EVALUATION OF TRAPS AND ATTRACTANTS FOR MASS TRAPPING OF AFRICAN INVADER FLY, BACTROCERA INVADENS ON MANGO IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA

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INTRODUCTION
The African inv ader fly, Bactrocera invadens, Drew, Tsuruta, & White ( Diptera: Tephritidae) is a quarantine pest of Asian origin infesting sev eral commercial fruit crops ( Drew et al., 2005) .It was first discov ered in Kenya, in 2003 and later spread to other African countries.In Africa it has been reported from Benin, Cameroun, Democratic republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,Kenya, Togo, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, and Uganda ( Drew et al., 2005;Ekesi and Billah, 2007 ) .B. invadens was first reported in Nigeria in 2005 ( Ekesi & Billah, 2006;CABI/EPPO, 2008 ;Umeh et al., 2008 ;V ayssières et al., 2008 ;Asawalam and Nwachukwu, 2011;EPPO, 2014) Since the introduction of B. invadens into Africa, they hav e been rav aging many fruits and v egetables that hav e led to increase in yield losses.B. invadens is highly polyphagous and hav e been confirmed to hav e a broad host range.It has been reared from mango, lemon, orange, tomato, banana, guav a, marula, custard apple, Indian almond, and papaya, among other hosts ( Ekesi and Billah, 2007 ;Rwomushana et al., 2008 ) .Ekesi et al ( 2006) reported that mango appear to be the primary host plant.According to report by ICIPE ( 2007 ) mango is the second most important tropical fruit traded internationally across the globe.World production of mango in 2005 was estimated at 28 .51 million tonnes ( Mt) ( Ev ans, 2008 ) .Of this Africa produced only 2.5 million tones, accounting for about 10 per cent of fresh fruits and 11 per cent of processed mango.
Nigeria ranked the 9th position among the ten leading mango producing countries of the world, but does not feature among the ten leading mango fruit ex porters due to quarantine restriction ( FAOSTAT, 2007 ) .Most of the mango fruits produced in Nigeria are consumed locally as fresh fruit and the bulk of fruits marketed in Nigeria are produced by smallholder farmers ( Aiyelaagbe et al., 1999;Umeh et al., 2002) .The majority of these farmers are not acquainted with efficient fruit fly control options hence, fruit production in Nigeria is currently being constrained by the attack of B. invadens.
Current control measures against fruit flies mainly incorporate the use of insecticides as a cov er spray or bait and targeting the adult flies ( Raga and Sato, 2006) .The use of insecticide seems not to be the suitable control measure when female fly has already deposited egg inside the fruit mesocarp, because there is slight chance of insecticides to affect the larv ae as they grow inside the fruits ( Moreno et al., 1994) .
Mass trapping method represents prev entiv e control measure, which is based on attraction and killing of fruit fly adults, before they get to the fruit to make infestation.The key adv antage of mass trapping method is ex clusion of fruits and whole canopy contamination by insecticides.The mass trapping methods can be applied by traps of different construction, which has to be set on the tree canopy.The traps are filled by different type of attractants and treated by insecticide, or they could be filled with attractant-insecticide water solution ( Haniotakis et.al., 198 3, Barcley andHaniotakis, 1991, Bjelia, 2006) .Mass trapping has been reported to show better efficacy ov er bait sprays and it has lower cost of application especially human labour ( Brumas and Haniotakis, 198 7 , Delrio and Lentini, 1993, Lanotta and Perri, 1993, Bjelia, 2006.)Traps designs, including different colours and shapes, are essential to obtain a high efficacy in fruit fly catches ( Epsky et al. 1995( Epsky et al. , V argas et al. 1997 ) ) .
Therefore, the objectiv es of this study were to assess and compare the efficacies of two trap types and two attractants in mass trapping Bactrocera invadens on Mango homestead trees in Ibadan south west Nigeria.

Experimental site
The study was carried out in Ibadan, Oyo State South west Nigeria during the mango maturity periods of May-July 2014 and 2015.Ibadan is located within latitude 7 0 and 9 0 N longitude 3 0 and 58 0 E of green meridian ( GMT) with annual rainfall of about 1300 mm to 1500 mm and av erage relativ e humidity of about 8 0 to 8 5 % ( FRIN,2014) .Ibadan has elev en local gov ernments and three local gov ernments were selected as ex perimental site for the study.They included; Ibadan North west, Iddo, and Akinyele Local Gov ernment Areas.Three locations were selected from each local gov ernment.The areas selected were known for mango production.Three mango trees were selected in each location with a distance of 10 m apart.

Collection and preparation of brewery waste
The brewery waste was collected early in the morning from Nigerian brewery Alakia, Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria when fresh Twenty kilogram of fresh brewery waste was poured inside an aluminum pot and placed inside another pot contain water.The setup was placed on a gas cooker and boil at for 15 hours consecutiv ely.It was observ ed for colour change, when the colour changed from light brown to deep brown the heating was stop, it was allowed to cool for 2 hours and later siev ed with the aid of muslin cloth to collect the solution is known as hydrolyzed crude protein

Experimental set up
Two types of Lynfield traps were used; a conv entional Lynfield trap ( LT) ( Figure A) and Modified Lynfield Trap ( MLT) ( Figure B) made from a recycled transparent 500-ml cylindrical plastic bottle ( Ev a Water, Nigeria) with two equidistant holes created opposite each other in the uppermost part, a lid and a small metal string which was used as a hanger for one of the attractants.The attractants used were Methyl Eugenol ( ME) and Protein bait from Brewery Waste ( PBBW) .Three trees were selected from each location, the tree within each location were separated by 10 m to obtain three independent replications within each location.Six traps were randomly hung on each tree.Two hundred and fifty ( 250) mls of prepared crude protein and 250 ml methyl eugenol were assayed with 2 ml of cypermethrin ( insecticide) .The solution was then used to set the trap.Ten ( 10) ml of baited crude protein was taken with aid of syringe and carefully dropped on a 0.5 gm of cotton wool and placed at bottom of the trap.The trap was later hung at 1.8 m abov e ground lev el and within the tree canopy.The same procedure was repeated for methyl eugenol.Howev er, 5 ml of methyl eugenol was used while water treatment was used as control.Each treatment was replicated three times per each location.The ex periment was set up during the maturity to ripening stage of mango during the two years when the env ironmental temperature v aried within 27 -30°C until the fruits were all harv ested from the tree.
Catches of B invadens in each trap were counted ev ery week and the attractants in each trap was replaced with new ones weekly for 9 weeks.Data collected were analyzed using ANOV A and the significant means were separated using Turkey's tests.

Effects of treatments on the population of B. invadens trapped on mango in Iddo
The mean population of B. invadens flies captured during the study on mango homestead trees at Iddo is shown in Table 2 The results showed that there were significant differences (

Mean population of B. invadens trapped on mango in the three villages during the two seasons
Bacterocera invadens were trapped in all the three v illages selected for the study (Fig. 2) There were no significant differences ( p< 0.05) on the population density of B. invadens trapped in all the location during each season , Howev er, the population of flies trapped in 2015 were significantly higher than 2014 in all the location.The highest number of flies were trapped in Ido in 2014 while in 2015 highest catch of B. invadens was in Idi-ishin while the least population were recorded in Akinyele both in 2014 and 2015.Similarly AFF ( 2012) reported that Methyl eugenol is the attractant recommended for the surv ey of male Bactrocera invadens and other inv asiv e Bactrocera species such as Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata.Methyl eugenol attracted only male B. invadens in all the locations of the study.This report corroborate the earlier report by Russell Messing( 1999) that Parapheromone lures ( methyl eugenol, cue-lure, ceralure, trimed lure and latilure ) attract only males and ev ery fruit fly species in Hawaii was attracted to a different kind of bait ( Ekesi et al., ( 2013) reported that Methyl eugenol is a male annihilation lure for B. invadens and it attract only males.
Protein bait of brewery waste trapped both male and female B. invadens and other insect species in all the location of the study.This confirm report by Sabine ( 1992) who reported that Protein baits attract both male and female fruit flies, making them more effectiv e than the male attractant method for field pest management.There were no significant differences ( p< 0.05) on the density of flies trapped using the same attractant with same trap type in all the locations of the study, although Modified Lynfied trap with same attractants trapped higher flies in two locations than the Lynfield traps.This implies that trap types is a determinant factors of fruit fly trapping efficiency for control programme.This assumption supports Epsky et al. ( 1995) andV argas et al. ( 1997 ) who reported that Traps designs, including different colours and shapes,are essential to obtain a high efficacy in fruit flycatches.Likewise sev eral authors hav e reported that Tephritid traps v ary in effectiv eness depending on their size, colour , shape and the particular olfactory attractant used ( Moericke 197 6;Prokopy and Economopoulos 197 6;Prokopy 197 7 ;Robacker et al. 1990) , shape ( Prokopy 1969;Prokopy and Bush 197 3;Aliniazee and Brown 197 7 ;Cytrynowicz et al. 198 2 and Siv inski, 1990) The highest/ peak population of B. invadens flies were trapped during the fruit ripening period which was in the month of May-June in all the locations of the study during the two seasons.Thestudy by Lutap et al., ( 2009) also rev ealed a peak population of fruit flies during May-June, when monitored using ME trap in mango orchard.

Conclusion
All the locations recorded incidence of Bactrocera invadens on mango homestead tree in Ibadan south west Nigeria.Modified lynfield trap with Methyl eugenol was effectiv e in trapping B. invadens in the study sites and the highest density of flies were trapped during the peak of mango ripening for the two seasons of the study.Suitable choice of trap and attractants enhances the mass trapping results.The use of locally made Protein bait from brewery waste shows great promise in trapping B. invadens on mango.Hence fruit fly traps can be easily improv ised and adopted by farmers for fruit fly control while further studies are required on the protein bait brewery waste to enhance their efficacy in mass trapping since they attract both sex es, readily av ailable and less cost effectiv e than paraperomones which attracts only male flies.

ABSTRACT
Tomato ( Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is an important fruit v egetable commonly and primarily grown all ov er the world, for its nutritious and highly v ersatile berry fruit.Howev er, tomatoes growth and fruit yield are well known to be grossly reduced during the dry season due to inadequate soil moisture ( which may equally influence av ailability of essential nutrients) .Howev er, since inadequate moisture becomes a sev ere limiting factor of tomatoes production in the study area, it is therefore reasonable to dev ise env ironment friendly biological and ( or) organic means of ameliorating or resisting water stressed soil conditions, for ensuring optimum tomato performance, particularly during the dry cropping season.Screen house trial was conducted during the late cropping season of the year 2016, at the Teaching and Research Farms, Ladoke Akintola Univ ersity of Technology, Ogbomoso, to ev aluate the response of tomato to mycorrhizal inoculation and soil amendments, under well-watered or regularly watered and water stressed or irregularly watered conditions.The experiment was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial comprising two lev els of mycorrhiza inoculation ( with or without Glomus clarum inoculation) , two lev els of tithonia application ( zero and recommended rate of 4 tons /ha) and two watering regimes ( water stressed and regularly or well-watered conditions) .The trials were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, replicated thrice.Data were collected on growth ( plant height, stem girth, number of leav es and number of branches) and yield ( cumulativ e number of fruits, av erage fruit diameter and cumulativ e fruit yield) parameters, and were subjected to analysis of v ariance.Means were separated using Duncan•s Multiple Range Test at pd0.05.Inoculation of soil with arbuscular mycorrhizal significantly improv ed water and nutrient uptakes of tomato.Also, it significantly enhanced tomato growth and yield parameters measured, irrespectiv e of the watering regimes inv estigated, compared to the control.As similarly observ ed in most of the growth and yield parameters measured, the highest cumulativ e fruit yield of 12.2 tons/ha was observ ed in the mycorrhizal inoculated tomato plants, which were well watered and receiv ed tithonia compost application, but the v alue was not significantly different from 11.7 tons/ha obtained from the mycorrhizal inoculated tomato plants, which were water stressed but receiv ed tithonia compost application.This implies that mycorrhiza can improv e water uptake and significantly reduce the effect of water stress of tomato when grown during the dry season.Thus, combined application ofarbuscular mycorrhizal strains like Glomus clarum with organic manure application is therefore recommended as being suitable for improv ing tomato production in the study area, particularly during the dry season, when moisture is majorly the limiting factor for tomato growth and dev elopment.
Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, tomato, simulated drought conditions, tithonia compost, soil fertility INTRODUCTION Tomato ( Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Mill) belongs to the solanaceae family.It is the most popular arable fruit v egetable crop in Nigeria, which dominates the largest area under production among the fruit v egetable crops ( Adebooye et al., 2006;Babajide et al., 2008 ) .Tomato is typically a v ersatile crop plant of high dietary, medicinal and economic importance.The fruit is a berry type which could be eaten raw, cooked or processed, as in soup, stew, ketchup, paste, juice, powdered or canned tomatoes etc.Generally, tomatoes had been reported to be good sources of v itamin C, nutrients and antiox idants especially lycopene which is medically important in reducing the risk of prostrate and other forms of cancer as well as heart diseases and sight defects ( Babajide et al., 2017 ) .Tomatoes could be successfully propagated by direct seed sowing on the field or by first raising the seedlings in the nursery, before transplanting of the seedlings to the permanent field.Although tomato is grown throughout the year, the best period for tomato production in Nigerian Sav anna is the dry season, when the weather is cooler and the incidence of pests and diseases is considerably minimized.Nowadays, many v arieties are widely grown, ev en in the in greenhouses in cooler climates ( Babajide et al., 2017 ) .
Soil fertility and moisture av ailability are the major constraints to achiev ing sustainable production of most tropical v egetable crops ( Akanbi, 2002) .Continuous application of synthetic fertilizers to enforce the best out of the rapidly depleting tropical soils is no more uncommon despite the scarcity, high cost of purchase and the associated residual effects ( Sobulo, 2000;Tejada et al., 2005) .Howev er, resulting from the reported side effects of the chemical fertilizers, the world is currently adv ancing their interests toward using organic, env ironment friendly and low input technology fertilizer inputs as soil amendments, particularly for improv ing the growth and yield of tropical v egetable crops.Organic materials such as common weeds and animal residues are now commonly ex ploited for improv ing soil fertility ( Odedina et al., 2007 ;Chukwuka and Omotayo, 2009) .

Tithonia diversifolia commonly known as
Mex ican sunflower is one of the reported potential organic fertilizer materials, which has relativ ely high nutrient concentrations ( Olabode et al., 2007 ;Babajide et al., 2012) .It is a shrub belonging to the family Asteraceae.It grows aggressiv ely and ex tensiv ely by considerably smothering and outgrowing many other competing weeds surrounding it, ev en on marginal lands ( Obatolu and Agboola, 1993;Ojeniyi and Adetoro, 1993) .It is currently being tagged a notorious weed in Nigeria, as it is predominantly ex isting on many abandoned waste-lands, fallowing agricultural fields, beside highways, waterways and cultiv ated farmlands ( Ojeniyi et al., 2012;Babajide,et al., 2017 ) .
Mycorrhiza is a root fungus and a good ex ample of microsymbionts which improv es water and nutrients uptake ( v ia ex tended hyphae formation beyond the normal rhizosphere or root zone) , in many crops found in both tropical and temperate regions of the world ( Dare, 2008 ;Babajide, 2014) .The uptake of highly mobile nutrients such as NO 3 -had been reported to be enhanced by mycorrhizal association, ev en under drought conditions ( Fagbola et al., 2001;Babajide, 2014) .Sev eral studies hav e demonstrated improv ed uptakes of other macro and micronutrients like K, P, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, and B mycorhizal inoculation ( Hawkins et al., 2000;Allen et al., 2003;Hodge, 2003) .There is considerable ev idence to suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal are able to increase the host plant's tolerance to water stress ( Fagbola and Dare, 2003) .This research was conducted to ev aluate the response of tomato grown during the dry season to mycorrhizal inoculation and composted tithonia application, under induced or simulated drought conditions.

Description of the two experimental sites
This ex periment was conducted during the dry season of the year 2016, at the Teaching and Research Farms, Ladoke Akintola Univ ersity of Technology, Ogbomoso, to assess the response of tomato to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and compost application, under simulated drought conditions.Ogbomoso is located on latitude 8 0 10' N and longitude 4 0 10' E. Ogbomoso falls under the southern guinea sav anna ecoregion of the south-western Nigeria.It is well known for bimodal rainfall distribution of early rains which started yearly in the late March / early April and ended in late July / early August, followed by a short dry spell in August.The late rainy season spans between August and Nov ember ( Babajide, 2010) .The ex perimental site had been under sev en years of v arying intercrops of maize, yam and okra, before the ex periment was set up.

Land clearing, soil sampling and analysis and pot filling
The land was manually cleared with hoe and cutlass.Then, soil auger was placed at a soil depth of 0-20 cm, for collection of soil samples.The samples were then composited, for laboratory analyses of the soil physicochemical properties, following the procedures contained in I.I.T.A., ( 198 2) as used by Fagbola et al., ( 2001) .The composite auger samples were then air dried, crushed and siev ed through 2 mm and 0.5 mm meshes for the determination of particle size, pH ( H 2 O) , total nitrogen ( N) , organic carbon, and av ailable phosphorous ( P) , Iron ( Fe) , copper ( Cu) , zinc ( Zn) , the ex changeable cations ( Ca, Na, Mg and K) .The particle size analysis was carried out according to the Bouyoucos ( 1951) hydrometer method, using sodium hex ametaphosphate as the dispersant.Soil pH was determined in a 1:1 soil: water ratio and 2:1 soil: KCl ratio ( IITA, 198 2) .Av ailable phosphorus was determined using Bray and Kurtz P-1 method ( Page et al.,198 2) .Total nitrogen was determined by the micro Kjeldal method ( Bremner and Mulv aney,198 9) .The ex changeable K and Na were determined using the EEL flame photometer while Ca and Mg were estimated using V ersenate titration method, and the organic carbon was determined using the Walkley and Black method ( Nelson and Summers,198 2) .Determination of the soil tex tural triangle was also carried out.

Soil sterilization and mycorrhizal inoculation
Sterilization of the soil sample was done by autoclav ing for two consecutiv e days at 120 0 C ( Babajide, 2014) .About 20g of root-soilfungal spore mix ture of Glomus clarum obtained from the Soil Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy, Univ ersity of Ibadan, Nigeria, was used for soil inoculation.Each inoculum was placed at about 3 cm soil depth ( Carling et al.,197 8 ) .

Treatments, experimental design and pots filling with soil
The ex periment was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial comprising two lev els of mycorrhiza inoculation ( with or without Glomus clarum inoculation) , two lev els of tithonia application ( zero and recommended rate of 4 tons / ha) and two watering regimes ( water stressed and regularly or well-watered conditions) .The trial was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, replicated thrice.Two pots per treatment were used.Each pot was filled with 10 kg soil.The compost was then carefully and ev enly mix ed with the potted soil samples, two weeks before sowing.About 5cm to the brim of each pot was left unfilled, to prev ent undesirable washing away of the soil particles and fertilizer materials which may occur during watering.Also, six perforations were carefully made at the bottom of each pot, using hot-red 4 inches nail, prior to the pot filling.The perforations were then plugged with cotton wool to regulate drainage and encourage proper soil aeration.All plants were regularly watered until six weeks after sowing ( 6WAS) , when the two watering regimes were introduced thus: for the regularly watered plants, regular watering till field capacity was maintained at ev ery other day, while the simulated or induced water stressed plants receiv ed water till field capacity only once in 7 to 10 days ( depending on when the symptoms of wilting / water stressed conditions were well ex hibited on the concerned plants) .

Preparation and incorporation of tithonia compost
The tithonia biomass used was obtained from the fallowing arable plot at LAUTECH'S Teaching and Research Farms.Fresh tithonia plants were cut green and shredded ( into smaller fragments of less than 5 cm in length with stem girths were ranging from 1.9 -4.3 cm) .The compost was prepared mainly from tithonia biomass and cured poultry manure, according to the procedures of Babajide ( 2010) .After the preparation the matured compost was ev acuated and air dried for 7 days.

Seed propagation and cultural practices
Four seeds of tomato v ariety Roma were sown per pot.Thinning to one plant per stand was done at three weeks after sowing.Manual weeding was regularly done by carefully uprooting the emerging weeds from the pots.Watering was maintained in accordance with the concerned treatments.

Data collection, plant sampling and analysis
Data were collected on growth ( plant height, stem girth, number of leav es and number of branches) and yield ( cumulativ e number of fruits, av erage fruit diameter and cumulativ e fruit yield) parameters.Plant height was determined by using measuring tape placed at the base of the main stem of the plant to the tip, stem girth by using v enier calipers, the v alue obtained was later conv erted to stem girth using a fomular • D ( where • = 3.142 and D = diameter) , number of branches was determined by direct counting of all the well dev eloped branches per plant and the number of leav es was also determined by direct counting of all the fully opened leav es per plant.Regarding the yield parameters, the cumulativ e number of fruits was determined by harv esting and counting the total number of fruits harv ested ( as at when ripe) cumulativ ely and add them up till the final harv est was done, followed by conv erting the data into cumulativ e yield in tons ha -1 ( Babajide et al., 2017 ) .Diameter of fruit per plant was also determined with the aid of v enier callipers.Immediately after the termination of the ex periment, the plant samples collected were ov en dried at 8 0°C for 7 2 hours to a constant weight, according to the procedures described by IITA ( 198 2) , followed by the determination of nutrient concentrations and uptakes ( Ombo, 1994: Gungula, 1999) .

Statistical analysis
Data collected were subjected to analysis of v ariance ( SAS, 2016) and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test ( DMRT) at p< 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the soil sample used ( Table 1) , indicated that the soil was acidic in nature with the pH ( H 2 0) v alues of 6.12 with sandy-loam tex tural class, Also, the soil was a low fertile one as the major essential nutrient concentrations were found to be v ery low ( Table 1) .These results agreed with Babajide, ( 2010) and Babajide et al, ( 2017 ) which reported that the soils in the study areas were generally low in fertility, and that additional supply of nutrients may be required in order to ensure improv ed growth and yield of most arable crops.The well cured compost was found to be relativ ely high in nutrient particularly N ( 3.4% ) , P ( 1.8 % ) and K ( 1.2% ) .The results corroborated the findings of Olabode et al. ( 2007 ) , Chukwuka andOmotayo, ( 2009) and Salami and Babajide, ( 2015) , who reported that plant biomass or organic wastes or residues are potential fertilizer materials hav ing relativ ely high nutrient concentrations which could be supplied when incorporated into the soil to meet crop needs, for improv ed productiv ity.Improv ed soil nutrition from the applied or supplemented fertilizer materials may become effectiv e in enhancing growth and yield of tomato plants grown on low fertile soils, prov ided soil moisture is adequate enough to ensure proper dissolution of soil nutrients.Significantly lower growth and yield were observ ed in tomato plants which were water stressed and receiv ed no manure ( Table 2 and 3) .This corroborated the findings of Mosav i et al., ( 2009) and Abid et al., ( 2012) , who reported improv ed performance of fertilized crop plants under irrigation or improv ed soil moisture.Also, as indicated in Tables 2, 3 and 4, the improv ed crop growth, yield and nutrient uptakes observ ed in tomato plants which receiv ed arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation with and without manure application under both watering regimes inv estigated established the facts reported by Osonubi et al., ( 1991) ;Fagbola et al., ( 2001) and Babajide, ( 2010) that mycorrhiza is capable of improv ing water and nutrient uptakes in plants and that mycorrhizal infected plants could perform better than their non-inoculated counterparts under water stressed soil conditions.

CONCLUSION
Moisture and soil nutrition are important for improv ed growth and dev elopment of crop plant, especially under dry season tomato cultiv ation on low fertile soil.Tomato responded well to improv ed soil moisture and nutrition.This was observ ed in improv ed performance of tomato plants which receiv ed regular watering and composted tithonia biomass application.Tomato is a suitable host-plant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, as the fungus ex hibited its roles in mycorrhizal inoculated plants, through enhanced growth, yield and nutrient uptakes under water stressed soil conditions.Local farmers in the study area should therefore be encouraged to be aware of the effectiv eness of mycorrhizal inoculation as an easily ex ploitable biological approach or dev elopment for sustainable dry season tomato production.Thus, combined application ofarbuscular mycorrhizal strains like Glomus clarum with regular improv ement or maintenance of soil organic content may fav our sustainable dry season tomato production in the study area.Means followed by the same letters along the same column are not significantly different at p < 0.05, using DMRT.Means followed by the same letters along the same column are not significantly different at p < 0.05, using DMRT.Means followed by the same letters along the same column are not significantly different at p < 0.05, using DMRT.
on number of B. invadens trapped on mango in Ibadan North West (Idishin) The mean density of B. invadens flies trapped during the study on mango homestead trees at Ibadan Northwest Local Gov ernment is shown in

Fig 2 .
Fig 2. Mean population of B. invadens trapped on mango trees at the three v illages during the two seasons