An Appraisal of Nigeria Peace Keeping Process in Darfur

The art of external intervention as a strategy for conflict resolution and crisis management has been prominent among nations of the world. In Africa, Nigeria has been championing the course of peace in this respect since her independence. Peace keeping is a third party intervention which operates with a set of guiding principles that include the consent of the parties in conflict, impartiality and non use of force except on self defense. Ag policy of any nation serves as a mirror of its domestic reality. It begins with identification and articulation of national interests. Nation’s interest represents and serves the principal consideration in the formulation and execution of nati relations. It’s against this background that Nigeria maintained that ‘Africa is the centre peace and security’ in her foreign policy. Consequently, this paper is focused on the appraisal of Nigeria peace keeping efforts in Darfur region of Sudan from 2004 were used and system theory made are: 1. Nigeria’s much engagements in peacekeeping operation are affecting h domestic affair. 2. Nigeria lack understanding of the nature of the conflict among parties, various forces at play and psychology/beliefs of the combatants before involvi conflict process. 3. Terrain, advert effect on the peace keepers adequate operational plans, mandate

The art of external intervention as a strategy for conflict resolution and crisis management has been prominent among nations of the world. In Africa, Nigeria has been championing the e of peace in this respect since her independence. Peace keeping is a third party intervention which operates with a set of guiding principles that include the consent of the parties in conflict, impartiality and non use of force except on self defense. Again, foreign policy of any nation serves as a mirror of its domestic reality. It begins with identification and articulation of national interests. Nation's interest represents and serves the principal onal policies especially in international relations. It's against this background that Nigeria maintained that 'Africa is the centre peace and security' in her foreign policy. Consequently, this paper is focused on the appraisal of 2015. Content analyses Some of findings Nigeria's much engagements in peacekeeping operation are affecting her 2. Nigeria lack understanding of the nature of the conflict among parties, various forces at play and psychology/beliefs of the combatants before involving in the s as well as other challenges in Darfur has are 1. Nigeria should make adequate operational plans, mandate and focus that are well spelt out with achievable 2. Nigeria should understand understanding of the nature of the conflict among parties, various forces at play and psychology/beliefs of the combatants before involving in the conflict process. Theoretical Frame Work.
The theory used in this research work is systems theory.
Easton in 1964. To him system theory in political system is like any other systems such system. Every system has a sub system work effectively. What makes political system so special is that it is in this system that "authoritative allocation of values" are made or authoritative value are assignments are made i.e.
African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (AJPAS) -ISSN: 2787-0367; e-ISSN: 2787-0359 Copy Right: © Author (s) https://www.ajpasebsu.org.ng/ https://dx.doi.org/10. 4314/ajpas.v16i1.20 Sudan has since pre-colonial era been embroiled in conflict as the 7 th century BC when the armies of ancient Egypt ventured into the area known as Kush. This was primarily to guard the forts built along the Nile to protect the trade routes supplying produce and slaves from the Nubian hinterland. Over the year been the south of Sudan and the western Darfur region. The Jumhuriyya as the Sudan is the largest country in Africa and the 10 world by land area. It is bordered by Egypt to the North, Red Sea to the , Kenya and Uganda to Southwest, Chad to the West and Libya to the The country's name is derived from Arabic Bilad-al-sudan meaning "land of the blacks".
1956. The country has been on civil war 2 times and the 3 present armed conflict in the western region of Darfur. The conflict has attracted so much international attention because of the perceived genocide against black Darfurians by Sudanes using Arab fighters. Pressure by international community prompted African the UN to finally intervene in the conflict for interest of peace.
According to Aliyu, (2005: 164-170); the present day territory of Sudan combines land of ancient kingdoms including Kush, Darfur, and 3 Nubian kingdoms which thrived until the 19 Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of the 19 established a province Equatorial in Southern Sudan to further this aim; it was unable to establish effective control over the area which remained an area of fragmented tribes subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders. In the later years of the Turkiyah, the British missionaries travelled from Kenya into the As-Sudd to convert the local tribes to Christianity. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in the southern Sudan, precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces.
The theory used in this research work is systems theory. System theory was developed by David Easton in 1964. To him system theory in political system is like any other systems such system. Every system has a sub-system and the sub-system well organize system work effectively. What makes political system so special is that it is in this system that "authoritative allocation of values" are made or authoritative value are assignments are made i.e. P a g e | 347 Copy Right: © Author (s) and strife at one time or century BC when the armies of ancient Egypt ventured into the area known as Kush. This was primarily to guard the forts built along the Nile to protect the trade hinterland. Over the years, the conflict prone been the south of Sudan and the western Darfur region. The Jumhuriyya as-Sudan or the Sudan is the largest country in Africa and the 10 th largest country in the Red Sea to the Northeast, Eritrea and and Libya to the Northwest.
sudan meaning "land of the blacks". Sudan 1956. The country has been on civil war 2 times and the 3 rd one is the present armed conflict in the western region of Darfur. The conflict has attracted so much international attention because of the perceived genocide against black Darfurians by Sudanese prompted African Union and he present day territory of Sudan combines land of several ancient kingdoms including Kush, Darfur, and 3 Nubian kingdoms which thrived until the 19 th during most of the 19 th century and this aim; it was unable to establish effective control over the area which remained an area of fragmented tribes subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders. In the later years of the Turkiyah, the British missionaries travelled from Sudd to convert the local tribes to Christianity. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in the southern System theory was developed by David Easton in 1964. To him system theory in political system is like any other systems such as economic organized makes up the whole system work effectively. What makes political system so special is that it is in this system that "authoritative allocation of values" are made or authoritative value are assignments are made i.e. System is a collection of elements that are related to each other by some pattern of behavior and actions. Any decision that affects one part of the system affects the whole system, the dysfunction. The purpose of the political system is to convert input (decision and supports) into output (decision). All these take place in the environment. The environment here is the society. Hence, political system "is a set of interaction through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society". Therefore, what affects sub affects the whole. Quade, E. S. (1975) analyzed same system theory in another form by calling it holis Onyema, (2002) gave precise analyses of Quade's perspective of system theory using another point of view. In the same theory, it is argued that there is interaction within a system and sub within the holistic entity is seen in the propo interacting sub-systems. The system is the entity of th "whole is greater than the sum of its parts because the various parts of a system i.e. the sub in isolation, are not equal to the entity or the entire system. Just as parts of a car do not constitute a functional car till they are assembled in the right order". Using mathematical approach to explain system theory; he argued that 4 is greater than 2 + 2 The essence of system analysis within the holistic theory is to emphasis the fact that various subsequence, but that they must interact harmoniously and in a symbiotic relationship to make the whole System or whole is one in which the various sub harmonious relationship towards the achievement of state objectives. An ailing or defective state on the other hand, is one in which the sub either not interacting at all; or are interacting in a dysfunctional; antagonistic or anti-thetical relationship.

Causes and effects of Darfur Crisi
The analysis of the genesis of present conflict in totally incomplete without a general overview of the history of observed by UN, (2005:17 System is a collection of elements that are related to each other by some pattern of behavior and actions. Any decision that affects one part of the system affects the whole system, the dysfunction. The purpose of the political system is to convert input (decision and supports) into output (decision). All these take place in the environment. The environment here is the society. Hence, political system "is a set of interactions abstracted from the totality of social behavior through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society". Therefore, what affects sub Quade, E. S. (1975) analyzed same system theory in another form by calling it holis Onyema, (2002) gave precise analyses of Quade's perspective of system theory using another point of view. In the same theory, it is argued that there is interaction within a system and sub within the holistic entity is seen in the proposition that every system is made up of a number of systems. The system is the entity of that whole. Onyema, further analyz "whole is greater than the sum of its parts because the various parts of a system i.e. the sub ation, are not equal to the entity or the entire system. Just as parts of a car do not constitute a functional car till they are assembled in the right order". Using mathematical approach to explain ; he argued that 4 is greater than 2 + 2. He summarized it thus: The essence of system analysis within the holistic theory is to emphasis the -systems must not only be coupled in the right order and sequence, but that they must interact harmoniously and in a symbiotic relationship to make the whole or the system function satisfactorily……. System or whole is one in which the various sub-systems interact in harmonious relationship towards the achievement of state objectives. An ailing or defective state on the other hand, is one in which the sub-system either not interacting at all; or are interacting in a dysfunctional; antagonistic thetical relationship.
Literature Review uses and effects of Darfur Crisis.
nalysis of the genesis of present conflict in Sudan's Northwestern region of Darfur will be incomplete without a general overview of the history of crisis and confl 17). Indeed, the struggle for self-determination, equity and development udan against successive regimes and power elites from the North can be have gingered the struggle of other marginalized people and regions from the P a g e | 348 Copy Right: © Author (s) all. Political system cut across state, regimes and government levels.
System is a collection of elements that are related to each other by some pattern of behavior and actions. Any decision that affects one part of the system affects the whole system, thereby causing dysfunction. The purpose of the political system is to convert input (decision and supports) into output (decision). All these take place in the environment. The environment here is the society.
s abstracted from the totality of social behavior through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society". Therefore, what affects sub-system Quade, E. S. (1975) analyzed same system theory in another form by calling it holistic theory. Onyema, (2002) gave precise analyses of Quade's perspective of system theory using another point of view. In the same theory, it is argued that there is interaction within a system and sub-systems sition that every system is made up of a number of at whole. Onyema, further analyzed that "whole is greater than the sum of its parts because the various parts of a system i.e. the sub-systems ation, are not equal to the entity or the entire system. Just as parts of a car do not constitute a functional car till they are assembled in the right order". Using mathematical approach to explain The essence of system analysis within the holistic theory is to emphasis the systems must not only be coupled in the right order and sequence, but that they must interact harmoniously and in a symbiotic or the system function satisfactorily……. systems interact in harmonious relationship towards the achievement of state objectives. An systems are either not interacting at all; or are interacting in a dysfunctional; antagonistic According to Deng, (1974:5) the mutiny, which violence against Northerners throughout the Southern Sudan, was gingered by the psychological fear of Northern domination after independence by Southerners. Such fears were understandable given the marked disparities and inequality between the two Sudan in virtually every analysis is all about discussing relevant data obtained from libraries such as text books, journals, magazines, documents, etc. " and qualitative description of data generated" searcher adopted content and descriptive under discussion. In the same vein, primary and secondary data are the means of data collection. All the data obtained from secondary primary source were analyzed who participated in UN Operation in Darfur personal experiences and witness gathering data for this research.

Nigeria peace efforts in Darfur region of Sudan during African Union.
It has been Nigeria's belief that socio economic achieved under an atmosphere of peace and stability.
peacekeeping in Africa is that Africa's problem is Nigeria's problem as some of the African countries have a common boundary with Nigeria.
its gain of independence in 1960, she has been consistently committed to the cause of peace keeping globally. She sent her first troops to participate in the UN peace mission in t to her independence. The key thing in global peacekeeping is the men and women who risk their African Union (AU) and United Nation (UN) everything is coming under control and if more efforts are made by the world organization; lasting peace will be achieved in Darfur in no distance time.
Research method gives the general approach used by researcher which varies from every individual (1986: 87). In another development, Black (1970:84) asserted that content discussing relevant data obtained from libraries such as text books, journals, magazines, documents, etc. "Content analysis is a research technique for an and qualitative description of data generated". -Akindele, (1989). In the and descriptive analysis in the research to give explanations to the topic under discussion. In the same vein, primary and secondary data are the means of data collection. All the data obtained from secondary data were analyzed using content analysis while the data from analyzed using descriptive method hence the researcher was among the troops who participated in UN Operation in Darfur -Sudan in 2012 as member of eriences and witness to what happened in Darfur region of Sudan gathering data for this research.

Nigeria peace efforts in Darfur region of Sudan during African Union.
It has been Nigeria's belief that socio economic development and integration in Africa can only be achieved under an atmosphere of peace and stability. The implication of Nigeria's participation in peacekeeping in Africa is that Africa's problem is Nigeria's problem as some of the African a common boundary with Nigeria. Since Nigeria became United Nation member on its gain of independence in 1960, she has been consistently committed to the cause of peace keeping . She sent her first troops to participate in the UN peace mission in t he key thing in global peacekeeping is the men and women who risk their lives in the interest of peace. Nigeria had more of these people than any other country in the world. Arinze, (2013:80) asserts that Nigeria cannot ignore African problems rather she must maintain the principle of Afrocentrism. This is so because; one out of every five African is a Nigerian. He further added that in the entire African continent, no national economy has the potentials that the Nigeria economy has strategically; Nigeria has to be involved in crisis Copy Right: © Author (s) more of these people than any other country in the world.
hat Nigeria cannot ignore African problems rather she must one out of every five African is a Nigerian. He further added that in the entire African continent, no national economy has the Nigeria has to be involved in crisis are global values towards which Nigeria is similarly committed. This makes it imperative for Nigerian to be involved in resolving the Darfur crisis.
United Nation's Security Council is premised upon her con conflict resolution in a war ridden continent. She has served as a non permanent member of the Security Council. This makes Nigeria involvement in the resolution of crises such as that of Darfur an obligation. This will definitely enhance her credentials and improved her future chances of attaining the much coveted permanent UNSC seat. Human Right contingent support to the then African Union mission in Sudan contribution to the crisis in Darfur Region is significant and reasonable, the facts and data on ground reveals that more should have been done.
In Darfur crisis; Nigeria was not only a key actor in the political efforts to mediate the crisis but also provided the bulk of troops as well as the former military head of the African Union hybrid peacekeeping force in Darfur. However, the robust nature of Nig mediation requires the identification of Nigeria especially in view of the fact that Nigerian service men are ready to lay down their lives in the quest for peace in continent.

Nigeria's efforts in Sudan during
In  AMIS mandate is not well defined and its weak, this has encouraged warring parties to mmitting crimes with impunity.

Language barrier, limits troop interaction with locals as such intelligence information
Troops and MILOB have to go for patrol with

English language for interpretation and translations of English and Arabic languages
The force levels are too small to make an effective patrol; sector 1 alone covers 43,000 sq km.
in Sudan generally is characterized by sand dunes, rocky hills, with no road network such that some areas are inaccessible in dry and rainy seasons. In other sectors like some part believed that there are a large number of Sudanese Nigerian origins in million, many of who took permanent residence in the country. There are second and third generations of Nigerians whose ancestors left Nigeria in a bid to perform Holy Pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia by land over the years. As a result of difficulties of making journeys in those days, many of these Nigerians had little or no alternative but to remain in Sudan.

Solutions to Challenges of African
To proffer solutions to challenges of recommendations to enable African states achieve sustainable peace in the continent a. If Nigeria armed forces are to participate in peacekeeping operations in the future, the mandate should be clearly spelt out and and there must be a reasonable arrangement for safety b. Nigeria Afro-centric policy must be based on cogent and coherent strategic objectives. Africa is the second largest continent in the world and the one with highest diversity of states but Nigeria has not been utilizing its manifest destiny to lead the continent effectively and to use such leadership to achieve her national interests and continental aspirations. As far as the Armed Forces are concerned, Nigeria should concentrate efforts on two roles; force, the emerging sub regional standby forces and the and secondly UN operation because Nigerian personnel have invaluable experience in peacekeeping operation. To proffer solutions to challenges of African peace efforts, Arinze (2012) articulated the following to enable African states achieve sustainable peace in the continent armed forces are to participate in peacekeeping operations in the future, the mandate spelt out and with achievable objectives. The mandate should be precise and finite; and there must be a reasonable arrangement for safety and security of the Nigerian personnel.
centric policy must be based on cogent and coherent strategic objectives. Africa is the second largest continent in the world and the one with highest diversity of states but Nigeria has not ilizing its manifest destiny to lead the continent effectively and to use such leadership to achieve her national interests and continental aspirations. As far as the Armed Forces are concerned, Nigeria should concentrate efforts on two roles; regional security such as the Gulf of Guinea Guard force, the emerging sub regional standby forces and the planned upcoming Africa standby force (ASF) and secondly UN operation because Nigerian personnel have invaluable experience in peacekeeping P a g e | 356 Copy Right: © Author (s)

Guidelines. P.67
African peace efforts, Arinze (2012) articulated the following to enable African states achieve sustainable peace in the continent: armed forces are to participate in peacekeeping operations in the future, the mandate mandate should be precise and finite; and security of the Nigerian personnel.
centric policy must be based on cogent and coherent strategic objectives. Africa is the second largest continent in the world and the one with highest diversity of states but Nigeria has not ilizing its manifest destiny to lead the continent effectively and to use such leadership to achieve her national interests and continental aspirations. As far as the Armed Forces are concerned, urity such as the Gulf of Guinea Guard upcoming Africa standby force (ASF) and secondly UN operation because Nigerian personnel have invaluable experience in peacekeeping African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (AJPAS) 16(1) (June, 2023): 346-363 p-Available online at https://www.ajpasebsu.org.ng/ https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpas.v16i1.20 c. There is need for a total review of the nation There is a readiness by policy makers to recognise that the world has changed, but is not to adapt institutions to new situation. d. As regarding peace keeping and the relationships between the institution. In this regard, coordinating body to bring together relevant ministries and agencies for strategic pla evaluation of peacekeeping missions with clearly spelt out goals Government should work within the UN system to support the use of appropriately skilled civilian for peacekeeping missions.
e. Government should also set up a coordinating body for Nigerian peacekeeping efforts within mission countries. The national body should help to consolidate some Nigerian enterprises in key sectors to make them able to meet international standards in terms of quality of staf services so that they would be engaged in reconstruction works, genuine investments and participation in those countries economics resources of Sudan. The government serious and determined way. It has to be concerned with their feelings, demands and grievances and show more genuine commitments to satisfying them.
f. The A.U. mechanism for mediation as well as third party intervention should be reactivated and strengthened. Within Africa, majority of countries have so far remained supportive partners than peacemakers. It is not surprising therefore, that these countri restoring peace in Sudan within the A.U. framework. refrain from indulging in the politics of oil, but rather allow the people to evolve efficient means of exploiting their oil reserves and equitably distributing their resources for the benefits of all the rest of the citizens without any discrimination on the grounds of sex, race or religion. is need for a total review of the nation's defence doctrine to take There is a readiness by policy makers to recognise that the world has changed, but is not to adapt institutions to new situation.
As regarding peace keeping operation, government should review the role of each institution plays and the relationships between the institution. In this regard, government should create a national coordinating body to bring together relevant ministries and agencies for strategic pla evaluation of peacekeeping missions with clearly spelt out goals achieva Government should work within the UN system to support the use of appropriately skilled civilian for also set up a coordinating body for Nigerian peacekeeping efforts within mission countries. The national body should help to consolidate some Nigerian enterprises in key sectors to make them able to meet international standards in terms of quality of staf services so that they would be engaged in reconstruction works, genuine investments and participation in those countries economics. Abel, (1990) suggested that there should be resources of Sudan. The government should negotiate with the rebel groups on this issue on serious and determined way. It has to be concerned with their feelings, demands and grievances and show more genuine commitments to satisfying them.
The A.U. mechanism for mediation as well as third party intervention should be reactivated and strengthened. Within Africa, majority of countries have so far remained supportive partners than peacemakers. It is not surprising therefore, that these countries have sabotaged any genuine desire for restoring peace in Sudan within the A.U. framework. Most importantly, developed countries refrain from indulging in the politics of oil, but rather allow the people to evolve efficient means of ir oil reserves and equitably distributing their resources for the benefits of all the rest of the citizens without any discrimination on the grounds of sex, race or religion.

P a g e | 357
Copy Right: © Author (s) s defence doctrine to take these into considerations.
There is a readiness by policy makers to recognise that the world has changed, but is not to adapt government should review the role of each institution plays government should create a national coordinating body to bring together relevant ministries and agencies for strategic planning as well as achievable for each mission.
Government should work within the UN system to support the use of appropriately skilled civilian for also set up a coordinating body for Nigerian peacekeeping efforts within mission countries. The national body should help to consolidate some Nigerian enterprises in key sectors to make them able to meet international standards in terms of quality of staff, expertise and services so that they would be engaged in reconstruction works, genuine investments and participation Abel, (1990) suggested that there should be equitable distribution of negotiate with the rebel groups on this issue on a more serious and determined way. It has to be concerned with their feelings, demands and grievances and The A.U. mechanism for mediation as well as third party intervention should be reactivated and strengthened. Within Africa, majority of countries have so far remained supportive partners than es have sabotaged any genuine desire for developed countries should refrain from indulging in the politics of oil, but rather allow the people to evolve efficient means of ir oil reserves and equitably distributing their resources for the benefits of all the rest of the citizens without any discrimination on the grounds of sex, race or religion. Nigeria lack precise understanding of the nature of the conflict among parties, various forces at play and the psychology/beliefs of the combatants before involving herself in the conflict resolution Nigeria's efforts in Sudan during the UN peacekeeping process have been more effective than those of most countries of the world who contributed to the peace process.
Challenges facing Nigeria's efforts in peacekeeping process in Sudan tend to be affecting our Nigeria's efforts in African peace have direct relationship with her diplomatic fight to be included in UN permanent Security Council and equally to showcase her "big brother Africa" concept.

7.
Terrain and climatic condition in Darfur peace keepers have been facing lots of difficulties ranging from series of ambushes from the rebels, flood, scorching sun, dusty wind, etc.

8.
Interference of the West contributed adversely in the psychic take decision that establishes independent and self control of human and material resources as independent nations simply becaus Africans only follow their directives without

Recommendations
For peace to reign in Darfur; a conflict sensitive approach is required. A conflict sensitive approach requires that programs and policies be examined continuously to ensure that they work to promote peace and stability rather than exacerbate or revive con transformation, away from disempowerment and apathy, towards Additionally, greater capacity building efforts are needed at all levels of government to manage conflict as well as to ensure that policies and all Sudanese in this peace building efforts.
efforts are as follows: 1. If Nigerian armed forces are to participate in peacekeeping operations in the future, the mandate should be clearly spelt out and with achievable objectives. The mandate should be precise and finite; and there must be a reasonable arrangement for safety and security 2. Nigeria Afro-centric policy must be based on cogent and coherent strategic objectives. As far as the Armed Forces are concerned, Nigeria should concentrate efforts on two roles regional security such as the Gulf of Guinea Guard force, the emerging sub regional standby forces and the upcoming Africa standby force (ASF) and secondly UN operation because Nigerian personnel have invaluable experience in peacekeeping operation.
3. There is need for a total review of the nation's d makers to recognize that the world has changed, but is not to adapt institutions to new situation. of Nigeria in Africa peacekeeping process in the region have helped to sustain peace in Sudan and provide solutions to challenges of African peace process. More so, solutions to African problem are within only if Africans could look inward and apply pragmatic approaches.
Nigeria's efforts in African peace have direct relationship with her diplomatic fight to be included in UN permanent Security Council and equally to showcase her "big brother Africa" concept.
Terrain and climatic condition in Darfur posses much challenges to the peace keepers and the peace keepers have been facing lots of difficulties ranging from series of ambushes from the rebels, flood, scorching sun, dusty wind, etc.
Interference of the Western world in African politics, economy and other resources has contributed adversely in the psychic of African leaders. This has led to lack of focus, inability to take decision that establishes independent and self control of human and material resources as independent nations simply because every decision take in UN comes from the West Africans only follow their directives without much contribution in the decision For peace to reign in Darfur; a conflict sensitive approach is required. A conflict sensitive approach requires that programs and policies be examined continuously to ensure that they work to promote peace and stability rather than exacerbate or revive conflict factors. It calls for a political transformation, away from disempowerment and apathy, towards greater inclusion and participation.
greater capacity building efforts are needed at all levels of government to manage o ensure that policies and programs contribute to peace. The all Sudanese in this peace building efforts. UN, (2006:8). Solutions to the challenges of African peace armed forces are to participate in peacekeeping operations in the future, the mandate should be clearly spelt out and with achievable objectives. The mandate should be precise and finite; and there must be a reasonable arrangement for safety and security of the Nigerian personnel.
centric policy must be based on cogent and coherent strategic objectives. As far as the Armed Forces are concerned, Nigeria should concentrate efforts on two roles regional security such as rd force, the emerging sub regional standby forces and the upcoming Africa standby force (ASF) and secondly UN operation because Nigerian personnel have invaluable experience in peacekeeping operation.
. There is need for a total review of the nation's defense doctrine. There is a readin e that the world has changed, but is not to adapt institutions to new situation. P a g e | 359 Copy Right: © Author (s) of Nigeria in Africa peacekeeping process in the region have helped to sustain peace in Sudan and provide solutions to challenges of African peace process. More so, solutions to African atic approaches.
Nigeria's efforts in African peace have direct relationship with her diplomatic fight to be included in UN permanent Security Council and equally to showcase her "big brother Africa" concept.
posses much challenges to the peace keepers and the peace keepers have been facing lots of difficulties ranging from series of ambushes from the rebels, my and other resources has African leaders. This has led to lack of focus, inability to take decision that establishes independent and self control of human and material resources as e every decision take in UN comes from the Western world.
in the decision making process.
For peace to reign in Darfur; a conflict sensitive approach is required. A conflict sensitive approach requires that programs and policies be examined continuously to ensure that they work to promote flict factors. It calls for a political greater inclusion and participation.
greater capacity building efforts are needed at all levels of government to manage contribute to peace. The challenge is to involve Solutions to the challenges of African peace armed forces are to participate in peacekeeping operations in the future, the mandate should be clearly spelt out and with achievable objectives. The mandate should be precise and finite; of the Nigerian personnel.
centric policy must be based on cogent and coherent strategic objectives. As far as the Armed Forces are concerned, Nigeria should concentrate efforts on two roles regional security such as rd force, the emerging sub regional standby forces and the upcoming Africa standby force (ASF) and secondly UN operation because Nigerian personnel have invaluable There is a readiness by policy e that the world has changed, but is not to adapt institutions to new situation. coordinating body to bring together relevant ministries and agencies for strategic planning as well as evaluation of peacekeeping missions with clearly spelt out goals t Government should also work within the UN to support use of appropriately skilled civilian for peacekeeping missions. These will reduce the negative effects of UN Operations on Nigeria as a country.
5. Government should set up a coordinating body for Nigerian peacekeeping efforts within mission countries. The national coordinating body should help to consolidate some Nigerian enterprises in key sectors to make them able to meet international standards in terms of quality of s services so that they would be engaged in reconstruction works, be involved in genuine investments and participation in those countries economics and also government should consider strategic relationships with those countries to extrac considerations. Nigeria must understand the precise nature of issues at stake, the claims and counter claims of the parties, the various forces at play and psychology of the combatants before involving herself into it high level standards and operational procedures 6. Since Africa and the International Community showed witnessed loss of many lives, problems of refugees, famine leading to humanitarian catastrophe, important that attention ought not to be focused only on sending military missions and enforcing the imperative of disarmament among the warring factions, but attempts must be made to resolve the issues that are responsible for the lingering and dest distribution of resources of Sudan. The government demands and grievances and show more genuine commitments to satisfying them. Nigeria government should review peace keeping operation, the role of each institution plays and tionships between the institution. In this regard, government should create a national coordinating body to bring together relevant ministries and agencies for strategic planning as well as evaluation of peacekeeping missions with clearly spelt out goals to be achieved for each mission.
Government should also work within the UN to support use of appropriately skilled civilian for These will reduce the negative effects of UN Operations on Nigeria as a up a coordinating body for Nigerian peacekeeping efforts within mission countries. The national coordinating body should help to consolidate some Nigerian enterprises in key sectors to make them able to meet international standards in terms of quality of s services so that they would be engaged in reconstruction works, be involved in genuine investments and participation in those countries economics and also government should consider strategic relationships with those countries to extract some specific mutually beneficial concessions and considerations. Nigeria must understand the precise nature of any country's issues at stake, the claims and counter claims of the parties, the various forces at play and psychology before involving herself into it. These equally will enable Nigeria to maintain her nd operational procedures among allied nations of the world.
the International Community showed interest in the crisis in Darfur, which has witnessed loss of many lives, problems of refugees, famine leading to humanitarian catastrophe, important that attention ought not to be focused only on sending military missions and enforcing the imperative of disarmament among the warring factions, but attempts must be made to resolve the issues that are responsible for the lingering and destructive crisis in Darfur. distribution of resources of Sudan. The government should be concerned with demands and grievances and show more genuine commitments to satisfying them. need for the developed countries to refrain from indulging in the politics of oil, but rather allow the people to evolve efficient means of exploiting their oil reserves and equitably distributing their resources for the benefits of all the rest of the citizens without any discrimination on the grounds Most importantly, Africa should look inwardly to find solution to their the national interest rather than personal interest first. We should not depend on the West for our continental challenges. P a g e | 360 Copy Right: © Author (s) peace keeping operation, the role of each institution plays and government should create a national coordinating body to bring together relevant ministries and agencies for strategic planning as well as o be achieved for each mission.
Government should also work within the UN to support use of appropriately skilled civilian for These will reduce the negative effects of UN Operations on Nigeria as a up a coordinating body for Nigerian peacekeeping efforts within mission countries. The national coordinating body should help to consolidate some Nigerian enterprises in key sectors to make them able to meet international standards in terms of quality of staff, expertise and services so that they would be engaged in reconstruction works, be involved in genuine investments and participation in those countries economics and also government should consider strategic t some specific mutually beneficial concessions and any country's conflicts in terms of what issues at stake, the claims and counter claims of the parties, the various forces at play and psychology These equally will enable Nigeria to maintain her among allied nations of the world.
interest in the crisis in Darfur, which has witnessed loss of many lives, problems of refugees, famine leading to humanitarian catastrophe, it is important that attention ought not to be focused only on sending military missions and enforcing the imperative of disarmament among the warring factions, but attempts must be made to resolve the ructive crisis in Darfur. There should be equitable be concerned with people's feelings, demands and grievances and show more genuine commitments to satisfying them. ed countries to refrain from indulging in the politics of oil, but rather allow the people to evolve efficient means of exploiting their oil reserves and equitably distributing scrimination on the grounds Most importantly, Africa should look inwardly to find solution to their national interest rather than personal interest first. We should not depend African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (AJPAS) 16(1) (June, 2023): 346-363 p-Available online at https://www.ajpasebsu.org.ng/ https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpas.v16i1.20

Conclusion
The most contributions of this study are among other things; it challenges in Darfur. It equally showcased efforts, achievement processes in Africa. Solutions to the African problems were revealed. theoretical foundation to the study. Many lite foundation to the study. Many findings ha solutions to their crisis are within therefore, Africa should look inwardly for solutions. Nigeria as country should not allow other count should understand details of other country's crisis before involving herself and if she must be involved; necessary plans should be made to achieve comple engagements.