Attahadi Medical Journal

Thermal decomposition using TG–FTIR coupled analysis

2026-07-20T14:34:16+00:00

Thermal decomposition analysis is fundamental for evaluating the stability, degradation pathways, and safety profile of materials exposed to elevated temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) provides quantitative information on mass loss, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies evolved gaseous products. The coupling of TG with FTIR (TG – FTIR) offers a comprehensive analytical platform capable of correlating weight-loss events with chemical species released during thermal degradation. This integrated technique has gained increasing importance in polymer science and pharmaceutical research. Selected polymeric and pharmaceutical samples were subjected to TG – FTIR analysis under a nitrogen atmosphere. Approximately 8 – 10 mg of each sample was heated from 25°C to 800°C at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min. The evolved gases were transferred through a heated interface to the FTIR gas cell to prevent condensation. TG and DTG curves were recorded and synchronized with FTIR spectra to identify volatile degradation products and correlate them with specific thermal events. Distinct multi-stage decomposition patterns were observed for all samples. Polymeric materials demonstrated higher onset degradation temperatures compared to pharmaceutical compounds. FTIR analysis revealed the evolution of CO₂, CO, H₂O, and volatile organic compounds at characteristic temperatures corresponding to dehydration, bond cleavage, and oxidative degradation phases. The integration of TG and FTIR data enabled accurate identification of decomposition pathways and estimation of kinetic parameters. TG – FTIR coupling provides a robust and informative technique for comprehensive thermal characterization. The method enhances mechanistic understanding of degradation behavior and supports the development of thermally stable materials in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Chemical characterization of commercial fruit juices: Quantitative determination of vitamin C and major constituents

2026-07-20T14:54:38+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of locally produced canned fruit juices available in Tripoli, Libya, with a focus on vitamin C (ascorbic acid), citric acid, sucrose, sodium chloride, and pH. A total of 15 juice samples representing three local companies were collected and analyzed using standardized titrimetric and density measurement methods. The results indicated considerable variation among samples, which can be attributed to differences in fruit type, processing conditions, and formulation practices. Vitamin C content ranged from 16 to 82 mg/100 mL, with higher levels observed in less processed products. Citric acid concentrations varied between 0.00% and 0.90%, reflecting both natural fruit acidity and possible industrial addition. Sucrose content ranged from 3.21% to 26.78%, highlighting potential nutritional concerns related to high sugar intake. Sodium chloride levels were negligible (≤0.00069%). The pH values ranged from 3.5 to 6.3, indicating acceptable acidity levels for product stability. Overall, the analyzed samples were generally consistent with Codex Alimentarius guidelines; however, the observed variability in sugar content and vitamin C suggests the need for improved quality control and labeling practices. These findings provide useful baseline data on the composition of locally available fruit juices and support the need for continuous monitoring to ensure product quality and consumer awareness.

Estimating minerals, antioxidant activity, total phenols, and carbohydrates in Salvia fruticosa Mill., Urtica urens L., and Urticapilulifera L. plants

2026-07-20T14:57:23+00:00

In this, the mineral (Sodium, potassium, and Calcium) contents, antioxidant activity, total phenols, and Carbohydrate concentrations were estimated in the leaves and stems of Salvia fruticosa. Mill. Gard Dict. ed, Urtica urens L.Sp.Pl. and Urticapilulifera L. Sp.Pl. plants. The plant samples were collected from the Al-Gabal Al-Akhder region, around Al-Quba and Derna areas. Some of the instruments used in this study included a Flame photometer for evaluating the mineral contents and a Spectrophotometer for determining the concentrations of Carbohydrate, anti-oxidant, and Total phenols. The results of this study stated that the potassium showed higher values compared with sodium and calcium minerals, where their values were fluctuated in the ranges of (5.56 – 36.56) and (32.76 -84.36 ppm) in leaves and stems, respectively. In contrast, the contents of sodium and calcium did not show wide variations and ranged as follows: (0.48- 0.88) and (0.291 – 1.041 ppm) for calcium in leaves and stems, respectively. While for sodium, the contents fluctuated in the ranges of (1.125 – 2.95 ppm) in leaves and from 7.28 ppm to 20.08 in stems. Also the results showed that there are higher values of total phenols in the selected plants in this study, their contents were ranged as follows (182.88 - 275.939 ppm)in leaves and from (298.148 - 323.501 ppm) in stems, while the Anti-oxidant activity values were ranged between (7.476 to 9.996 ppm) in leaves and between (9.707-10.117 ppm) in stems, on the other side the contents of Carbohydrate were fluctuated in the ranges between( 0.029 – 0.114ppm) in leaves and between (0.177 to 0.177 ppm) in stems, respectively.

Organic composition and fatty acid profile of macadamia nut oil and its impact on the body weight of male rabbits

2026-07-20T15:55:41+00:00

This study investigated the organic composition and biological effects of macadamia nut oil using GC – MS analysis and an in vivo experimental model. The GC–MS results revealed that macadamia oil is predominantly composed of fatty acid derivatives, with a marked dominance of monounsaturated fatty acids. The principal compound identified was 9octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (26.86%), followed by oleic acid (18.83%) and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (13.32%). Moderate levels of E-9octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (7.00%) and 8,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (3.12%) were also detected, indicating the presence of both monoand polyunsaturated fatty acids. Minor constituents, including eicosapentaenoic acid (1.70%) and other long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (≤1.71%), suggest a diverse lipid profile with potential antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Chromatographic analysis showed well-resolved peaks, with the most abundant compounds eluting between 29 and 31 minutes, confirming the predominance of long-chain fatty acids. Biologically, the results demonstrated a progressive increase in body weight in both control and treated groups. At baseline, no significant difference was observed between the control (1250 ± 45 g) and macadamia group (1245 ± 42 g) (P = NS). After two weeks, body weight increased to 1320 ± 38 g in the control group and 1355 ± 40 g in the treated group, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). However, by week 4, a significant increase (P < 0.05) was recorded in the macadamia-treated group (1480 ± 48 g) compared to the control group (1410 ± 50 g). These findings indicate that prolonged administration of macadamia nut oil may enhance weight gain, potentially due to its high content of bioactive monounsaturated fatty acids. Overall, the study highlights the rich fatty acid composition of macadamia oil and its potential physiological impact on growth performance.

Prevalence and behavioral trends of electronic nicotine delivery system use among youth in Tripoli, Libya

2026-07-20T16:03:33+00:00

The rapid global increase in Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) use among youth represents a critical public health challenge. However, there is a complete absence of city-level epidemiological data from Libya. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of ENDS use among students in Tripoli. A cross-sectional online survey was administered to a sample of 420 students aged 15–25 years in Tripoli, Libya. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression in IBM SPSS version 28. The lifetime prevalence of ENDS use was 44.0% (95% CI: 39.3 – 48.9). The current (past 30-day) prevalence of use was 20.5% (95% CI: 16.8 – 24.6). Current use was significantly higher among males (31.3%) than among females (5.6%). Male was the sole strong independent demographic predictor (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 8.41, 95% CI: 4.07 – 17.37). The primary motivation for use was curiosity or experimentation (73.3%). While 82.6% of current users expressed a desire to quit, 33.7% reported physical difficulty abstaining for 24 hours. This first city-level study reveals alarmingly high ENDS use among youth in Tripoli, characterized by a pronounced gender disparity and primarily experimental motivations. These findings highlight an urgent need for targeted prevention, cessation support, and specific regulatory action in Libya.

Prevalence and determinants of PSA screening among men aged 70 and older in a Tripoli outpatient clinic: A pilot cross-sectional study

2026-07-20T16:07:40+00:00

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening remains a widespread practice among older men, despite current guidelines advising against routine screening in individuals aged 70 years and older. In Libya, particularly in urban centers such as Tripoli, data on PSA screening prevalence and patterns are scarce. Although guidelines recommend caution, international studies from Spain, the USA, and Brazil have documented persistent PSA testing among elderly men (1 – 5). This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of PSA screening in a Libyan context, providing local evidence to inform clinical practice. A cross-sectional, pilot study was conducted at the urology outpatient clinic of Tripoli Central Hospital. Thirty men aged ≥70 years were recruited using purposive sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires, medical record reviews, and semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze associations between sociodemographic variables and PSA screening behavior. The study was exploratory and aimed to generate hypotheses for larger, representative studies. Of the 30 participants, 50% reported undergoing PSA screening at least once, primarily due to physician recommendation (47%). Further diagnostic procedures were followed in 30% of screened cases. Only 40% of participants reported being informed about the risks and benefits of PSA screening, and 30% felt fully involved in decision-making. No statistically significant associations were observed between screening and sociodemographic variables, although higher educational attainment showed a positive, nonsignificant trend (p = 0.08). Notably, 80% of participants expressed a desire for more information regarding PSA testing. Despite international guidelines discouraging routine PSA screening in men ≥70, half of the participants had undergone testing, largely influenced by physicians. Limited shared decision-making and gaps in patient education were evident. These findings underscore the need for locally tailored educational interventions and structured physician – patient discussions to align screening practices with evidence-based recommendations and support informed decision-making in Libya.

Operative versus non-operative management of adhesive small bowel obstruction: A prospective study at Tobruk Medical Center

2026-07-20T16:09:56+00:00

Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is a common complication following abdominal surgery, affecting approximately 95% of patients with prior abdominal operations. This study aimed to determine the optimal timing for surgical intervention in ASBO patients and improve clinical management. A prospective comparative study was conducted at the General Surgery Department of Tobruk Medical Centre. Thirty patients with ASBO were randomly assigned to two equal groups: Group A (conservative, non-operative care) and Group B (operative care). In the operative group, 13 patients (86.6%) underwent early exploratory laparotomy. In the conservative group, 8 patients (53.3%) required surgery due to failure of conservative management. The most common prior procedure in both groups was open appendectomy, followed by caesarean section. Recurrence of SBO was significantly higher in the conservative group (7 patients, 46.7%) compared to the operative group (2 patients, 13.3%) (p = 0.0042). Early surgical intervention within 24 hours of admission significantly reduces recurrence rates in ASBO patients.

Transforming the patient-pharmacist relationship in Libya: A perspective on digital health and AI integration

2026-07-20T16:28:24+00:00

The Libyan health sector faces structural challenges in regulating the patientpharmacist relationship, most remarkably the overlapping roles in prescribing and dispensing medications, and the weak implementation of drug scheduling systems, which could pay attention to patients’ quality of life. This study aims to propose an integrated framework for regulating this relationship, grounded in recent technological developments and international standards, while respecting local specificities. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing the literature, previous studies, and media on the realities of pharmacy practice in Libya, analyzing recent national initiatives (such as the electronic insulin dispensing system), and aligning these initiatives with World Health Organization guidelines and pharmaceutical regulations in Arab, European, and American contexts. An integrated "Safe Dispensing" framework (Sarif Aaman integrated system) was established, built on five pillars: (1) Separation of prescribing and dispensing roles of the caregiver, (2) Implementation of a national drug scheduling system, (3) Expansion of the electronic system to cover all medications, (4) Legislation of an obligatory or commitment charter on the rights and duties of patients and pharmacists, (5) Incorporation of AI tools. Conclusions: The proposed framework is a viable solution that addresses current regulatory gaps, enhances patient safety, consolidates the pharmacist's professional role, and aligns with international standards, including those of the FDA, EMA, and WHO. Recommendations: It is recommended that the framework be adopted gradually, beginning with a pilot phase in the possible three main regions in Libya focused on high-risk medications, while developing digital infrastructure and continuous training programs for pharmaceutical personnel.

Calciphylaxis in a patient with chronic renal failure: report of a Libyan patient and review of the literature

2026-07-20T16:31:52+00:00

Calciphylaxis is a rare, life ‑ threatening disorder characterized by systemic arteriolar calcification, tissue ischemia, and painful ulceration, most commonly affecting patients with end ‑ stage renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. We report the first documented case of calciphylaxis in Libya: a 54‑year‑old man with chronic renal failure on long ‑ term hemodialysis, who developed large painful ulcers on both calves. Laboratory findings revealed markedly elevated parathyroid hormone levels, while histopathology confirmed epidermal necrosis, vascular calcification, and ischemic fat necrosis. The patient responded to local wound care, systemic antibiotics, and debridement. This case highlights the importance of considering calciphylaxis in the differential diagnosis of chronic renal failure patients presenting with painful leg ulcers. Prompt recognition and aggressive management of mineral metabolism are essential to improve outcomes and reduce mortality associated with this devastating condition.

Diagnostic utility of complete blood count parameters and c-reactive protein as early indicators in febrile children: An outpatient study from Tobruk, Libya

2026-07-20T16:37:14+00:00

Fever is a common presenting complaint in pediatric outpatient settings, and differentiating between viral and bacterial infections remains a clinical challenge, particularly in resource-limited regions. Simple, cost-effective biomarkers such as complete blood count (CBC) parameters and C-reactive protein (CRP) may aid in early identification of bacterial infections. The Objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of CBC parameters (white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, and platelet count) and CRP as early indicators of bacterial infection in febrile children presenting to an outpatient clinic in Tobruk, Libya. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 290 febrile children aged 1 month to 14 years at an outpatient pediatric clinic in Tobruk, Libya, between January and April 2026. CBC parameters and CRP levels were measured at presentation. Associations between elevated CRP and CBC parameters were assessed using the Chi-square test. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive performance were calculated for single and combined markers. Elevated CRP was observed in 64.1% of children, leukocytosis in 62.1%, and neutrophilia in 63.8%. Significant associations were found between elevated CRP and both leukocytosis (p = 0.0003) and neutrophilia (p = 0.0001). CRP alone achieved 74.0% sensitivity and 66.0% specificity. The combination of CRP, WBC, and neutrophil counts yielded the highest diagnostic performance, with 89.0% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. Combining CRP with WBC and neutrophil counts significantly improves diagnostic accuracy for bacterial infection in febrile children compared to any single marker. This simple, cost-effective multiparametric approach may serve as a valuable tool for risk stratification in resource-limited outpatient settings.

Nephroprotective effects of ginger against oxidative stress

2026-07-20T16:39:59+00:00

There have been growing indications of Zingiber officinale (ginger) acting as a nephroprotectant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The extent and reproducibility of such effects in models of kidney injury, however, are unknown. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to undertake a quantification of the impact of ginger on both renal performance and the levels of oxidative stress in experimental rat models of kidney injury. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify the preclinical research conducted on the actions of ginger supplementation in rat models of renal injury caused by diabetes, ethanol toxicity, exposure to cadmium, or ischemia/reperfusion. The information regarding the biomarkers of renal function and antioxidants was extracted. Standardized mean differences (Hedges’ g) were pooled as the mean difference using a random-effects model. Between-study heterogeneity and risk of bias were measured according to the pre-established guidelines of preclinical meta-analysis. Quantitative synthesis showed that ginger therapy was indeed able to significantly change the renal functions through decreased serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, cystatin C, and albuminuria when compared to injured controls. Meanwhile, ginger also augmented the antioxidant capacities of the kidneys notably, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Although the heterogeneity between studies was moderate, sensitivity analyses revealed that the pooled estimates were strong, and no significant publication bias was found. This meta-analysis comprises unified preclinical studies that show that Zingiber officinale possesses considerable nephroprotective effects in various experimental kidney injury models, mainly by inhibiting the occurrence of oxidative stress. These results indicate the possible clinical translationability of ginger as a complementary therapeutic modality to protect against AKI and emphasize the necessity of properly designed clinical trials.

Determination of carboxymethyl cellulose, total dissolved solids, pH, and microbiological quality of ice cream samples collected from Libyan markets

2026-07-20T16:41:24+00:00

Ice cream is one of the most food consumer during different seasons, it contains different chemical compounds and food additives. This study aimed to estimate the contents of Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) in many ice cream which found in the major supermarkets in some Libyan cities. Also, the pH and total dissolved salts. This study aims to measure the levels of Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) in various ice cream samples collected from the local markets (Libya), where twenty-one types were purchased from different supermarkets, including imported and local ice cream samples. The spectrophotometric methods were used in this study for carboxyl methyl cellulose, while the total dissolved solids (TDS) and PH values were estimated by PH mater, including a sensor for TDS values. The concentrations of CMC of the ice cream samples fluctuated in the range of (207.33 – 1250.66 ppm ), the high contents of ( 1250.66 ppm ) were recorded in the samples of (Ice Queen, Jordan), whereas the low contents were recorded in the samples of (SNICKERS CRISP, France). The results recorded wide variations in the CMC of the studied samples. (Table 2 and Figure 4). The contents of TDS values ranged between (26.1 – 191 ppm), the high contents were recorded in the samples of (SNICKERS, Poland), whereas the lower values were observed in the samples of (AlMADHAKSTRA WBERRY, Libya). For the pH values, most of the samples gave acidic values (5.3 – 7.14). According to the results recorded in this study, there are wide variations in Carboxyl methyl cellulose in the studied samples of ice cream. The values of Total Dissolved solids /Salts showed wide variations, on the other side the pH values showed that most of the studied are lied in the acidic scale, which may be harmful to human health. The presence of CMC in the samples is very dangerous for the human consumer, where most of the recorded values are above 100 ppm, which is recommended by the WHO. For the microorganism study, the results recorded the presence of some bacteria and Fugal species in the selected samples; these organisms are associated with many diseases and have a negative effect on human health. Ice cream is one of the most consumed foods by children and others.

Experimental and computational evaluation of alloy-reinforced glass ionomer cement: Erosion resistance, maturation behavior, and predictive modeling

2026-07-20T16:44:32+00:00

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are widely used restorative materials due to their chemical adhesion, fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, their susceptibility to acid erosion — particularly during early maturation — remains a significant limitation affecting long-term clinical performance. Recent developments in reinforced GIC formulations aim to improve resistance to mechanical and chemical degradation, yet their behavior under dynamic erosive conditions requires further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the erosion resistance of an experimental high powder-toliquid ratio glass ionomer cement (EXPT) in comparison with a metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Hi-Dense), and to investigate the influence of maturation time on material performance using both experimental and computational approaches. Cylindrical specimens (4 mm diameter; n = 6 per group) were prepared and tested at three time intervals: 1 hour, 24 hours, and 6 months. Erosion resistance was assessed using a standardized lactic acid jet test (0.02 M, pH 2.7) under controlled temperature (37°C) and flow conditions (120 ± 4 ml/min) for 24 hours. Erosion rates were quantified using both weight loss (mg/h) and dimensional loss (μm/h). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann –Whitney U test (α = 0.05). In parallel, computational simulations incorporating diffusion – reaction modeling and finite element analysis (FEM) were conducted to predict ion transport, stress distribution, and degradation behavior. At early maturation stages, EXPT exhibited significantly higher erosion rates compared to Hi-Dense (p ≤ 0.005). Mean height loss at 1 hour was 8.7 ± 1.0 μm/h for EXPT and 2.9 ± 0.3 μm/h for Hi-Dense, while corresponding weight loss values were 0.30 ± 0.04 mg/h and 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/h, respectively. A significant reduction in erosion rates was observed for both materials with increasing maturation time. After 6 months, no statistically significant differences were detected between the two materials (p > 0.05). Computational simulations demonstrated strong agreement with experimental data (correlation coefficient r ≈ 0.9), predicting higher initial diffusion rates and localized stress concentrations in EXPT, and more uniform stress distribution in Hi-Dense. The enhanced performance of Hi-Dense cement is attributed to alloy reinforcement, which improves stress redistribution and reduces crack initiation under erosive conditions. The convergence of erosion rates over time highlights the dominant role of matrix maturation, characterized by increased crosslink density and reduced ion mobility. The combined experimental – computational approach provides mechanistic insight into erosion processes and validates the predictive capability of simulation models. Metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement demonstrates superior early-stage erosion resistance compared to conventional formulations, while long-term performance is largely governed by maturation processes. The integration of experimental testing with computational modeling offers a robust framework for evaluating and optimizing dental materials, with potential implications for improving clinical durability and guiding future material development.

Association between hyperlipidemia and uterine fibroid size

2026-07-20T16:46:53+00:00

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are common benign tumors affecting women, mostly throughout their reproductive years and menopause. Their development is influenced by multiple factors, including age, race, metabolic conditions, lifestyle, reproductive history, genetics, and hormonal exposures. Although often asymptomatic, fibroids can cause uterine bleeding and pain. Lipid metabolism alterations have been implicated in fibroid pathogenesis, with estrogen and progesterone playing key roles in tumor growth and maintenance. This study aimed to investigate the association between uterine fibroid size and lipid profile abnormalities. A cross-sectional study enrolled 70 reproductive-age women with gynecological complaints from Albida City clinics (Nov 2023 – Jan 2026). Cases had ultrasound-confirmed uterine fibroids; controls had normal ultrasounds. Data on medical history, BMI, and fibroid characteristics were collected. Fasting lipid profiles were measured. Analysis was done using SPSS v26, reporting percentages and means ± SD. This research involved 70 women with an average age of 34.8 years, predominantly aged 31 – 40 years. Most participants were overweight or obese (mean BMI 29.4 kg/m²). Over half reported no significant medical history, and the majority were not on regular medication. Lipid profiles revealed elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels in a considerable portion of the sample. Submucous fibroids were the most common type (45.7%), followed by intramural fibroids (28.6%). No significant associations were found between fibroid size and age or BMI categories. Similarly, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and VLDL levels showed no significant relationship with fibroid size. However, triglyceride levels were significantly higher in women with large fibroids (≥5 cm) compared to those with smaller fibroids (p = 0.020). Pearson correlation analysis identified a weak but statistically significant positive correlation between LDL cholesterol levels and fibroid size (r = 0.257, p = 0.032), while other lipid parameters and BMI showed no meaningful correlations.

Comparative analysis of breast cancer according to age, histological type, hormonal status, and disease characteristics

2026-07-20T16:49:40+00:00

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide and a significant public health concern in Libya. The incidence of BC, particularly among younger women in Libya, has been increasing, urging further investigation into the disease's characteristics, early detection, and treatment strategies. This study aimed to compare the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of breast cancer patients from two datasets of women of different ages. This descriptive retrospective study utilized two datasets containing the medical records of breast cancer patients diagnosed and treated at Tripoli Medical Center. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The variables assessed included age, histological type, molecular subtype, tumor stage, hormone receptor status, lymph node metastasis, and family history of BC. Patients were divided into two age groups to facilitate comparison between young and older women. Frequency distribution and comparative analyses were performed to identify associations with predominant disease patterns. The first group of participants included 524 patients with a mean age of 34.5 years, while the second cohort included 499 patients with a mean age of 43.6 years. Younger women comprised the majority of the first cohort, while the second cohort exhibited a broader age distribution. The results showed that invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was the predominant histological pattern in both cohorts. Younger patients were more likely to have aggressive tumor characteristics, higher rates of lymph node metastasis, and more advanced disease stages. Older patients showed a higher prevalence of hormone receptor-positive tumors, particularly luminal molecular patterns, which are generally associated with a better prognosis. In conclusion, this comparative study demonstrates that age significantly influences the distribution of BC subtypes, disease severity, and tumor biology. These findings underscore the importance of increased public awareness about breast cancer causes, especially the effect of nutrition and lifestyle, early BC detection, and individualized treatment strategies to improve BC treatment outcomes.

Epidemiological patterns of oral squamous cell carcinoma and its variants in the Libyan population: A 20-year retrospective study

2026-07-20T16:53:24+00:00

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oral malignancy, accounting for more than 90% of all forms of oral cancer. This study aimed to determine the frequency and distribution of oral squamous cell carcinoma in the Libyan population, considering histological variants and grades. A retrospective analysis of all cases biopsied and diagnosed from 2000 to 2019 in the Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Diagnosis, and Radiology was conducted. Information on the patient’s age and gender, tumour type, grade, and its anatomical site was recorded and analyzed. During the study period, 105 biopsies were histologically confirmed as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Males were more commonly affected than females, giving a male-to-female ratio of 1.67:1. Most patients were older than 50, with a mean age of 57.63 ± 14.569 years. The Lateral border of the tongue was the most common site for the lesion (39%), followed by the buccal mucosa (19%). The most common histological subtype was conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma (90%), primarily well and moderately differentiated. The other histological variants were uncommon (N=8): 4 cases of verrucous carcinoma, 2 of adenosquamous carcinoma, and 2 of spindle cell carcinoma. In conclusion, oral squamous cell carcinoma constituted a considerable proportion of oral and maxillofacial lesions, with the conventional type being the most common. A higher proportion has been noted in males aged 50 years and older, with the lateral border of the tongue being the most affected site.

Comparative analysis of thyroid hormone profiles and vitamin d status between males and females in Al-Bayda City, Libya: A cross-sectional biochemical study

2026-07-20T16:56:15+00:00

Thyroid hormones and vitamin D play essential roles in regulating metabolism, growth, and overall health. Alterations in their concentrations may contribute to various endocrine and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate thyroid hormone profiles and vitamin D status among adults in Al-Bayda City and to investigate potential gender-related differences. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 adult participants (20 females and 20 males) from Al-Bayda City, Libya. Serum levels of triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and vitamin D were measured. Descriptive statistics, Shapiro–Wilk normality tests, independent samples t-tests, and one-sample t-tests were performed using Minitab version 17. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. The overall mean values of T₄, T₃, TSH, and vitamin D were 8.04 ± 1.55 µg/dL, 1.41 ± 0.15, 1.69 ± 1.18, and 20.75 ± 11.58 ng/mL, respectively. Females exhibited significantly higher T₄ levels than males (8.53 ± 1.70 vs. 7.56 ± 1.25; p = 0.047), whereas males showed significantly higher vitamin D levels than females (24.44 ± 10.87 vs. 17.07 ± 11.34 ng/mL; p = 0.043). No significant gender differences were observed for T₃ (p = 0.500), TSH (p = 0.979), or age (p = 0.221). Normality testing revealed that T₄, T₃, and age were normally distributed, while TSH and vitamin D showed non-normal distributions. Comparison with reference values indicated that vitamin D levels were significantly lower than the recommended reference level of 30 ng/mL (p < 0.001), whereas T₃, T₄, and TSH remained within normal ranges. The study demonstrated significant gender-related differences in T₄and vitamin D concentrations among adults in Al-Bayda City. Furthermore, vitamin D levels were markedly below the recommended reference value, suggesting a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in the studied population. Regular screening and appropriate vitamin D supplementation strategies may be beneficial for improving public health outcomes.

Scio-demographic determinants of visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Sudan: A cross-sectional study from Gadaref State

2026-07-20T16:59:58+00:00

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a major public health problem in Sudan, particularly in Gedaref State. Understanding the socio-demographic determinants of VL is essential for designing effective control strategies. This study aimed to investigate the association between VL infection and sociodemographic factors such as age, sex, marital status, education level, and occupation in an endemic region of eastern Sudan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 208 individuals suspected of VL infection in Gedaref State. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and blood samples were tested using the rK39 rapid diagnostic test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Of the 208 participants, 51 tested positive for VL. No statistically significant associations were found between VL infection and gender (P = 0.71), age group (P = 0.17), or place of residence (P = 0.17). Although no statistically significant associations were found, the persistence of VL cases in endemic regions like Gedaref highlights the need for continuous epidemiological monitoring. Further studies with larger sample sizes and consideration of environmental and behavioral risk factors are recommended.

DNA barcoding reveals a distinct mediterranean mitochondrial lineage of Lasiocampa tripolitania from Libya based on COI sequences: Implications for taxonomy, conservation, and forensic identification

2026-07-20T17:04:51+00:00

DNA barcoding is widely used for organism identification because the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, COI, usually separates closely related species and geographic lineages. In this study, we examined the COI barcode position of the Libyan moth Lasiocampa tripolitania using the GenBank sequence AM397633.1, reported from near Zuwara, Libya. The final aligned dataset included a 576 bp COI fragment, three closely related Mediterranean Lasiocampa sequences from Malta, 32 European sequences assigned to Lasiocampa quercus and Lasiocampa trifolii. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed in MEGA 10 using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood under the Tamura 3-parameter model with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Pairwise Tamura 3-parameter distances and ASAP delimitation were also used. The Libyan sequence clustered within a Mediterranean Lasiocampa lineage and was most closely related to Maltese Lasiocampa sequences, but it formed a distinct Libyan branch. Mean distance between Mediterranean Lasiocampa and European L. quercus was 0.163, while the distance from European L. trifolii was 0.119. These results support a distinct Mediterranean mitochondrial lineage, but broader sampling is required before formally finalizing the taxonomic revision.

Biochemical and hormonal alterations in the rat thyroid gland following chronic ultraviolet-a exposure: A duration-dependent study

2026-07-20T17:08:39+00:00

Ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation, the most prevalent component of solar UV reaching the earth's surface, is known to induce oxidative stress and cellular damage in various tissues. However, its specific effects on endocrine organs, particularly the thyroid gland, remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and hormonal changes in the thyroid gland of rats following chronic exposure to UVA radiation for different durations. Twenty adult male albino rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups (n=5 each): a control group (no exposure) and three experimental groups exposed to UVA radiation (8 hours/day) for 10, 15, and 25 days, respectively. Thyroid tissue levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and the antioxidant enzyme reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. Chronic UVA exposure significantly altered thyroid hormone profiles. T3 levels initially increased at 10 days (3.65±0.92 vs. control 2.6±0.25) and 15 days (3.62±0.29), then declined towards near-normal levels by 25 days (2.9±0.53). T4 showed a non-significant fluctuation, while TSH exhibited a dramatic and sustained reduction from 0.8±0.14 (control) to nearundetectable levels (0.016±0 to 0.01±0) in all exposed groups. GSH levels varied, showing a non-significant decrease at 10 days (54.63±1.31), followed by an increase at 15 and 25 days (59.2±3.78 and 58.01±2.28, respectively). Chronic UVA radiation exposure induces duration-dependent disruption of thyroid hormonal homeostasis, characterized by marked TSH suppression and complex alterations in T3 and T4, accompanied by changes in antioxidant enzyme levels. These biochemical findings complement previously reported histological damage (Qabeeli et al., 2026) and suggest that UVA radiation may impair the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.

The relationship between renal stones and parathyroid hormone

2026-07-20T17:10:35+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between biologic markers and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in stone patients. Two hundred patients (one hundred renal stones and one hundred healthy controls) formed this hospital-based case-control study. Tests for serum levels of PTH, calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine were performed and analyzed statistically. Phosphorus concentrations were significantly reduced while PTH and calcium concentrations were significantly increased in renal stone patients versus controls (p < 0.001). Creatinine levels showed no obvious differences. PTH had a moderately positive correlation with creatinine (r = 0.35), a negative correlation with phosphorus (r = -0.48), and a strong, positive correlation with calcium (r = 0.62). PTH excess stimulates renal stone formation by deranging calcium and phosphate metabolism. Conclusion: Regular PTH measurements could improve the diagnosis and management of nephrolithiasis.

Association of red cell distribution width with cardiovascular complications and risk factors in hypertensive and cardiac patients: A retrospective study

2026-07-20T17:12:43+00:00

This study addresses an overlooked clinical gap in Libya by evaluating baseline Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) — a standard measure of erythrocyte size heterogeneity — as a zero-cost prognostic tool for predicting cardiovascular mortality and critical care escalation. While RDW traditionally classifies anemias, modern clinical pathophysiology demonstrates that fluctuating RDW levels actively reflect systemic inflammation and tissue hypoxia, both of which impair bone marrow function during cardiac stress. Currently, no published regional literature has established specific RDW thresholds for cardiac risk stratification in Libya, where managing cardiovascular crises is heavily complicated by strict budgetary constraints and chronic shortages of expensive diagnostic reagents. To provide an accessible predictive alternative, this retrospective investigation analyzed archived clinical and laboratory records of 350 adult cardiac patients at the Tajoura National Center for Cardiac Treatment. The baseline cohort (mean age 61.42 years, 55.7% male) exhibited high rates of hypertension (61.4%) and diabetes mellitus (56.0%), with an elevated overall mean RDW of 16.60%. RDW profiles remained statistically similar between isolated cardiovascular disease and concurrent hypertension (16.72% vs. 16.52%, p = 0.505) but varied significantly with myocardial infarction status (p = 0.035) and peaked in mechanical heart failure (17.33% vs. 15.78%, p < 0.001). Controlling for baseline age, diabetes, and smoking status via multivariate regression, elevated RDW independently outperformed these traditional covariates, emerging as a powerful predictor of death, with optimal thresholds fixed at 16.25% for mortality screening and 16.35% for ICU admission. In conclusion, this study provides the first definitive domestic data confirming that baseline RDW functions as an independent biometric predictor of patient mortality and critical care escalation, offering resource-strained hospitals an immediate, zero-cost screening marker to help save lives.

Proline-mediated growth regulation and antioxidant defense enhancement in lettuce under salinity stress

2026-07-20T17:15:30+00:00

This study investigated the mitigating effects of exogenous proline application on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants subjected to salinity stress induced by NaCl. The experiment evaluated vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, chemical constituents, and antioxidant enzyme activity under varying proline concentrations (with 200 mg/l identified as the optimal treatment) and salinity conditions. Salt stress significantly impaired vegetative growth, reducing fresh weight by 6.73%, leaf number by 10.0%, and leaf area by 19.08% compared to control conditions; however, dry matter content increased under salinity. Foliar application of proline effectively alleviated these adverse effects, with 200 mg/l proline achieving the highest plant yield under non-saline conditions (5.00% increase over control) and substantially offsetting growth inhibition under NaCl stress. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) were significantly degraded by salinity, yet proline-treated plants exhibited marked improvement. The 200 mg/l proline treatment enhanced total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by approximately 9.34% and 9.77%, respectively, relative to untreated controls. Regarding chemical constituents, NaCl stress reduced nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and the K/Na ratio while increasing sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) accumulation. Proline application, particularly at 200 mg/l, counteracted these ionic imbalances by elevating N, P, K, and K/Na levels and suppressing Na⁺ and Cl⁻ uptake. Antioxidant enzyme activities—peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)—were significantly stimulated under salinity, increasing by 45.87%, 113.1%, and 58.5%, respectively, compared to control plants. Proline spraying further enhanced these enzymatic activities, reinforcing the plant's oxidative stress defense mechanism. In conclusion, foliar application of proline at 200 mg/l represents an effective strategy to ameliorate salinity-induced damage in lettuce by improving growth parameters, photosynthetic efficiency, ionic homeostasis, and antioxidant capacity