Characterising family farms and their constraints and agroecological intensification options: A case study from the Sahelian Zone, Niger

Abstract

Family farms play an important role in food security and nutrition in West Africa. Family farms are rapidly changing and face many constraints. Thus, characterizing them is necessary for policy purposes. This study aimed to characterise family farms in Niger, focusing on the current constraints to family farms and existing agroecological intensification (AEI) options. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 108 family farms across the selected six study locations. We used descriptive statistics to characterise the family farms and the factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) and the Hierarchical Clustering of Principal Components (HCPC) to identify the types of family farms. Results showed that family farms, on average, encompass three households, and the majority (87.2%) of the family farms surveyed were managed by married persons where 25.7% of whom are female. Agriculture remains the primary source of income for 98.2% of people in the study locations, and the main second source of family income (47.7%) is animal husbandry. Family farms are mainly characterised by the presence of the main field (MF) (98%) led by the heads of households and the presence of the women fields (WF) (78%) led by the women. Regarding farm size, the average MF and the WF farm sizes were 3.0 ha and 1.5 ha, respectively. The main identified constraints to family farms were soil fertility decline (84.33%), a recurrent early end of the rainy season (84.33%), farmers’ low income (41.15%), and limited access to the market (24.70%). Twelve potential AEIs options across the study area were explored. In the MF, the major AEI options practised by farmers were: the application of organic manure as fertilizer (73.27%), cereallegume intercropping (68.83%), and Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (35.85%). Whereas in the WF, the AEI practices were the application of organic manure (55.28%), and cereal-legume intercropping (28.98%). Co-building an integrative approach that combines multiple AEI options in the same field is necessary to tackle the main drivers of the farming systems.