Animal Research International

Genetic characterisation of multidrug-resistant opportunistic bacteria from cutaneous blisters on a Royal python (Python regius)

Bamidele Nyemike Ogunro — 2025-05-28

Blisters disease is a skin infection characterised by the appearance of cutaneous ulcers and blisters on snakes leading to high mortalities in serpentariums. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cultured from cutaneous ulcers and blisters on a Royal python (Python regius) housed in a serpentarium in Ibadan, Nigeria. The bacterial isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing followed by partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The P. aeruginosa isolate was resistant to 11 out of 12 antibiotics tested while the E. coli isolate was sensitive to ceftazidime, cefoxitin, and fluoroquinolones. The P. aeruginosa clustered closely with strains previously obtained from Nigeria and China while the E. coli clustered closely with strains from India, Canada, Kuwait and China. The nucleotide sequences were deposited into the GenBank under the accession numbers OR608340 for P.aeruginosa and OR608341 for E coli. Treatment with injectable enrofloxacin resulted in remission of the skin lesions within the first two weeks but eventual death in the third week. The multidrug resistance and genetic diversity of the bacteria isolates suggest that antibiotic resistance must be regarded as a threat not only to humans and domestic animals but also to wild fauna.

Prevalence of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli and the risk practices for spread in poultry farms and live bird market in Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria

Innocent Okwundu Nwankwo — 2025-05-28

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat as it poses difficulties in treating infections in animals and humans. The study aimed to investigate and report the prevalence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli and risk factors or practices facilitating the spread in farms, slaughterhouses and live bird market (LBM) in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. E. coli isolated from poultry in Nsukka were analyzed using microbial standard methods. Antibiotic resistance and risk of spread to humans were assessed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method, interviewer and structured questionnaire respectively. Out of 200 samples (110, 66 and 24) from LBMs, farms and poultry processing units, 20(18.1%), 3(4.5%) and 4(16.7%) were positive respectively with an overall prevalence of 13.5%. The mean coliform count of the contaminated carcasses was 2.3 x 10⁷. Resistance of the isolates to tetracycline, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin were at 78, 78, 44, and 11% respectively with MDR at 13.5%. The respondents (68.75%) did not observe good meat hygiene practices regularly, (53.84%) purchased antibiotics from local vendors, while (50%) used antibiotics without prescription. High antibiotic resistance and significant levels of MDR E. coli were prevalent in poultry at Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Poor hygiene, unrestricted access to antibiotics and abuse of food safety procedures may have contributed significantly to the spread of MDR E.coli in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria, hence the need for government policy on meat hygiene and antimicrobial stewardship in the poultry industry in Enugu State.

Ameliorative effects of saponins from Vernonia colorata and Vernonia amygdalina on high-fat-diet-induced dyslipidaemia in albino rats

Ifeoma Irene Ijeh — 2025-05-28

This study examined the effects of crude saponins isolated from Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia colorata on body weight gain, lipid profile and cardiac function markers in high-fatdiet-fed albino rats. Seventy-two Wistar male albino rats aged 6 – 8 weeks were assigned to eight groups, replicated thrice, with three animals per replicate. Groups I and II received basal diet and high-fat diet (HFD) respectively. Groups III and IV received HFD + 100 and 200 mg kg/body weight crude saponins extract from V. amygdalina (CSEVA), V and VI received HFD + 100 and 200 mg kg/body weight crude saponin extracts from V. colorata (CSEVC), while VII and VIII received HFD + Orlistat and HFD + Orlistat + DMSO respectively for 10 weeks. Body weight, lipid profile and cardiac risk ratios were monitored using standard methods. Administration of CSEVA and CSEVC resulted in significant decreases in triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and a considerable increase in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) relative high-fat diet fed groups comparing favourably with Orlistat drug control groups. Cardiac Risk Ratio (CRR), Castelli Risk Index (CRI) and atherogenic index were significantly reduced in all treatment groups relative to groups fed high-fat-diet only. These findings suggest that saponins extracted from V. amygdalina and V. colorata possess antihyperlipidaemic and cardioprotective properties and may promote weight loss at doses administered in the study.

Experimental infection of Red Sokoto Does with Trypanosoma evansi

Adewale Ayodeji Adeyeye — 2025-05-28

Trypanosomosis is an infectious disease caused by Trypanosoma species. This study was designed to determine the effect of Trypanosoma evansi on Red Sokoto Does (RSD). Ten RSD ˂ 2 years old with a mean of 12.4 ± 1.20 Kg, were divided into two groups (A and B) comprising 5 RSD each. They were acclimatised for two months and were prophylactically dewormed against helminths. The RSD in Group B were infected with blood containing about 1 × 10⁶ cells of T. evansi through the jugular vein and monitored for 10 weeks. Parasitaemia was used to determine the pre-patent period (PPP), while rectal temperature, packed cell volume (PCV) and body weight were evaluated. The PPP was 10.8 ± 1.79 days and no clinical signs suggestive of trypanosomosis were seen throughout the study. The rectal temperature and body weight were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the infected and the control. The PCV significantly decreased (p˂0.05) from week 2 to the end of the study except at weeks 5 and 6 when it was not significantly different (p>0.05). The study shows that the Sokoto isolate of T. evansi used was mildly pathogenic to the RSD.

Serological survey of avian influenza virus among indigenous chicken in Ibarapa region of Oyo State, Nigeria

Olubukola Deborah Adelakun — 2025-05-28

Avian influenza, a highly contagious viral disease caused by influenza A viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, presents significant global economic and public health challenges. Studies have emphasised the importance of commercial chickens in the epidemiology of avian influenza virus (AIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, there is limited data on AIV prevalence among indigenous chickens. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of AIV among indigenous household chickens in the Ibarapa region of Oyo State, Nigeria. Blood samples were randomly collected from 255 healthy indigenous chickens over four months noting their location, age and sex. Serum samples were harvested and stored at -20°C before conducting a serological assay. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected avian influenza virus nucleoprotein antibodies. The Chi-square test was applied to determine associations between location, age, sex and seroprevalence of AIV with significance set at p≤0.05. The overall seroprevalence of AIV was 18.8%, with a statistically significant higher seropositivity rate (23.15%) observed in Ibarapa Central (χ2 = 12.95, p-value = 0.02). Higher seroprevalence of AIV was observed in adult chickens (20.2%) and female birds (21%) However, no statistical significance was observed with age, sex and seropositivity to AIV (p>0.05). This study provides evidence of AIV exposure among indigenous household chickens in the Ibarapa region and emphasizes the need for targeted surveillance and biosecurity measures in high-risk areas. Molecular characterization is also advised to better understand the role of indigenous chickens in the epidemiology of AIV.

Assessment of safety awareness and practices among workers and the sanitation standards of contact surfaces in selected abattoirs in Abuja

Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli — 2025-05-28

This study assessed the slaughterhouse workers (SHWS) awareness of meat hygiene and practices, as well as the cleanliness of contact surfaces in Abuja Abattoirs using a descriptive cross-sectional method and questionnaire to assess workers' awareness of meat safety and practices and a direct observational method with pictorial documentation of the slaughtering routine and handling of the meat contact surfaces was adopted as well. The study's data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). A total of 126 of the 145 respondents polled filled out and submitted their questionnaires. The percentage of respondents who were aware that consuming contaminated meat can result in foodborne illnesses was 61.9%, while 67.5% were aware that sanitization of meat processing equipment and contact surfaces is critical for the safety of meat products. The proportion that is aware that regular handwashing with detergents and the use of personal protective clothing can prevent meat contamination with pathogenic microorganisms was 65.9 and 66.7% respectively. Unsanitary meat contact surfaces at abattoirs provide a public health risk of contamination to workers, the environment, and the abattoir itself. The low level of education, insufficient job experience, and lack of formal training in carcass processing methods observed among SHWS are of enormous relevance to public health. There is an urgent need to educate staff on proper hygiene measures to monitor the hygiene process at slaughter sites and to educate SHWS on hygienic practices.

Mammary gland adenocarcinoma in an adult Dogo Argentino bitch: a case study

Ayodeji Olusegun Taiwo — 2025-05-28

A seven-year-old multiparous Dogo Argentino bitch was presented with a history of respiratory distress, massively enlarged mammary glands and moderate weight loss to Petcare Veterinary Hospital, Lagos. Physical examination revealed a hard, warm mammary gland on palpation with serosanuinous discharges. The histopathological findings revealed evidence of pleomorphic epithelial cells with anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli, high mitotic activity, invasion of surrounding tissues, and formation of irregular glandular structures which confirmed mammary adenocarcinoma. Also, there was evidence of metastasis to the lung tissue and so the bitch was recommended for euthanasia.

Assessing zooplankton diversity in Lake Alau and its ecological significance

Zira Lawrence Fabian — 2025-05-28

This study investigates the zooplankton diversity in Lake Alau, with a focus on understanding its impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Zooplankton, essential for nutrient cycling and food web dynamics, serve as key bioindicators of water quality. Sampling was conducted at three stations over 18 months, revealing the spatial diversity of zooplankton, including Rotifers, Cladoceran, and Copepods. Station 2 exhibited the highest zooplankton abundance, particularly dominated by Branchionus bidentata (Rotifer), indicating favourable environmental conditions for this species. Zooplankton distribution varied by species and station, reflecting different environmental stressors and nutrient levels. The Shannon-Wiener Index, Evenness, and Simpson Index were used to quantify diversity, with Station 3 having the most balanced community structure. The findings suggest that Lake Alau is moderately polluted, with nutrient inputs influencing zooplankton diversity and water quality. The study provides critical insights into managing and conserving freshwater ecosystems facing anthropogenic and climate-related pressures.

Aspects of the physiological response of vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler chickens administered zinc oxide as a supplement

Kevin Usman Anoh — 2025-05-28

The present study evaluated aspects of the physiological responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler chickens administered zinc oxide as a supplement. An aggregate of 120 broiler chicks with an original weight of 40 ± 0.5 g was used in this study. This study used a completely randomized design of four treatments replicated three times with 10 chickens per replicate. The chickens were served broiler’s feed in the following order; treatment 1 was the control without zinc supplementation but the birds were vaccinated (NZV), treatment 2 received 200 mg Zinc/litre of water and no vaccination (ZNV), treatment 3 received 200 mg Zinc/litre of water and vaccination (ZV), and treatment 4 was the negative control without Zinc oxide and Vaccination (NZNV). The chickens were raised in the deep litter pens. Routine medications were administered to all the birds, while vaccines were administered only to chicks on treatments 1 and 3. The parameters evaluated were growth performance, body and rectal temperature, antibody, and haematology. The Zinc oxide increased weight gain, improved feed efficiency, and decreased rectal temperature significantly (p≤0.05). Zinc with vaccines, significantly (p≤0.05) increased haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). The positive control had considerably increased (p≤0.05) levels of packed cell volume (PCV) (31.33 ± 0.33%), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) (33.33 ± 0.38 pg), and mean cell volume (MCV) (93.67 ± 0.41 fL). Zinc oxide supplementation is necessary in broiler production to complement vaccination.

Effects of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) extract on growth performance and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens

Paulinus Ogbonnaya Essen — 2025-05-28

Health safety threats to human and animal health due to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residues necessitate removing synthetic antimicrobial growth promoters from animal diets. This study evaluated the growth performance and serum biochemical characteristics of Anak broiler chickens administered varying levels of scent leaf extract (SLE) for 49 days. One hundred and twenty (120) day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments, with triplicate groups of eight birds each. The treatments included a standard control (with oxytetracycline), an experimental control (0 ml/L SLE), and 30, 60 and 90 ml/L sent leaf extract (SLE), in a completely randomized design (CRD). Phytochemical analysis of SLE revealed bioactive compounds such as oxalate, phytate, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenol, which help reduce cholesterol, improve health, digestibility, absorption of minerals and vitamins, and boost the immunity of the birds. The results also showed that significant differences (p<0.05) were observed among all performance parameters. SLE reduced feed and water intake but led to higher body weight and better feed conversion ratio compared to the standard control group. SLE significantly influenced all serum biochemical indices except total blood cholesterol, with treatment five showing higher values than the standard control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, SLE administered up to 90 ml/L in the drinking water broiler chickens reduced feed intake, and improved feed conversion ratio, and serum biochemical indices, thus serving as a potential alternative to synthetic antibiotics.

Determination of porcine foetal age using foetal biometric indices

Tolulope Tiwa Ogundipe — 2025-05-28

Foetal age determination in domestic species is a valuable tool used in the management of the dam and foetus. There is a need to continuously update this tool as a result of changes in foetus development which is influenced by various factors, such as the environment, nutrition, and genetic variations. The present study aims to provide information on the use of foetal biometric indices to determine porcine foetal age in Bodija municipal abattoir, Ibadan. A total number of 44 fresh porcine foetuses at different stages of gestation were obtained from the Bodija municipal abattoir, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Biometric indices including body weight (BWT), crown-rump length (CRL), bi-parietal diameter (BPD), snout/nasal bone length (SL), forelimb (FL), hind limb (HL), and tail length (TL) were obtained from each of the foetuses. A regression model was used to determine foetal gestational age (GA) from the CRL. Correlation of the indices with estimated GA revealed a significant (p<0.05) and positive relationship with BWT (91.6%), CRL (98.7%), BPD (95.9%), SL (83.5%), FL (90.3%,), HL (91.5%,), and TL (92.8%). The fitted growth curves in this study indicated the CRL (94.9%) and BPD (94.0%) as reliable indices in estimating the foetal weight. This study concluded that CRL and BPD are still very reliable biometric
parameters in the determination of porcine foetal age.

Successful management of cellulitis with abscess formation in a 14-year-old talon horse stallion: a case report

Sulaimon Adisa Koleosho — 2025-05-28

Equine cellulitis is a severe inflammatory condition affecting soft tissues, predominantly targeting the lower extremities of horses. Its complex pathological processes and potential complications present significant clinical challenges. This study reports the diagnostic approach, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes in managing acute cellulitis in a 14-year-old Talon horse stallion. A stallion was presented with acute right hind limb inflammation, marked swelling, and compromised mobility. Physical examination revealed elevated temperature (40.6°C), significant lameness, and abscess formation. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis (13.8 × 10³/μL) with neutrophilia (85%). Bacterial culture identified Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species as causative agents, which were sensitive to cefazolin. Treatment comprised surgical drainage of the abscess, systemic antibiotics (cefazolin), anti-inflammatory medications (flunixin meglumine and dexamethasone), and supportive care following the RICE (rest, ice, compression and elevation) protocol. The horse demonstrated complete recovery. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of a multimodal therapeutic approach combining surgical intervention, antimicrobial therapy, and comprehensive post-operative care in managing severe equine cellulitis, emphasising the importance of culture-directed treatment and early aggressive intervention.

Molecular identification and phylogeny of Simulium damnosum species complex of Amire river catchment areas, Benue state, Nigeria

Aloysius Aondo Dechi — 2025-05-28

The DNA nucleotide sequence of portions of the 16S rRNA was used to determine phylogenetic relationships in the Simulium damnonsum species complex. The results suggested that variations among the African species of S. damnosum complex were small. Thus, indicating the existence of two clusters in the African species of S. damnosum complex. However, variations between the African species of S. damnosum complex and Malaysian species of Simulium were large. Members of the African species of S. damnosum complex were not closely related to the Malaysian species, which was an out-group. The study, however, did not identify the sibling species of S. damnosum complex collected from the study area.

Heterosis and maternal additive effects on reproductive and morphometric traits in selected rabbit crosses

Atinuke Bolajoko Ogunjesa — 2025-05-28

A major challenge in developing countries has been the inability to meet the animal protein requirement of the ever-increasing population, especially with the high cost of popularly consumed animal protein sources. Rabbits, micro livestock with high fecundity and prolificacy can be manipulated to meet this need. This study was therefore conducted to determine heterosis and maternal additive effects on reproductive traits and morphometric measurements in selected rabbit crosses. Forty Does and Bucks comprising Rex, California, New Zealand White, Dutch-belted and the locally adapted breed were subjected to crossbreeding to produce 300 kits. Reproductive traits (litter size at birth, gestation length, individual kit weight, litter weight and average litter weight) and linear body measurements (ear length, chest girth, nose-to-shoulder length, trunk length, tail length, body length, abdominal circumference, and height at withers were taken at birth, and weekly for 4 weeks preweaning. Direct heterosis and maternal additive effects were calculated using the Dickerson genetic model. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using the General Linear Model of SAS. The results showed both positive and negative heterosis for all traits studied. 72% of the reproductive traits studied had positive heterosis while 60% of the same had positive maternal additive effect. For the linear traits, 58% showed positive maternal additive effect while 87% showed positive heterosis. Crosses between New Zealand White and Dutch belted showed that maternal additive genes had more influence on the F1 offspring than heterosis. New Zealand Does should be selected for crossbreeding to improve pre-weaning traits.

Comparative studies of the pharmacokinetic profile and antibacterial activities of four commonly used brands of oxytetracycline in broiler chickens

Garba Matthias, Ugwuoke — 2025-05-28

The pharmacokinetic profile and antibacterial activities of four brands of Long-acting (LA) oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied in broilers treated with four different brands of LA oxytetracycline (WLA, XLA, YLA, and ZLA) to investigate the cause of antibacterial failure among commonly used OTC brands in poultry in Nigeria. Twenty, 6 weeks old broilers were randomly assigned to four groups A, B, C, and D (n = 5). Birds in each group were injected intramuscularly with each different brand of LA oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg). The plasma oxytetracycline concentration was determined using agar well diffusion assay at 0, 0.17, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours post-treatment. Intramuscular injection of four different brands of LA OTC resulted in measurable serum concentrations of the drugs. The maximum concentration (CMax) for XLA was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the other brands while the elimination rate constant for WLA, and XLA, were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of YLA, and ZLA brands. It was concluded that while kinetic indices for some brands appeared better, MICs for the four brands were within the MICs of oxytetracycline for susceptible bacteria, showing that the OTC brands may have contained adequate amounts of the specified concentration of OTC. Therefore, antibacterial failure among these agents may be caused by antibacterial resistance, misuse or other factors.

Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotic residues in lower river Niger

Uchechukwu Faith Umeh — 2025-05-28

Antibiotic residues are a global ecological and public health concern due to their increasing environmental concentrations above safety thresholds, threatening aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study assessed the risk of antibiotic residues in water and fish from the Onitsha section of River Niger, Nigeria. Water and fish samples were collected from upstream, midstream, and downstream sections, and physicochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods. Fish tissues and gills from five freshwater finfish were examined for antibiotic residues using standardized protocols. Data were analysed with SPSS (Version 25), with significance set at p<0.05. The midstream section showed the highest antibiotic concentrations (0.08 ± 12.00 mg/l), while upstream and downstream recorded the lowest levels (0.00 ± 0.07 mg/l). Quinolin was the most prevalent antibiotic across all sections. In fish tissues, Tylosin exhibited the highest load (1.53 ± 1.92 mg/kg), while Quinolin dominated in gills (1.8 ± 2.02 mg/kg). Antibiotic loads were significantly higher in water (5.1 ± 3.67 ml) than in fish (1.42 ± 1.56 mg/kg). Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for adults (0.0074 – 0.0264mg/kg/day) and children (0.0089 – 0.0316 mg/kg/day) were below the oral reference dose, indicating minimal health risks. Risk quotients (RQ) were also well below the threshold of concern (RQ < 1) for both groups. These findings highlight the threat of antibiotic residues to aquatic life in the study area. Implementing strict waste management regulations, raising public awareness, promoting sustainable practices, and continuous monitoring are crucial to mitigating antibiotic pollution in the River Niger.

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton assemblage of Lake Asa, Ilorin, Nigeria

Iysa Olorunshina Muhibbu-Din — 2025-05-28

A limnological investigation of Lake Asa was conducted from November 2023 to October 2024, encompassing three sampling stations, to assess its physicochemical properties and phytoplankton composition. Measured values of physicochemical parameters were evaluated against established water quality standards. The lake's water quality was assessed through three analytical approaches: (1) analysis of phytoplankton taxonomic structure; (2) multimetric assessment using diversity indices; and (3) multivariate ordination of taxonomic group distribution to environmental variables. Thirteen physicochemical parameters were analyzed. Comparative analysis revealed that nine parameters met acceptable limits for domestic water supply and aquaculture, while four parameters were deemed unsuitable. Specifically, transparency, total nitrogen, organic matter, total organic carbon, and total phosphorus concentrations indicated a hypereutrophic state across all sampling stations, a hallmark of eutrophication. However, taxonomic analysis suggested a mesotrophic status for the lake. Phytoplankton community composition consisted of six taxonomic groups, with Cyanophyta dominating (83.20%). Other groups present, in descending order of abundance, were Bacillariophyta (diatoms 8.4%), Dinophyta (4.20%), Chlorophyta (2.70%), Euglenophyta (1.00%), and Chrysophyta (0.41%). Phytoplankton diversity indices ranged as follows: Shannon-Wiener (H = 0.26 – 0.98), Simpson (D = 0.46 – 0.90), and Pielou's evenness (J = 0.22 – 0.44). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) demonstrated the influence of environmental variables on phytoplankton assemblage structure, while Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) revealed spatial and temporal differences in phytoplankton assemblages. The observed Cyanophyta dominance and low diversity index values collectively indicate that Lake Asa is heavily polluted and in poor ecological condition.

Seasonal dynamics of aquatic macroinvertebrates assemblage and environmental variables of the upper segment of Qua Iboe River, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Udeme Effiong Jonah — 2025-05-28

This study was carried out in the upper segment of Qua Iboe River, Niger Delta, Nigeria between January 2020 and June 2021 in five sampling stations, to ascertain the seasonal dynamics of aquatic macroinvertebrates and environmental variables. The results showed
that the mean values for water temperature, hydrogen ion, dissolved oxygen, total hardness and alkalinity were higher in the dry season while others were higher in the wet season. The mean values of nitrate and biochemical oxygen demand in the wet season, and ammonia and chemical oxygen demand in both seasons exceeded the environmental permissible limits. A total of 25 taxa of macroinvertebrates belonging to three phyla (Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca) and five classes (Insecta, Clitellata, Polycheata, Gastropoda, Malacostraca) were recorded. 761 individual species were recorded in the dry season, while 533 were obtained during the wet season. A higher value of the Shannon-Weiner index (3.12) was recorded in the wet season over the dry season (3.08). Margalef’s and Evenness index were higher in the wet season (3.82) and (0.89) while the lowest values (3.62) and (0.87) were recorded in the dry season respectively. The water parameters varied significantly (p<0.05) between the seasons. The seasonal variability of the environmental variable and macroinvertebrate community suggests the impact of anthropogenic activities and surface runoff.

Growth performance of hybrid rabbits fed diets with turmeric and West African black pepper additives

Atinuke Bolajoko Ogunjesa — 2025-05-28

The effects of turmeric and West African black pepper (WABP) as feed additives on the growth performance of hybrid rabbits were evaluated. Forty-eight 8-week-old rabbits were grouped into four treatment groups. The control group (T1) was fed a basal (low energy, low-protein) diet, while T₂, T₃, and T₄ were fed a basal diet supplemented with turmeric and WABP powders at different levels. The experiment was set in a completely randomized design and the feeding trial lasted 56 days. Feed intake and body weight were determined. The economic analysis of the treatment diets was also evaluated. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Rabbits in T₃ and T₄ gained the least weight (0.014 ± 0.001 and 0.014 ± 0.001 kg), while those in T1 had the poorest feed conversion ratio (4.171 ± 0.152), even though they had the highest weight (0.019 ± 0.001 kg). The control diet was most effective for growth and feed efficiency. Adding turmeric, WABP, or their combination did not improve growth performance and in some cases may have slightly reduced growth and feed efficiency. Using a combination of turmeric and WABP yielded a higher benefit-cost ratio and return on investment, although weight gain was compromised. Further research should explore mechanisms behind these effects and the beneficial role of turmeric and WABP on carcass health and quality can be explored to justify their use, as growth performance alone does not seem to justify their inclusion under these conditions.

Species diversity and abundance of copepods in relation to the physicochemical characteristics of Ozomu Lake, Southern Nigeria

Adebukola Abiodun Aborigho — 2025-05-28

This research examines how physicochemical factors relate to copepod diversity, composition, and numbers in Ozomu Lake, located in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. The aim is to improve the understanding of the ecological health and dynamics of this freshwater habitat. Monthly samples were taken from June to November using a plankton net with a 64 μm mesh at three different locations. Standard methods were employed to measure important environmental variables. A total of ten copepod species were discovered, including five from the Cyclopoida order and five from Calanoida, totaling 441 individuals. At Station 1, eight species were found with 129 individuals, Station 2 had nine species with 175 individuals, and Station 3 also had nine species with 137 individuals. Analysis using Pearson's correlation revealed significant links between the number of copepods and environmental conditions. Both Cyclopoida and Calanoida displayed strong negative correlations with water temperature (r = 0. 46, r = 0. 97) and significant positive correlations with magnesium levels (r = 0. 99, r = 0. 64, respectively). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted two key components that accounted for 81. 336 and 18. 66% of the variability, shedding light on the vital environmental factors affecting copepod communities. The most common species identified included Eudiaptomus gracilis, Thermodiaptomus galebi, and Mesocyclops bodanicola, while Metacyclops minutus, Tropodiaptomus processifer, and Thermodiaptomus yabensis were less dominant. This detailed study clarifies the intricate relationships between copepod populations and environmental factors in Ozomu Lake, offering essential information for the protection and management of freshwater ecosystems.

Effect of vitamin e and/or n-acetylcysteine on lead acetate-induced glucose metabolism impairment in male Wistar rats

Sheu-Tijani Toyin Shittu — 2025-05-28

This study investigated the effect of Vitamin E and/or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on glucose dysmetabolism in Lead acetate-exposed rats. Forty-five male Wistar rats were grouped into 5 groups (G1 – G5) and treated as follows: G1 received food and water only, G2 received Pbacetate (20 mg/kg, p.o.), while G3 - G5 received Pb-acetate followed by oral administration of Vit. E (150 mg/kg), NAC (100 mg/kg) or a combination of both, respectively, for 30 days. An oral glucose tolerance test was carried out. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Insulin, homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), oxidative stress biomarkers [malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and liver function test [alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST)] were determined in the blood while glycogen content was determined in the liver and muscle. Increased FBG, serum insulin level and HOMA-IR were observed in G2 relative to G1, and these were reversed by Vit. E or/and NAC in G3, G4 and G5, respectively, compared with G2. Hepatic glycogen content was significantly depleted in G2 and reversed in G3 – G5 relative to G1. Increased AST and ALT levels were observed in G2 relative to control. GPx activity was significantly reduced in G2 and reversed in G3 – G5 relative to control. Lead exposure increases insulin resistance and hepatic glycogen depletion, which was ameliorated by Vit. E or NAC by potentiating endogenous antioxidant activities. There was, however, no synergistic effect between Vit. E and NAC in the amelioration of lead-induced glucose metabolism impairment in male Wistar rats.

The role of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant against genotoxicity of zinc oxide nano-particles on tissues of Heterobranchus longifilis

Saratu Iyabode Abdulkareem — 2025-05-28

The indiscriminate discharge of effluents from Zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnO-NPs) industries into water bodies can cause genetic disorders in fish. The genotoxicity of ZnONPs was investigated on Juveniles of Heterobranchus longifilis through exposure to sublethal concentrations (6.00, 8.00, 10.00, 12.00 mg/L) of ZnO-NPs for 60 days, and fish were fed on ascorbic acid (50.00, 250.00, 500.00, 1000.00 mg AA/kg diet) for 30 days. After each experiment, the micronuclei (MN) abnormalities and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) quality were evaluated. The commonest abnormalities recorded are micronucleated, binucleated, multinucleated, altered, echinocyte cells, kidney-shaped and deformed nuclei. However, groups ameliorated with a 500 mg AA/kg diet recorded little or no abnormalities. A dose and time-dependent increase in MN induction and frequency occurred compared to control but decreased (p<0.05) as the concentration of AA increased. There were highest MN induction and frequencies in the liver (38.23%) than in gills (26.32%) and blood (24.61%) of ZnO-NPs-exposed fish, with the lowest MN induction and frequency in the liver (10.21%), gills (1.76%) and blood (1.61%) of 500 mg AA/kg diet-group. DNA quality reduced with increasing concentrations and exposure periods but improved in the 500 mg AA/kg diet group. This indicated that ZnO-NPs are toxic, but 500 mg AA/kg-diet was able to minimize MN induction and DNA damage in H. longifilis.

Freezability biomarkers in Paraoakan native chicken spermatozoa

Abdul-Rahaman Saibu Salifu — 2025-05-28

A simple molecular experimental analysis was conducted to investigate the expression levels of HSP90A and VDAC2 in Paraoakan native chicken spermatozoa before and after cryopreservation and to find whether these proteins are potential markers to predict spermatozoa freezability. Semen was collected from ten Paraoakan roosters via the abdominal massage method. Ten (10) μL of each sample was diluted with lactated ringer’s-egg yolk extender (1:25), and semen characteristics measured in the fresh semen were sperm motility, morphology, and viability. The remaining samples were used for fresh spermatozoa pellet storage and cryopreservation. After freezing-thawing, semen quality was also evaluated. Total proteins were extracted from fresh pellet spermatozoa and cryopreserved spermatozoa, and gel electrophoresis analysis and western blotting were performed. The results showed that both HSP90A and VDAC2 had higher expression in fresh semen than that of cryopreserved semen using western blot. The results also showed that HSP90A and VDAC2 levels in Paraoakan semen decreased significantly after cryopreservation. HSP90A and VDAC2 can serve as candidates for predicting freezability in the semen of Paraoakan native chicken.

Testes morphometry and histological changes following chronic tramadol hydrochloride administration in male Wistar albino rats

Jashilagari Stephen — 2025-05-28

Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic commonly used to manage moderate to severe pain. This study investigates the effects of tramadol hydrochloride administration on the male reproductive system of albino rats. Eighteen (18) mature male albino rats of similar weight were obtained and kept for a 7-day acclimatization period. They were then divided into control (n = 9) and treatment (n = 9) groups. The treatment group received tramadol at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, while the control group received no treatment. The result showed that there was a decrease in the body weights in the treated group (initial BW: 109.87 ± 6.24 kg and final BW: 105.73 ± 6.24 kg) compared to an increase in the control group (initial eight: 102.40 ± 11.88 kg and final BW: 131.80 ± 14.79 kg). The testes weighed 2.85 ± 0.07 g in the control group and 3.27 ± 0.20 g in the treatment group. The diameter of the testes was 1.00 ± 0.03 cm for the control group and 2.40 ± 0.05 cm for the treatment group. Histopathological analysis showed normal seminiferous tubule architecture in the control group, whereas the treatment group exhibited vacuolation, lumen emptying, and separation of Sertoli cells from the basement membrane. At ×40 magnification, the control maintained normal tubular architecture while the treatment group displayed severe disorganization, degeneration of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells, as well as pronounced vacuolation. In conclusion, tramadol hydrochloride administration has a significant adverse effect on the male reproductive system of albino rats.

The influence of Sesamum indicum seeds extract and fractions on the lipid and blood profiles of cyclophosphamide intoxicated rats

Jacinta Chigozie Ukpabi-Ugo — 2025-05-28

This study assessed the vitamin, mineral, and fatty acid composition of n-hexane extract of Sesamum indicum seed (SIS) and its effect on the lipid and haematological profiles of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-intoxicated rats. The most abundant vitamins and minerals detected were vitamin E and potassium. Fatty acid analysis revealed three saturated, one monounsaturated, and seven polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), with eicosapentaenoic and linoleic acid being the most abundant. Seventy-two albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups, with different treatments administered for 28 days. Groups 1 and 2 were the control and untreated (only CYP) groups. Groups 3 received CYP and standard drug, 4, 5 and 6 received CYP and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW of crude SIS extract, while groups 8 and 7 received CYP and 200 mg/kg BW of hexane-acetone and methanol fractions. After 28 days, lipid and haematological profiles were evaluated. Different doses of extract and fractions significantly (p<0.05) lowered cholesterol, triacylglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels while increasing high-density lipoprotein levels compared to the untreated group. The methanol fraction and 400 mg/kg BW extract also significantly (p<0.05) increased RBC and HB counts. However, PCV and TWBC levels did not show significant changes compared to the untreated group. SIS extracts and fractions showed no significant changes (p>0.05) in neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils levels. Conclusively, SIS extracts have potential therapeutic benefits for managing hyperlipidemia, possibly due to the abundant PUFA and antioxidant vitamins, though they had minimal effect on the haematological profile of the rats.

Serosurvey of leptospirosis based on detection of immunoglobulin G antibody and associated serum biochemical profile of seroconverted trade horses in Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Nigeria

Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina — 2025-05-28

Leptospirosis is an acute and, sometimes, chronic bacterial infection in animals caused by pathogenic spirochetes - Leptospira interrogans. Leptospirosis is an under-reported disease in Nigerian horses and a major global animal and human health problem. The clinical biochemistry profile of Leptospira Immunoglobulin G (LEP-IgG) seropositive trade horses, alongside the effect of physiological factors (age, sex and pregnancy), was determined in this study. Blood samples were collected via the jugular veins of 129 horses of varying ages and sexes at the Obollo-Afor horse lairage. The harvested sera were subjected to qualitative tests for LEP-IgG antibodies by the sandwich ELISA method, and serum biochemical evaluation followed standard procedures. A total of 16(12.4%) trade horses were recorded to be Leptospira seropositive. A significant association was recorded between the presence of LEP-IgG antibodies and age (p = 0.03), sex (p = 0.01), and pregnancy (p = 0.01). The mean serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen values of the Leptospira seropositive trade horses were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of seronegative horses. The mean serum albumin value of seropositive pregnant mares was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the non-pregnant seropositive mares. Also, seropositive pregnant mares' serum globulin and creatinine values were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the non-pregnant seropositive mares. It was concluded that the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in trade horses was 12.4%, and LEP-IgG seropositive horses had low serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen levels.

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in rabbits, rabbit handlers and the environment of Abeokuta, Nigeria

Ezekiel Omotayo Omoshaba — 2025-05-28

Rabbit meat is one of the most nutritious protein sources, containing appreciable amounts of vitamins and trace elements for humans. Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen both in humans and in animals. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and its antibiotic resistance profile in rabbit farms in Abeokuta, Nigeria. A total of 154 swab samples comprising 104 rabbit samples, 10 handler hand samples and 40 environmental samples from eight rabbit farms in Abeokuta. The samples were examined using standard bacteriological methods. A total of 64 (41.6%) S. aureus isolates were recovered in this study. Out of the 52 oral and 52 ear swabs cultured, 24(46.2%) and 19(36.5%) S. aureus isolates were isolated, respectively.
Handler’s hands, door handles, water and feed trough samples yielded 62.5%, 50.0%, 25.0% and 37.5%, respectively. A total of 11(17.2%) MRSA were detected from the S. aureus isolates using a cefoxitin disk on Mueller-Hinton agar. The antibiotic susceptibility result showed 100% resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin and tetracycline but low resistance to streptomycin 34.4%, ceftriaxone and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim 32.8%, pefloxacin 31.3%, ciprofloxacin 29.7%, gentamicin 28.3%, cefuroxime 28.1% and erythromycin 26.6%. The MRSA isolates showed multiple resistance to the antibiotics tested. Only the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides were active against the pathogen. The occurrence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in rabbits, handlers and the environment, and their multidrug resistance to commonly used antibiotics in humans and animals, calls for serious concern. Good hygiene and antimicrobial stewardship remain the best options for curbing this menace.

The influence of physicochemical parameters on the diversity and abundance of copepod species in Eruvbi Stream, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Thaddeus Ohiokhioya Tunde Imoobe — 2025-05-28

Zooplankton, particularly copepods, serve as crucial indicators of aquatic ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. This study examined the influence of physicochemical parameters on copepod community structure in Eruvbi Stream, a tributary of Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria. Water and zooplankton samples were collected from three stations (upstream, midstream, and downstream) between March and June 2023. Physicochemical analysis revealed significant variations (p<0.05) in air and water temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, sulphate, alkalinity, hardness, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), while other parameters showed no significant difference (p>0.05). A total of 61 copepod individuals from two orders, Cyclopoidae and Calanoidae, comprising seven species, were recorded. Thermocyclops crassus (26.23%) and Mesocyclops salinus (22.95%) were the most abundant, while Eurytemora affinis (1.64%) was the lowest. The ecological diversity, using Shannon-Wiener and Margalef’s indices, showed the highest density in Station 1 and the lowest in Station 2. Similarity tests using the Jaccard and Bray-Curtis indices showed some level of similarity across the three stations. All correlation analyses showed significance at a 95% confidence level (r ≈ 0.67). Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between EC and alkalinity (r ≈ 0.95) and between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and COD (r ≈ 0.89). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that copepod abundance was positively influenced by temperature and depth but negatively affected by high conductivity and TSS. These findings highlight the impact of physicochemical parameters on copepod distribution and underscore the influence of human activities on aquatic biodiversity.