspicion on any neonate with the triad of worsening anaemia, abdominal distension, and shock.

The trailing appendix in a Nigerian infant: A case report and review of literature

2026-03-19T16:17:38+00:00

Introduction: Amyand hernia is described as an inguinal hernia in which the hernia sac contains the appendix¹ . Its incidence is rare, although common in children, and it is often an incidental finding at surgery^2,3 . While the management widely depends on the Lasanoff and Basson guidelines, the treatment plan, however, remains controversial.

Case Presentation: A two-month-old male child with a history of progressively increasing right groin swelling noticed since birth. Examination revealed a right reducible inguinoscrotal swelling, which was separate from the right testis with a positive silk glove sign. A diagnosis of a right reducible inguinoscrotal hernia was made, and he was scheduled for a right herniotomy. Intra-operatively, after reduction of the contents of the hernia sac, the vermiform appendix was seen peeping out of a rent in the wall of the hernia sac. The appendix was returned to the peritoneal cavity, and a Marcy repair was done to complement the herniotomy. The post-operative period was uneventful.

Conclusion: Amyand hernia is a rare clinical condition reported more commonly in children, whose diagnosis remains fortuitous, and the treatment plan, controversial. It is often an intraoperative diagnosis, and the management plan for this condition varies, depending on the status of the appendix at surgery. In large inguinoscrotal hernias in males, we recommend that the content of the sac be examined before transection, and a Marcy’s repair should be considered. Keywords: Amyand, Inguinal hernia, Children, Nigerian, Appendix Copyright Statement The copyright of this manuscript is vested in this journal and in its publisher, the Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan. This article is licensed under the Creative Common Attribution-Non Commercial License 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0).

Atypical Myiasis in a female infant in Osogbo, South-West Nigeria; A case report

2026-03-19T16:21:47+00:00

Background: Cutaneous Myiasis is uncommon in early infancy. Also, scalp involvement is unusual in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a site of predilection in the America continent where the vector is the Botfly. The Tumbu fly vector found in Africa has a predilection for the trunk and abdomen. We report the case of an infant with scalp Myiasis and highlight possible implications of the disease.

Case presentation: We present a case of a A 2-month-old girl who presented at the Paediatric Emergency Unit of University of Osun Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria with boil-like skin lesions on the trunk and fever of two days duration. The skin lesions progressively increased in size and subsequently ruptured, releasing motile larvae. The infant, exclusively breastfed and with no known exposure to individuals with similar symptoms. She received multiple inappropriate medications at a rural primary health centre without improvement. On examination, she was febrile but otherwise stable, with multiple papular and ruptured lesions with visible larvae. A diagnosis of cutaneous myiasis was made. Application of Vaseline (petroleum jelly) to the intact lesions led to complete extrusion of the larvae within 48 hours.

Conclusion: This case draws attention to an unusual pattern of myiasis in an infant and raises questions about possible changes in vector behaviour or species distribution. It also highlights gaps in early diagnosis, the problem of inappropriate antibiotic use, and the influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors including unreliable electricity on preventable parasitic infections.

From evidence to impact: Improving non-communicable diseases care through implementation research

2026-03-18T19:55:17+00:00

No abstract.

Erratum on: Dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm with classic imaging findings and review of literature.

2026-03-19T16:31:34+00:00

Erratum article for Dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm with classic imaging findings and review of literature. Volume 23, Number 1, April 2025, page 121–124

Erratum on: Stage-specific treatment and clinical outcomes of patients with hepatocellular cancer at the University College Hospital, Ibadan: A 5-year review.

2026-03-19T16:45:50+00:00

Erratum article for Stage-specific treatment and clinical outcomes of patients with hepatocellular cancer at the University College Hospital, Ibadan: A 5-year review. Volume 23, Number 1, April 2025, page 105–111