Mechanisms for the adoption of port automation to enhance cargo handling in Malindi port Zanzibar

Abstract

This study examines the mechanisms behind the adoption of port automation technologies to improve cargo handling operations in Zanzibar. Specifically, it assesses the current state of cargo handling processes, evaluates staff and managerial perceptions and readiness for automation, and identifies key barriers to the implementation of automated systems. A cross-sectional research design was employed, utilizing a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model. The study population comprised 152 individuals, including port staff, customs declaration officers, shipping agency personnel, authorized clearing and forwarding, and shipping line agencies based in Zanzibar. The sample size was 108 individuals who were selected through purposive sampling and simple random methods. The response rate was 90, equal to 85.7%. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods with the aid of Jamovi statistical software, and qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that 63% of respondents perceive cargo handling processes as only partially automated, while 93% report persistent operational inefficiencies, including berthing delays and yard congestion. Although some information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure is in place, only 45.5% of participants consider it adequate to support effective port operations. Furthermore, 80% of respondents highlight insufficient ICT training and an underdeveloped policy framework as significant challenges. The study concludes that, despite existing efforts to advance cargo handling automation, implementation remains constrained by interconnected barriers, including technological limitations, financial constraints, institutional fragmentation, and policy inadequacies. It recommends increased investment in integrated ICT systems, the development of targeted digital literacy programs for port personnel, and the establishment of a comprehensive national port automation policy with clear implementation strategies and institutional accountability.