Aseguradoras de esclavos en Cuba, siglo XIX
Abstract
En 1833 fueron creadas en La Habana dos aseguradoras con objetivos específicos y diferentes de las restantes: proteger financieramente tanto la trata negrera como la tenencia de esclavos en la unidad productiva, con las cuales, negreros y esclavistas se protegían individualmente ante la pérdida de su mercancía, los primeros, y su propiedad, los segundos. Para hacerlo debieron aplicar la doble condición de mercadería y bien mueble al africano, binomio necesario porque eran dos momentos diferentes de la esclavitud: la transportación trasatlántica masiva de seres humanos, para lo cual se utilizó el milenario y consabido seguro marítimo, solo que especialmente autorizado para este caso particular de “mercancía”; y, la estancia del esclavo en el lugar asignado para explotarlo, para lo cual se instituyó un nuevo tipo de aseguradora que afianzaba el bien más preciado del esclavista. Así mismo, el artículo evidencia que en ningún caso lo ofertado por aquellas aseguradoras podría denominarse seguro de vida, comparándolas con las aseguradoras que realizaron similar cobertura en otros países.
English title: Slaves' Insurance Companies in Cuba, Nineteenth Century
In 1833, two insurance companies were created in Havana with specific and different objectives from the rest: to financially protect both the slave trade and the stay of slaves in the productive unit, with which slave owners and slaveholders individually protected themselves against the loss of their merchandise, the former, and his property, the latter. To do so, they had to apply the double condition of merchandise and movable property to the African, a necessary binomial because they were two different moments of slavery: the massive transatlantic transportation of Humans beings, for which the millennial and wellknown maritime insurance was used, only specially authorized for this particular case of “merchandise”; and, the stay of the slave in the place assigned to exploit it, for which a new type of insurance company was instituted to secure the most precious asset of the slave owner. Likewise, the article evidence that in no case what is offered by insurance company could be called life insurance, comparing them with the insurance companies that carried out similar coverage in others countries.
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