African Quarterly Social Science Review

Setting policy agenda for blue economy policy in Tanzania

Francis Mwaijande — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tanzania enjoys benefits of having 1,424 km from Tanga to Mtwara along the Indian ocean, rich on natural marine resources including ocean waters, beaches, harbours and ports along the Indian ocean, where imports and exports, fishing, tourism and marine transportation to neighbouring landlocked country and many other marine-based economic activities could flourish. However, there is no specific National policy guiding the blue economy to guide the Tanzania’s marine resource economy. The objective of this article is threefold; to provide evidence from scholarly works that informs the role of Blue economy in Tanzania; to identify specific socio-economic sectors with potential for exploring Blue economy potentials; and three to set up a policy agenda for the establishment of a National Blue economy policy. The study applied explorative as well as descriptive design for capturing both qualitative and quantitative data. The target population was the marine transport, energy, tourism and fisheries sectors. A purposeful sampling technique was adopted because it enabled selection of key informants with rich information on economic activities in the Indian ocean bordering Tanzania coast. The study applies mixed methods of bibliometric analysis, interview, and desk top review. This article sets a policy agenda for the needed policy to guide blue economy for a country with access to Indian Ocean. The article examines the potential opportunities for developing blue economy in the key economic sectors. Tanzania has the geographical advantage to the Indian Ocean covering potential sectors of Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism, Ministry of Energy, and Ministry of Industries and Trade. The article sets a policy agenda that the abundant resources in the Indian Ocean including fish, oil and gas requires a guiding policy for harnessing resources sustainably. Nevertheless, the missing link is there is missing policy for harnessing the unexploited potentials in the ocean. This paper instigates to set a blue economy policy in Tanzania because there many unleashed potentials across the Indian Ocean for the socio-economic development in Tanzania. The research concluded that although the government of the United Republic of Tanzania supports blue economy, there is a need to reactivate and promote the blue economy in practical terms. This can be achieved through holistic multi-sectoral policy, planning and coordination of key sectors in the blue economy. This article recommends for policy to manage sustainable blue economy in Tanzania, which is an emerging, but remain unleashed potential for the country’s socio-economic development. Since in there is a policy vacuum to develop a blue economy, an agenda for multi-sectoral blue economy policy should be considered for harnessing marine resources sustainably to meet both the national development goals as well as the Sustainable Development Goals.

Political Advertising and Gender Representation: Investigating Male Dominance in Ghana's 2024 Presidential and Parliamentary Campaigns

Joseph Akanyako, Samuel Adadi Akapule — Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study critically investigates gender representation in political advertising during Ghana's 2024 presidential and parliamentary elections, with a specific focus on the two dominant political parties: the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and the National Democratic Congress (NDC). Gender Representation Theory guided this study. The target population for this study includes political advertisements from these two parties, as well as a diverse group of voters across the 16 regions of Ghana. The research employs a qualitative methodology involving content analysis, semi-structured interviews, and observational techniques. Campaign materials such as posters, billboards, and campaign vehicles (pick-ups) from the NPP and NDC are analyzed to assess the gender dynamics in candidate representation. The analysis reveals a significant male predominance in the visual portrayal of candidates, with male candidates being more prominently featured than female candidates. This trend has profound implications for public perceptions of leadership, reinforcing traditional gender roles in the political arena. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews with voters across various demographic categories provide insights into how these gendered portrayals influence voter attitudes and perceptions of political equity. The findings highlight the pervasive challenges faced by women in Ghana’s political landscape, including the underrepresentation and marginalization of female candidates in political ads. The study concludes that political advertising plays a crucial role in perpetuating gender disparities in political leadership. It recommends that political parties in Ghana take proactive steps to ensure more equitable representation of women in campaign materials, thereby promoting gender inclusivity in the political sphere. Anchored in gender representation theory, this research contributes to the broader discourse on gender equality in political participation, offering a critical lens through which to understand the intersection of media, politics, and gender in contemporary elections in Ghana.

Ensuring Electoral Integrity: A Comprehensive Study of the Legal Framework and Independence of Zambia's Electoral Management Body

Kryticous Patrick Nshindano, Mubanga Mpundu — Wed, 19 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the importance of Electoral Management Body (EMB) independence in ensuring the integrity of democratic elections. The study adopted the case study research design and a mixed methods approach. Drawing on the ontological and epistemological perspectives, the study applied the positivist and interpretive paradigms. The positivist paradigm allowed for the collection of data through observation, which entailed the use of quantitative methods, whereas the interpretive paradigm focused on the comprehension of concepts to understand the key issues on EMB independence and the operating environment by utilizing qualitative methods. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including a comprehensive review of existing literature, legal documents, and electoral laws, as well as stakeholder interviews, to gather diverse perspectives on the EMB's operations and independence. The analysis employed both thematic and statistical techniques to synthesize findings and draw meaningful conclusions. The study design examines Zambia’s legal framework governing EMB functions, focusing on security of tenure, transparent appointment processes, budgetary autonomy, and institutional design and assesses particular areas within the legal framework that either support or undermine the autonomy of the EMB in Zambia. Although there are formal provisions to safeguard the autonomy of the EMB, the study reveals ongoing challenges, including executive interference in various aspects such as budgetary processes and appointments, which compromise the EMB’s credibility. The research also highlights a generational divide in stakeholder perceptions, with younger individuals showing more scepticism about the EMB’s impartiality. The results highlight the need for legal reforms to clarify the EMB’s autonomy, enhance transparency in appointments, reinforce protections against arbitrary removal, and improve financial independence. The study concludes that based on a mixed research analysis of the EMB independence in Zambia, there are significant challenges in maintaining the EMB's independence and findings suggests that despite existing legal provisions, practical autonomy remains compromised. The study recommends strengthening the EMB's independence and effectiveness by enhancing its legal framework, decentralizing its structure, and improving transparency and accountability. Key recommendations include clarifying the EMB’s autonomous status in the Constitution, codifying guidelines for the Attorney General’s ability to overturn decisions, and creating a mechanism for judicial review. It also calls for fixed, non-renewable or staggered terms for commissioners, diminishing presidential power over appointments, and budgetary independence. These reforms are intended to improve the EMB’s impartiality, operational efficiency, and public confidence within the Zambian electoral process.

Effect of Project Risk Management on the Success of the Itunda-Busanza Road Construction Project in Kicukiro District, Rwanda

Rufus Oluwakemi Eunice, Jean de Dieu Dushimimana — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study is about the effect of risk management on project success, and it used the Itunda-Busanza road construction project in Kicukiro district, Rwanda as a case study. The study was guided by the theory of change, the game theory and the prospect theory. The study population was 10,012 and using the Taro Yamane formula, the sample size used in this study was 384 respondents which included the project manager, risk officer, project team members and beneficiaries. The tools of data collection used were the documentations from relevant sources, questionnaires and interviews. This research used a descriptive and correlational research design. Quantitative data obtained from structured questionnaires and qualitative data was obtained through documentation and semi-structured interviews with relevant authorities involved in the project. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical software SPSS. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to summarise the data obtained and inferential statistics such as the Pearson’s Correlation, ANOVA, coefficients test and Multiple Linear Regression. Fisher (F) and P-values were used to test the null hypotheses. In this study, thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The study findings revealed the R value to be 0.986 which indicates a strong positive relationship between predictor and the dependent variable. The R square value of 0.972 shows that 97.2% of the variability in the outcome variable can be explained by the predictors. The coefficient of the predictors indicate effect on project success. Specifically Risk Identification (β1=0.666, p=0.00), Risk Analysis (β2=0.089, p=0.035) Risk Response (β3=0.141, p=0.002) and Risk Monitoring and Evaluation (β4=0.098, p=0.03). This indicates that all the coefficients of the predictors are statistically significant, as indicated by their associated significant values below 0.05. This explains that all four null hypotheses were tested and rejected to accept the alternative hypotheses. The study concluded that all the independent variables of the model specification had the greatest effect on the success of the Itunda-Busanza road construction project in Kicukiro district, Rwanda. The study recommends the practices of Risk Management which involve Risk Identification, Risk Analysis, Risk Response and Risk monitoring and Evaluation to promote project success in all construction projects.

Influence of Project Management Practices on Performance of Sustainable Agriculture Intensification Food Security Project (SAIP) in Kayonza District, Rwanda (2020-2023)

Yvonne Uwase, Jean de Dieu Dushimimana — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to investigate the influence of project management practices on the performance of the Sustainable Agriculture Intensification Food Security Project (SAIP) in Kayonza District, Rwanda. Specifically, it examined the influence of project planning, project implementation, project risk management, and project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) on SAIP’s performance. The study was guided by the systems theory, stakeholder theory, and the theory of change. The target population included 317 employees involved in SAIP, and the researcher adopted a census approach, collecting data from every unit in the population rather than using sampling. Quantitative data collection was conducted through questionnaires, and both descriptive and correlation analyses were employed. The study utilized SPSS for data analysis, ensuring that quantitative data contributed to the overall findings. The correlation coefficient (R = 0.821) indicated a strong positive relationship between project management practices and project performance. The R² value of 0.675 suggested that approximately 67.5% of the variance in project performance could be explained by project monitoring and evaluation, project implementation, project risk management, and project planning. The findings demonstrated that project planning significantly influenced project performance, with an unstandardized coefficient (β1) of 0.332. This meant that for every one-unit increase in project planning, project performance was expected to increase by 0.332, with a significance level of 0.000 (t=5.929). Project implementation also had a positive influence, with an unstandardized coefficient (β2) of 0.166, indicating that a one-unit increase in project implementation resulted in a 0.166 increase in project performance. The significance level was 0.003 (t=3.018), confirming a statistically significant relationship.

Similarly, project risk management was found to play a critical role in project performance, with an unstandardized coefficient (β3) of 0.200. This indicated that an increase of one unit in project risk management corresponded to a 0.200 increase in project performance, with a significance level of 0.000 (t=3.704). Project monitoring and evaluation also had a substantial impact, with an unstandardized coefficient (β4) of 0.242, meaning that a one-unit increase in project monitoring and evaluation resulted in a 0.242 increase in project performance. The significance level was 0.000 (t=4.654), highlighting a strong positive relationship. The study concluded that project management practices are essential in enhancing the effectiveness of the Sustainable Agriculture Intensification Food Security Project in Kayonza District. The strong correlation between project planning, implementation, risk management, and monitoring and evaluation with project performance demonstrated that structured management approaches significantly contribute to project success. Based on these findings, the study recommended that SAIP adopt a structured planning framework with clear roles and timelines to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in project execution.

Effect of Project Planning on Performance of Social Protection Project: A Case of Kirawigire Project in Gakenke District, Rwanda

Félicien Cyubahiro, Jean de Dieu Dushimimana — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study assessed the effect of project planning on performance of social protection projects in Gakenke District, Rwanda. Specifically, the study was guided by the following objectives: To determine the effect of activities planning on performance of Kirawigire Project in Gakenke District, to find out the effect of budget planning on performance of Kirawigire Project in Gakenke District, to analyze the effect of human resource planning on performance of Kirawigire Project in Gakenke District and to assess the effect of risk planning on performance of Kirawigire in Gakenke District. This research was guided by Social Exchange Theory, Institutional Theory and Theory of Change [ToC]. The study was descriptive as well as correlational. Correlational study designs look for connections between study variables, whereas descriptive survey research gathers data on a wide range of topics via questionnaires. The study population was 988 participants, consist of Project Managers, Project Team Members, Community Stakeholders, and Project beneficiaries. In order to ensure that the sample is representative of the population, Slovin’s formula was used to establish the sample size, which were 285 participants. questionnaire and document analysis all played a role in the data collection process. Numbers and statistics made the results easier to see and grasp, providing a more complete picture for the reader. The research made use of SPSS version 25, or the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using correlation and regression analysis. The regression model indicates a strong positive relationship between activities planning, budget planning, human resource planning, and risk planning in enhancing project performance, with a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.826. The unstandardized coefficient for activities planning is 0.303, indicating that each unit increase in activity planning corresponds to a 0.303 improvement in project performance, with this relationship being statistically significant (β= 0.303, t = 5.584, Sig. = 0.000). Similarly, Budget Planning has an unstandardized coefficient of 0.169, meaning that a unit increase in budget planning effectiveness results in a 0.169 improvement in project performance (β= 0.169, t = 3.075, Sig. = 0.002). Human Resource Planning also shows a notable impact, with an unstandardized coefficient of 0.182, demonstrating that enhanced human resource management leads to a 0.182 increase in project performance (β= 0.182, t = 3.433, Sig. = 0.001). Risk Planning exhibits the strongest effect, with an unstandardized coefficient of 0.284, indicating that a unit increase in risk planning correlates with a 0.284 enhancement in project performance (β= 0.284, t = 5.193, Sig. = 0.000). These findings indicate the importance of effective planning strategies, highlighting the need to prioritize Activity, Budget, Human Resource, and Risk Planning to optimize project performance for Kirawigire Project in Gakenke District. The study recommended that Kirawigire Project should enhance its planning strategies by prioritizing Activity, Budget, Human Resource, and Risk Planning. Implementing comprehensive training for project staff and strengthening stakeholder engagement will ensure efficient resource allocation, improve project performance, and promote sustainable outcomes in Gakenke District.

Cohesion or Collapse? The Role of Party Discipline in Shaping the Stability of Kenyan Political Coalitions

Kennedy Wakhungu Maasi — Tue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Political coalitions and party dynamics have played a crucial role in shaping Kenya's journey, both before and after gaining independence in 1963. The political scene has often been marked by shifting alliances, which have led to instability and challenges in governance, impacting the lives of everyday citizens. This study takes a closer look at how coalition formations and party discipline have evolved in Kenya, particularly focusing on the influence of party discipline on political coalitions since 1945. The study was anchored on Social Exchange theory. The study was carried out in Kenya covering 18 counties within the study period. The study was founded on interpretivism research philosophy. Historical research design was used to guide the study. The target population composed of the ordinary voters, leaders of political parties, leaders of Civic organizations, local intelligentsia and experts on historical matters. The sample size was 454 respondents which was reached upon content saturation. This included a sample of 432 ordinary voters, 8 leaders of political parties, 6 respondents from civic organizations, 4 leaders from local intelligentsia, and 4 experts on historical matters. Purposive, snowball and convenience sampling techniques were used in the selection of the respondents. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, focus group discussion guides and interview schedules. Document analysis guide was used to collect both archival and secondary data. Qualitative data was analyzed based on themes and presented through narratives and verbatim quotations. The findings reveal that strong internal party coherence and discipline are vital for effective governance and meeting the needs of the public. The study concludes that the level of party discipline directly affects how political coalitions form and succeed in Kenya. To improve coalition effectiveness, the study recommends that political parties establish clear internal rules, promote inclusive decision-making, and strengthen their organizational structures.

Bridging the Gender Gap: Strategies for Enhancing Girls' Participation in STEM-Related TVET Programmes in Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana

Christina Boateng — Sun, 14 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the persistent underrepresentation of girls in Science, Technology, Engineering Mathematics (STEM) -related Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programmes at the pre-tertiary level in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Recognizing the critical role of STEM careers in driving socio-economic development, the study identifies the factors contributing to this gender disparity and proposes strategies to enhance female participation in STEM –related TVET programmes. The study is informed by the Social Role Theory. The convergent mixed-method research approach and the cross-sectional research design were employed. Uutilising the census sampling, 109 girls enrolled in STEM- related TVET programmes in pre-tertiary TVET delivery institutions in the Metropolis were selected for the study. Primary data as well as secondary data as collected from the Institutions and utilised. The primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire and interviews. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that despite ongoing efforts to promote gender equality, significant barriers continue to hinder girls' enrolment in STEM-related TVET programmes. These barriers include systemic challenges, entrenched societal stereotypes, insufficient institutional support, and absence of targeted interventions. The study concludes that a multi-faceted approach, involving a comprehensive action and strong support is needed at the school level to address the issue. It is therefore recommended that school leaders should employ strategies to counteract the persistent stereotypes, encourage support, and inspire more girls to pursue STEM-related TVET. These should include instituting mentorship programmes to connect female students with successful women in STEM-related TVET fields as role models to provide guidance, share personal experiences, and encourage female students to explore and participate in the field. Again, community awareness campaigns aimed at changing the perceptions of parents, guardians as well as the broader community about STEM field and professions for girls should be launched to promote the relevance and benefits of STEM –related TVET education for girls and society as a whole.

The Role of Electric Standard Gauge Railway in Unlocking Economic Opportunities of Dodoma City Council, Tanzania

Coretha Komba, Peter Joseph — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The implementation of the modern electric Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) has faced criticism both domestically and internationally, with some labelling it a “white elephant” project. To assess the validity of these claims, this study explored the role of the modern electric SGR in unlocking economic opportunities in the central regions of Tanzania, specifically in Dodoma City. Guided by the Allocative Efficiency Theory (AET), which emphasizes the efficient use of resources to improve societal welfare, the study focused on the SGR’s impact on agro-business development, employment creation, urbanization, and trade and economic integration. The research utilized a case study design, with the Dodoma City Council (DCC) as the focal point, involving 121 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires distributed to DCC officers and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the modern electric SGR, through its unique features of high-speed connectivity, eco-friendly technology, and increased freight capacity, has significantly contributed to unlocking economic opportunities in Dodoma. It was found to stimulate urbanization, enhance employment in various sectors, and foster regional trade and integration. The study concludes that the modern electric SGR is a key pillar in transforming Dodoma into an economic hub. To further enhance its role, the study recommends strengthening supporting industries and improving infrastructure, such as feeder roads, to maximize the SGR’s economic impact.

Dynamics of Ethio-Somalian Relations Post 2018: Key Influencing Factors

Abebe Tigire, Asnake Kefale — Sat, 08 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the post-2018 Ethio-Somalian relationships and major factors behind its dynamics. Despite Ethiopia's adoption of an’ open door and optimistic’ foreign policy towards its neighbours in 2018, its relations with Somalia continued to swing between cordial friendship and hostile confrontation due to a number of circumstances. The study is guided by neo-classical realism, which blends systemic and domestic factors. The study used qualitative approach in conjunction with descriptive and analytical research designs. Data were gathered through key informant interviews with seven ambassadors, diplomats, researchers, and academicians; Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives; and an in-depth investigation of published documents and sources. The data gathered from both primary and secondary sources was analyzed by a general inductive approach data analysis. According to the findings, the post-2018 Ethiopian government's policy of non-intervention, regional integration, as well as the bromance between the two leaders and strengthened socio-economic links infused new positive energy into friendly Ethio-Somalian ties. However, the growing bilateral ties were cut short by the change of government in Somalia and the ensuing actions taken by the new president. The relationships deteriorated further as Ethiopia, which had made access to the sea a top priority, began to take concrete measures to realize it, and signed a MoU with Somaliland. The MoU-related tensions between Ethiopia and Somalia exacerbated regional instability, as Somalia formed a military alliance with Egypt and Ethiopia expanded its security relationship with Somaliland. Additionally, it forced Ethiopia to reevaluate its policy of non-intervention in Somali domestic matters. This signifies that Ethiopian foreign policy towards the region and Somalia, the political transition in Somalia, Ethiopia's geographical vulnerability, the activities and policies of neighbouring countries towards Ethiopia, and the interest and influence of regional and global powers have all shaped the post-2018 Ethio-Somalian relationship dynamics. The study recommends that bilateral antagonism and looming cloud of conflict in the region should be resolved via bilateral negotiation in a way that protects Ethiopia's access to the sea and Somali territorial integrity.

Bridging the Gender Gap in Household Saving Practices: Unveiling Determinants and Pathways to Financial Inclusion in Iringa, Tanzania

Flora Valentine Mlage, Sadick Alex, Omary Magasha — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the determinants of gender disparity in saving behaviour among households in Ruaha Ward of Iringa Municipality, Tanzania. The study is navigated with the theory of Life-Cycle, Keynesian Absolute Income and Permanent Income. A cross-sectional research design was employed, in which data from randomly selected 192 respondents were collected through questionnaires, checklists, and reviews of relevant documents. The population targeted by this study was 11,941 people, from which a sample of 196 respondents was drawn. Data analysis applied Chi-Square, Multinomial Logit Model, Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM and Interaction Effects and Moderation methods. Chi-Square results indicated significant associations for sex (12.45), education level (14.30), and household size (18.24) with serving behaviour. Multinomial Logit model results indicated that employment status and age were significantly (p=0.05) influencing saving behaviour. The Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) results revealed that gender negatively affects saving behaviour (β = -0.321, p = 0.008). This shows that women save less than men. Age positively correlates with saving (β = 0.053, p = 0.009) which supports the life-cycle hypothesis. Whereas education (β = 0.183, p = 0.046) and employment (β = 0.398, p = 0.004) significantly increase savings, income (β = 0.000, p = 0.655) is not significant. Financial literacy at the household level (γ = 0.501, p = 0.005) in addition to access to financial services (γ = 0.378, p = 0.018) promote saving. Conversely, household size (γ = -0.222, p = 0.067) negatively affects it. The interaction analysis shows financial literacy amplifies the income-saving link (β = 0.004, p = 0.046) while larger households reduce women's savings (β = -0.075, p = 0.014). Furthermore, the model fit (pseudo R² = 0.220, LR Chi² = 145.300, p = 0.000) confirms strong explanatory power. The study concludes that there is association between demographic characteristics with saving behaviour, socio-economic factors both individual-level factors and household-level variables play critical roles in shaping saving behaviours. The interaction effects results show the relationship between income and saving behaviour is stronger when financial literacy is higher, and older, employed individuals are more likely to save. Recommendations are made on enhancement of saving behaviours across diverse demographic groups, promotion of financial literacy programs, particularly targeting lower-income and vulnerable populations, addressing gendered financial disparities, especially within larger households and formulation and implementation of robust policies for emphasizing financial planning, budgeting and savings.

The Influence of Instructors Employed Digital Pedagogies on Students’ Learning Outcomes: The Case of Selected Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania

Marystella Baynit, Cosmas Mnyanyi, Mohamed Msoroka — Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Higher learning institutions in Tanzania is among the sectors that has started capitalizing on digital technology in the course of delivering their training programs. In coping with the digital technology dynamics instructors are at the centres of realizing the change and harnessing its potentials in the learning process. The instructors’ employed digital pedagogy is of great concern in the process of achieving the desired students learning outcomes. This research article therefore, assessed the influence of instructors’ digital pedagogies on students learning outcomes among the selected higher learning institutions in Tanzania. The study is guided by two theoretical models which include Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as developed and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK).The study employed cross- sectional design where data were collected once from two different regions. 583 academic staff population with designation starting from tutorial assistant to full professor who are currently engaging in teaching and research activities in the were identified from two selected higher learning institutions in Tanzania. A sample of 237 instructors were selected randomly for this study. Self-administered questionnaire, key informants interview and focus group discussion were employed as data collection tools. The descriptive and structural equation model (SEM) were performed to analyse the data. The findings indicate statistically positive significant influence’ of digital pedagogy on students learning outcomes. Specifically the path model analysis indicates that the employment of digital pedagogy contributed the students learning outcomes by 36% s. It is concluded that the digital pedagogy employed by instructors improves students learning outcomes. No significant differences in terms of instructors’ digital pedagogy were noticed across institutions and gender and age. However, the instructors’ use of some specific digital pedagogy recommended for further improvement as it has little contribution to students learning outcomes.

Setting Policy Agenda for Blue Economy Policy in Tanzania

Francis Mwaijande — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tanzania enjoys benefits of having 1,424 km from Tanga to Mtwara along the Indian ocean, rich on natural marine resources including ocean waters, beaches, harbours and ports along the Indian ocean, where imports and exports, fishing, tourism and marine transportation to neighbouring landlocked country and many other marine-based economic activities could flourish. However, there is no specific National policy guiding the blue economy to guide the Tanzania’s marine resource economy. The objective of this article is threefold; to provide evidence from scholarly works that informs the role of Blue economy in Tanzania; to identify specific socio-economic sectors with potential for exploring Blue economy potentials; and three to set up a policy agenda for the establishment of a National Blue economy policy. The study applied explorative as well as descriptive design for capturing both qualitative and quantitative data. The target population was the marine transport, energy, tourism and fisheries sectors. A purposeful sampling technique was adopted because it enabled selection of key informants with rich information on economic activities in the Indian ocean bordering Tanzania coast. The study applies mixed methods of bibliometric analysis, interview, and desk top review. This article sets a policy agenda for the needed policy to guide blue economy for a country with access to Indian Ocean. The article examines the potential opportunities for developing blue economy in the key economic sectors. Tanzania has the geographical advantage to the Indian Ocean covering potential sectors of Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism, Ministry of Energy, and Ministry of Industries and Trade. The article sets a policy agenda that the abundant resources in the Indian Ocean including fish, oil and gas requires a guiding policy for harnessing resources sustainably. Nevertheless, the missing link is there is missing policy for harnessing the unexploited potentials in the ocean. This paper instigates to set a blue economy policy in Tanzania because there many unleashed potentials across the Indian Ocean for the socio-economic development in Tanzania. The research concluded that although the government of the United Republic of Tanzania supports blue economy, there is a need to reactivate and promote the blue economy in practical terms. This can be achieved through holistic multi-sectoral policy, planning and coordination of key sectors in the blue economy. This article recommends for policy to manage sustainable blue economy in Tanzania, which is an emerging, but remain unleashed potential for the country’s socio-economic development. Since in there is a policy vacuum to develop a blue economy, an agenda for multi-sectoral blue economy policy should be considered for harnessing marine resources sustainably to meet both the national development goals as well as the Sustainable Development Goals.

Effective Use of Learning Materials and Its Impact on Students’ Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in Mpigi District, Uganda

Raymond Kibirige, Bernard Lutalo, Christopher Saabavuma — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the study was to establish the effective use of learning materials and its impact on the students’ academic performance in secondary schools in Mpigi District, Uganda. Based on the systems theory, the study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design. The study involved 72 secondary schools in Mpigi District, whereby 7 secondary schools were purposively sampled to participate in the study because the schools had recommendable learning materials; however, stakeholders complained about their academic performance. The study used purposive sampling technique to select 7 headteachers, 7 directors of studies, 48 teachers, and 66 students to participate in the study. Interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and documentary guides were used for data collection. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The study found that learning materials are inadequate in Mpigi secondary schools; however, the few resources are effectively used by teachers. Academic performance in Mpigi secondary schools is below the expectations of the stakeholders. This research concluded that learning materials positively impact the academic performance of students in Mpigi District secondary schools. The study recommended that the government of Uganda should support secondary schools with adequate learning materials to improve learners’ academic performance. School administrators should provide teachers with training to enable them to use the available learning materials effectively to help learners achieve better academic performance.

The Impact of Collective Action on Enhancing Crop Productivity: A Multimethod Analysis of Farmers' Groups in Morogoro District, Tanzania

Omary Magasha, Sadick Alex, Flora Valentine Mlage — Fri, 14 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the current study was to assess the impact of collective action on smallholder farmers’ crop productivity. This study is guided by Collective Action Theory and Social Capital Theory which together insist on the necessity of collaboration among individuals to achieve common goals that may not be attainable individually. Cross-sectional design was applied whereby simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 204 respondents in which 102 were members and 102 were non-members in farmers’ groups. Data were collected through interview with questionnaires as the main instrument. Collected data were analysed using paired sample t-test, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Difference-in-Differences (DiD), and Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The study found that average annual output of all crops produced by the farmers before joining farmers’ group was significantly different from that produced after joining farmers’ group (P <0.05). Paired sample t-test results indicated the significant difference (p=0.05) farmers’ group members and non-members in crop production. SEM findings show significant positive coefficients for pineapple (β = 0.568), banana (β = 0.059), black pepper (β = 0.058), cinnamon (β = 0.021), cardamom (β = 0.026), and cloves (β = 0.033). PSM results show that demographic factors, income levels, and food security significantly influence participation in collective action initiatives with a common support range for propensity scores between 0.0571 and 0.9878. Furthermore, DiD results depict that there is significant difference (p=0.05) on crop productivity between members in farmers groups and non-members on pineapple, banana, black pepper, cinnamon, cardamom and clove crops. In conclusion, farmers’ group membership has a positive contribution on crop productivity in the study area. Government and other agricultural practitioners should put more effort to support registered farmers’ groups as it has great role in supporting smallholder farmers on crop productivity. Policy interventions is needed to be emphasized on productivity issues, as it appeared to be one of the main barriers to expanding crop productivity.

The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Public Institutions’ Performance: Case of Muhanga District, Rwanda

Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research set out to examine the impact of human resource management practices on organizational performance, with a case study of Muhanga District in Rwanda. This study was guided by the Human Capital Theory and the Abilities, Motivation, and Opportunity (AMO) Theory. For this study, 243 participants were chosen at random from 20 public organizations. The inquiry was conducted using an explanatory research design. Employees at all levels of management were surveyed using a five-point Likert scale. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages, as well as inferentially using correlations and regressions. The findings show that human resource practices significantly impact organizational performance. Recruitment and selection (β = 0.827, p = 0.000), compensation and rewards (β = 0.695, p = 0.000), and training and development (β = 0.698, p = 0.000) all show positive effects on performance. The R-squared value of 0.7942 indicates that 79.42% of the variation in performance is explained by these practices. Correlation analysis also reveals strong positive relationships between HR practices and organizational outcomes. Control variables, education (p = 0.046) and marital status (p = 0.035), are statistically significant. It is thus evident that training and development, compensation and rewards, and selection and recruitment are three separate factors that have considerable impacts on public organizational effectiveness. Therefore, it was concluded that institutions in Rwanda should prioritize government entities and other organizations consistently investing in their employees' professional growth through training and development programs. This study also recommended that organizations devise a continual incentive and pay program for their staff, with the Human Resources team being responsible for all hiring decisions.

Religious and Moral Education Teachers’ Use of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching at the Basic School: A Study in Cape Coast, Ghana

Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the teaching of Religious and Moral Education (RME) in basic schools in Cape Coast. It sought to establish RME teachers’ levels of perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU) of Information and Communication Technology, as well as determine the effect they have on RME teachers’ actual use (AU) of ICT. The Technology Acceptance Model was the undergirding theory for the study. The Cross-sectional survey design was used. All 150 RME teachers and 950 Basic 8 and 9 students of basic schools in the Cape Coast metropolis constituted the population of the study. Using proportionate simple random sampling procedure, a sample of 121 teachers and 561 students was obtained. Data was collected using two sets of structured questionnaires and analyzed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferentially using simple linear regression. Results revealed that RME teachers have a high level of PU, PEU and AU of ICT in the teaching of RME. The regression analysis portrayed that PU of ICT moderately explains 51% of the variance in the AU of ICT in teaching RME, and PEU of ICT explains 39% of the variance in the AU of ICT. It is obvious from the findings that the usefulness and easy operation of ICT tools would lead to their use by RME teachers. To deal with this issue, the study recommended that the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment and Ghana Education Service should continue to enhance ICT training programmes for RME teachers. To address the limited knowledge about ICT among RME teachers, teacher development workshops and seminars that target comprehensive ICT training should be organised for RME teachers.

Reducing Recidivism through Vocational Skills Training in Selected Ghanaian Prisons

Christina Boateng, William Boateng, Ronald Osei Mensah — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the role of vocational training programmes in Ghanaian prisons as a mechanism for rehabilitation, reintegration, and recidivism reduction. The study employs the rehabilitation theory, and the Routine Activity Theory in informing the discussion. Utilising the descriptive research design, the research investigates the scope, challenges, and effectiveness of vocational skills training programmes within Ankaful and Nsawam Prisons. The study had individuals who experienced working in the prisons and participated in vocational skills training as the target population. Using the purposive and convenient sampling methods, a total of 31 participants made up of prison officers, social welfare staff, ex-convicts, and inmates were sampled for the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews ensuring a comprehensive exploration of the research objectives. The interview data was analysed using the thematic approach to identify recurrent themes, patterns and insights. The findings reveal systemic inadequacies, including insufficient resources, outdated equipment, and a lack of skilled trainers, which undermine the potential of vocational training to achieve its rehabilitative goals. Disparities in programme implementation across facilities highlight significant gaps in uniformity and accessibility, while societal stigmatization further limits the reintegration of ex-offenders. The study concludes that vocational skill training holds promise as a rehabilitative tool though structural deficiencies and limited support constrain its impact. Recommendations include increasing budgetary allocations, modernizing training facilities and methodologies, and expanding programme scope.

Lecturers' Pedagogical Dispositions and University Religious Studies Students' Academic Engagement: Intel from Students in the University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Isaac Obiri Ampem, Eric Mensah, Martin Owusu, Philip Kwadwo Okyere — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the perceived effect of lecturers' pedagogical dispositions (professionalism, patience, and caring attitudes) on academic engagement among Religious Studies (RS) students at the University of Cape Coast (UCC). The Socio-cultural theory underpinned this study. The explanatory sequential mixed methods design was employed. Through the census method, all 514 religion major students responded to the questionnaire (reliability coefficient of .971) while 10 were selected for the interview. Data from the questionnaire was analysed using descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential (multiple regression) statistics. The qualitative data from interviews were thematically analysed. Results showed that university RS lecturers possess high levels of professionalism, patience, and academic engagement. Students explained that the lecturers’ patience during RS lessons is top-notch as they aid students' understanding, clearly explain concepts, teach with multiple approaches, promote comfortable student participation, boost interest, and make learning easy. The lecturers were found to have a genuine concern for students' well-being, be approachable and willing to help students, take time to know students, support students' academic-personal challenges, show empathy and support, build personal relationships, be objective disciplinarians, provide extra support and willingness to accept student weaknesses. It was discovered that the predictor (lecturers’ professionalism, patience, and caring attitude) explained 55% of the variance in the outcome (university RS students’ academic engagement) F (3, 510) = 205.330, p=.000, R = .740a, R²=547. Lecturers' caring attitudes positively increase engagement and academic performance. The findings imply that, UCC RS lecturers are on top of their job and that for lecturers to be able to engage students academically; they need to be professional, patient and caring. It was recommended that UCC lecturers should incorporate interactive and relevant real-world applications of RS during the engagement. RS lecturers in UCC should enhance their student-oriented teaching strategies and cherish contemporary issues in RS that can deepen RS students’ interest so they connect with the subject to enhance engagement further.

Gender Mainstreaming and Representation in News Production, Delivery and Decision-Making at Selected TV Stations in Accra, Ghana

Bubune Malik — Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores gender mainstreaming and representation in news production, delivery, and decision-making within selected television stations in Accra, Ghana. Despite strides in gender equality globally, the media landscape remains male-dominated, with significant underrepresentation of women in leadership roles and public discourse. The study was guided by the Critical Theory and with the use of qualitative research and case study design, data were gathered through interviews with seven media professionals from television stations in Accra. Using thematic analysis, the study explored the extent of female involvement in media operations and the challenges they face. Findings reveal progress in female participation, particularly in production roles, yet men predominantly hold top managerial positions. Women in media encounter gender-based challenges, including stereotyping, exclusion from key decision-making processes, and role assignments influenced by societal biases. Although gender-sensitive policies exist, their implementation is limited, perpetuating disparities. It can be concluded that females are increasingly gaining chances that they did not have decades ago, though this is good for gender mainstreaming. However, some top management positions and jobs are still reserved for males. This research recommended the need for deliberate efforts to enhance women’s representation and influence in Ghanaian media. Promoting gender-sensitive policies, equitable opportunities, and inclusive practices can drive meaningful change. The findings contribute to broader discussions on achieving gender equality in the media, a vital component of sustainable development and social equity.

An Assessment of the Extent of Inter-Ethnic Cohesion Among the Border Communities of Kisumu and Nandi Counties, Kenya

Jacob Keta Kida, Ruth Simiyu — Tue, 14 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assesses the extent of inter-ethnic cohesion among the border communities of Kisumu and Nandi counties, Kenya. The border communities have been experiencing sporadic and recurring ethnic conflicts and tensions for many years. Since 2013-2023, several peace-building strategies have been initiated by several actors to enhance inter-ethnic cohesion among the border communities. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the extent of inter-ethnic cohesion. The theory of primordialism of ethnicity supports the study. The study adopted an explanatory design. The target population are the people who live and work within the Muhoroni and Tinderet Sub-counties. The study population comprised household heads, community leaders, state officers, and non-state actors. The sample size was 320 household heads, community heads, state actors, and non-state actors. The study employed purposive sampling technique to select four wards and eight villages from four wards and simple random to select households. The researcher used questionnaires and interview schedules to collect primary data. Secondary data was collected from journals, books, government and NGO reports, and theses. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (V.30.1) was used to analyze quantitative data, which provided frequencies and percentages and was presented in tables and figures. Thematic and content analysis methods were used to analyze the qualitative data. Findings on the extent of inter-ethnic cohesion show that despite the high extent of harmony (79%) in the study area, there is a high extent of intolerance (80%) and a low level of trust (57%). The high extent of intolerance and low level of trust are caused by stock theft (34.4%), national politics (27%), boundary dispute (22%), nepotism (9.3%), and youth unemployment (7.3%). However, these communities still interact through intermarriages (85%), shared institutions (62%), and trade (60%). The study concludes that despite the high extent of harmony among the border communities, the extent of trust and tolerance is very low. However, the border communities still interact through social cultural activities, border markets and common schooling. The study recommends that to enhance the ethnic cohesion among the border communities, there is a need for more sociocultural integration in the area.

The Effect of Provider-Related Factors on Healthcare Utilization in the Upper East Region of Ghana: The Mediating Role of Marketing Strategies

Joseph Akanyako — Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the mediating role of marketing strategies on the relationships between healthcare provider-related factors and patients' healthcare utilization. Adopting a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design, the study utilizes a survey method to collect responses from 322 sampled healthcare professionals, using simple random sampling from a population of 1980 who work in public clinics and Community Health Planning Services (CHPS). The theory underpinning this study is the Andersen Behavioural Model of Health Service Utilization. Structural Equation Modelling technique was adopted to analyze and test the hypotheses. The study revealed that provider-related factors significantly and positively influenced healthcare utilization (β = 0.355, t = 3.406, p < 0.001). Furthermore, provider-related factors also had a direct and positive relationship with marketing strategies (β = 0.534, t = 7.283, p = 0.000). Marketing strategies also significantly and positively influenced healthcare utilization (β = 0.432, t = 5.366, p = 0.000). Conversely, the moderating influence of provider-related factors on the relationship between marketing strategies and healthcare utilization was significant (β = 0.456, t = 4.892, p = 0.000). The study concludes that marketing strategies mediate the relationship between provider-related factors and healthcare utilization. Thus, it is recommended that integrating marketing strategies into health planning and healthcare delivery by managers of health institutions can strengthen and facilitate health promotion and education.