Continuous removal and recovery of lead by alginate beads, free and alginate-immobilized <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>

Abstract

This study examines the possibility of using Chlorella vulgaris cells in repeated lead adsorption/desorption cycles. Alginate beads and immobilized with algal cells were more effective and suitable than free cells. Consistently high lead removal (>90%) and recovery (about 100%) were
achieved. Lead adsorption was mainly via the alginate matrix and minor contribution was made by algae. Free cells were difficult to handle and give inconsistent lead removal and recovery throughout the experiment.