Derna University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

أثر عمليات إدارة املعرفة يف تحقيق االبداع التنظيمي بجامعة مصراتة

د.املهدي مفتاح السريي, أ.سرور بشري الطويل — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to analyze the impact of knowledge management processes on organizational creativity among employees at the University of Misurata, considering the knowledge-related challenges faced by contemporary academic institutions. To achieve this objective, the descriptiveanalytical method was adopted as the most appropriate approach to examine the nature of the relationship between the relevant variables. The study population consisted of all university employees, totaling 900 individuals. A random sample of 264 employees was selected, and a structured questionnaire was distributed to measure the dimensions of knowledge management
processes (knowledge acquisition, knowledge storage, knowledge distribution, and knowledge application) along with the level of organizational creativity . The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through multiple linear regression analysis to examine the explanatory impact of each knowledge management dimension on organizational creativity. The results indicated that the knowledge acquisition process had no statistically significant impact on organizational creativity, despite its
high mean score among respondents. Conversely, the findings revealed a statistically significant positive impact of knowledge distribution, storage, and application on organizational creativity. This underscores the pivotal role of these processes in fostering a culture of innovation and enhancing creative performance within the university environment.

)2022–1990 (The Impact of Agricultural Technology on Agricultural Sustainability in: Libya: An Empirical Analysis Using the VAR Model

د.حنان علي حممد العباسي — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to analyze the role of modern agricultural technology in enhancing agricultural sustainability in Libya, focusing on challenges facing the agricultural sector. The study adopted an analytical descriptive approach using time series data from 1990 to 2022. Variables were analyzed using advanced statistical models including the Johansen Cointegration Test and Vector Autoregression (VAR)
model. The results revealed a long-term integrative relationship between agricultural technology and productivity, showing that the interaction between technology, government spending, and agricultural labor positively impacts agricultural output. However, the study found that technology alone is insufficient to improve productivity without effective policy support and farmer training. The results also highlighted the importance of economic and social factors in enhancing technology utilization efficiency. The study concluded with recommendations including increased investment in agricultural technology, improvement of supportive government policies, and training of agricultural labor to ensure sustainability. It also called for developing technological infrastructure suitable for Libyan conditions and raising awareness about the importance of modern technology in achieving agricultural sustainability.

The level of job alienation from the point of view of employees of the Libyan Joint Oil Company in Benghazi

أ. حسني علي حممد — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to identify the level of job alienation through its dimensions (feeling of helplessness, weak meaning, loss of standards, isolation) in the Libyan Joint Oil Company in Benghazi from the point of view of employees, as well as to determine whether there are
statistically significant differences in the average answers of the study sample members regarding job alienation attributed to personal and job variables. To achieve this, a questionnaire was designed as a study tool and distributed to the study sample, which consisted of (186) employees. (150) questionnaires were retrieved, all of which were valid for statistical analysis. This study used the descriptive analytical approach, and reached several results, the most important of which is that the level of job alienation through these dimensions was low, and there were no statistically significant differences in the average answers of the study sample members regarding job alienation. This study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are increasing the company's interest in the quality of work life, further strengthening the concept of participation in decision-making, and increasing the granting of workers ncentives and material rewards.

The dependency of the Barqa region in Egypt during the Islamic period and its impact on relations between them (Political relations as a model)

د.عبدالباسط عبدربهحممد إدريس — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper sheds light on the political relations between Egypt and the Barqa region during the Islamic period, where this relationship varied between peaceful most of the time and hostile at other times, and it seems that the people had a desire to get out of the dependency on Egypt and form an independent state of their own or for the region to become an Islamic state like other states.

The British Legacy in Palestine: Implications of the Mandate for Foreign Policy in the Middle East

د. عبد اجلبار رجا حممود خليلية — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study seeks to analyze the legacy of the British Mandate over Palestine (1920-1948) and the extent to which this legacy shaped foreign policy in the Middle East. Given the critical importance of this historical period, the study poses the following question: To what extent did British policies during the Mandate period contribute to the entrenchment of political and geopolitical issues that continue to cast their shadow over the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the balance of power in the region as a whole? The study also assumes that the British approach to governing Palestine was not transient or circumstantial, but rather had a long-term strategic character, the repercussions of which are still evident in contemporary politics. Methodologically, the study relies on historical analysis and descriptive criticism, employing case studies to analyze key events, such as the Balfour Declaration, settlement policies, and the management of societal divisions, to understand the roots of the conflict and the role of the major powers in shaping the regional situation.

The Impact of Banking Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in Syrian Agricultural Banks: A Case Study of the Agricultural Cooperative Bank in Al-Hasakah

Dr. Abdulrahim Nawaf Khalif — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to analyze the impact of the dimensions of banking service quality (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, and assurance) on customer satisfaction in Syrian agricultural banks, with a case study of the Agricultural Cooperative Bank in Al-Hasakah. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The purposive random sample consisted of 60 long-term customers of the bank under study. Data were analyzed using SPSS through several statistical methods, including means, standard deviations, regression analysis, correlation, and reliability coefficients.
The study concluded that the overall level of customer satisfaction was low (overall mean =2.08). The quality dimensions showed low levels for responsiveness and empathy, a moderate level for reliability, a high level for tangibility, and a very high level for assurance. Regression analysis results indicated that the five quality dimensions explained a significant proportion of the variance in customer satisfaction (65%). The study revealed a statistically significant impact of the banking service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction at the Agricultural Cooperative Bank in Al-Hasakah. The most influential dimension was "empathy" (B = 0.78), followed by "reliability" and "responsiveness", while "assurance" had no statistically significant effect.
The research recommends improving the physical environment, enhancing time commitment, training staff in responsiveness skills, and effectively strengthening the empathy dimension to support customer satisfaction.

أقسام املال املتقوم يف الفقه اإلسالمي وآثاره الحقوقية

أ . عبدالسالم فتحي عبدالسالم بوشرتيلة — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research addresses the divisions of valued property (al-mal al-mutaqawwam) in Islamic jurisprudence and the legal implications thereof. It focuses on the significance of establishing value for the validity of contracts, the guarantee of property, and the ability to dispose of it. The study adopts an inductive approach in surveying relevant juristic texts, alongside a comparative analysis of the opinions of different Islamic schools of thought, and a descriptive method for presenting the discussed issues. The researcher concludes that establishing value (taqawwum) is essential for the validity of contracts, and that valued property enjoys particular legal protections in terms of preservation and disposal.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Palestinian Law in Combating Cybercrimes: A Study of the Decree Law No. (10) of 2018 on Cybercrimes

Bisan Youssef Abu Farah — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Palestinian Cybercrime Law in addressing cybercrime in Palestine. The research adopted a descriptive analytical approach. The study population consisted of academic staff at the Faculty of Law and Public administration at Birzeit University, in addition to third- and fourth-year students. A sample of 101 participants was selected. The analysis revealed several findings; The mean score for the perceived effectiveness of the legislative aspects of the law was (2.16), indicating a moderate level. The procedural and executive aspects scored a mean of (1.94), also reflecting a moderate level of effectiveness. The judicial aspects received a mean score of (2.06), while the protection of rights and freedoms was rated at (2.02)— indicating moderate effectiveness as well. The study identified significant legal and institutional challenges, rated highly by participants. These included difficulties in interpreting and applying cybercrime-related legal provisions (87.0%) and the absence of a comprehensive national strategy for implementation (86.7%). The findings also pointed to critical legislative gaps, such as the use of imprecise legal terminology (87.7%) and vague drafting that leads to inconsistent interpretations (86.7%). In light of these results, the study recommends revising the
law to align with rapid technological developments, improving the clarity and comprehensiveness of its provisions, and organizing expert-led workshops to refine legislative language and promote legal coherence.

Images of Spatial Metaphor in the Holy Qur’an: A Linguistic Study

Hussein Al-Hadi Mohamed Al-Sharif, Hassan Al-Senousi Mohamed Al-Sharif — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research reports a morphological and phonological linguistic phenomenon, one that has garnered attention from linguists and is more commonly associated with individual words rather than sentences. This phenomenon is known as metathesis, which often involves the transposition of letters in words containing glottal stops or weak letters. It occurs when certain letters in a word are shifted from their original positions, either forward or backward, typically by moving a subsequent letter ahead of its predecessor. Examples include (طمأن) becoming (طأمن) and (راءَ) becoming (رَأى). As a result, this phenomenon directly impacts the morphological structure of words, leading to the creation of new morphological forms.
This phenomenon has been a subject of debate and disagreement among Arabic scholars. Some consider it a legitimate linguistic phenomenon, particularly within the realm of morphological studies, while others deny its existence altogether.
The researchers have outlined the differing views among linguists regarding the existence of this phenomenon, both in the Arabic language and in the Quranic text. They have presented the opinions of various linguists, along with the evidence each group relies on. Subsequently, the researchers examined this phenomenon in certain verses of the Quran, highlighting the differences in opinions regarding the original forms of the words in question.
In conducting this research, the researchers relied on analytical linguistic study. May Allah grant success and guidance.

Ibn Ashur’s Efforts in Critiquing and Explaining the Narrations of the Reasons for Revelation through His Exegesis: “Al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir

Munir Mohamed Ali Al-Tashani — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to explore one of the most significant issues directly related to the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an — the matter of the causes of revelation (Asbāb al-Nuzūl). Understanding these causes helps resolve many difficulties in comprehending Qur’anic verses. However, not every verse has a specific cause of revelation, although many scholars have attempted to assign one to each verse. This created an urgent need to critically evaluate these narrations and distinguish the authentic reports from the weak ones. This is precisely what Al-Ṭāhir ibn ʿĀshūr undertook in his Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr), which broadly focused on the sciences of the Qur’an. He introduced his exegesis with ten prolegomena on Qur’anic sciences, devoting the fifth specifically to the topic of Asbāb al-Nuzūl. In this section, he critiqued earlier scholars and aimed to rigorously scrutinize the narrations. This study highlights his valuable contributions in this field, clarifies his position on these narrations, and examines how he approached them. His views were often innovative and stood in contrast to the common exaggerations found in traditional scholarships.

The Impact of Computers, Workforce Agility, and Change-Oriented Work Behavior on Employee Headcount

Ali Mahmoud Faris, Hanin Diaa Ghani — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The research aims to identify the role of computers, workforce agility, and change-oriented job behavior in determining the size of employees in organizations after the revolution in information and communications technology and new technologies. Data were collected using a research questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 175 individuals working in the public and private sectors in central Baghdad during the last quarter of 2024. The study also used Excel to analyze the questionnaire, and Minitab to analyze the correlations between variables. The analysis revealed a negative inverse relationship between the size of employees as the dependent variable (y) in the organization and the use of computers, workforce agility, and change-oriented job behavior as independent variables (X1, X2, X3). The study utilized some published references and research and presented a number of findings and recommendations.

The Common Pronunciation Errors That Made By Libyan Students Studying English Language

Fatima Jawad Boubker Masoud — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research examines prevalent mistakes in the English vowel and consonant sounds of pronunciation among undergraduate Libyan students majoring in English for the year 2022-2023. The sample consisted of ten second- and third-year students from the English department of Derna University, who had already taken a pronunciation class. Students were selected based on their completion of an English department course titled Pronunciation. This is qualitative research which describes observation and audio recordings of students pronouncing words and direct observations as well as recorded audio as the students’ session. The results indicated a high frequency of word and sentence articulation errors. Students in the sample struggled to produce vowel sounds with 150 incorrect pronunciations recorded, as opposed to 75 instances of erroneous consonant pronunciations. These findings help clarify some of the phonological problems English is perceived as or taught to be and provides guidance towards resolving them

The evidence of Badr al-Din Ibn Jama'ah in his book Sharh al-Kafiyah Ibn al-Hajib

Saad Abdulrahman Othman Saad — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Grammarians are committed to the sources they have transmitted from the Arabs, which they have used as evidence to prevent the language from changing as it enters, especially after the spread of the Islamic religion across the globe. Among these grammarians who have exerted great effort in establishing rules, and who cite evidence from what they have transmitted from the Arabs, is Badr al-Din Ibn Jama'ah, who has frequently cited Qur'anic verses and deviant and transmitted readings. This is much easier. The deduction of Badr bin Jama’ah) which was divided into a renaissance on a brief about the subject, the reasons for the choice, the published studies, the method followed and the branches of religion, the research which included preparation: entitled the introduction of Badr al-Din bin Jama’ah, and the first research: entitled Badr al-Din’s deduction from the Qur’anic verses, and the second research: entitled Badr al-Din’s deduction from the noble prophetic hadiths, and a Topi Third: Titled "Badr al-Din's Reasoning Based on Arabic Poetry," the paper outlines the most important findings.

Assessment of Local Climate Change Trends in Temperature in the Sirte Area Using Gridded Platform Data (NASA Power) as a Model

Soliman Soliman — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze the temporal and spatial trends of seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in the Sirte area during the period from 1985 to 2024, using open-source climatic data from NASA POWER. A simple linear regression model was applied to assess temporal trends, while spatial analysis tools within ArcMap GIS 10.4 were used to produce seasonal trend maps. The results showed an upward trend in both maximum and minimum temperatures, with most monitoring sites recording positive tendencies. At some locations, cumulative temperature changes exceeded 1.2°C over four decades, indicating a clear effect of global warming. Spatial analyses revealed a stable thermal pattern, where maximum temperatures increase from the northeast to the southwest, while minimum temperatures decrease southward in all seasons. Additionally, this indicates a climatic signal associated with the exacerbation of climate change effects. The study emphasizes the need to enhance ground monitoring networks and verify the accuracy of satellite data by comparing them with available field observations.

The Penalty for Delay in Administrative Contracts

Suleiman Mansour Younis, Umaheedi Mohamed Umaheedi — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The administrative authority bodies have power to impose penalties on contractors in the case of a breach of obligations agreed upon in the contract. Among these penalties is the delay fine, which is a predetermined monetary penalty established by the administrative body. This fine is imposed on the contractor in case of negligence or inadequately perform the agreed-upon tasks. When any delay leads to damage, the administrative authority has the power to impose this penalty, which has been predetermined and agreed upon. However, the contractor is exempt from this fine if the delay is caused by the administrative authority or by a force majeure.

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Customer Relationship Management in Libyan Private Commercial Banks in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region

Wasim Issa Abdulrazak Abdulrazak, Salaf Al-Samawi Bin Omar, Wael M Gabrel — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study aims to identify the impact of transformational leadership on customer relationship management in private commercial banks in the Jabal Al-Akhdar region, Libya. To achieve the study's objectives, a descriptive correlational approach was adopted, utilizing a questionnaire for data collection. The comprehensive survey method was employed, with the questionnaire distributed to 124 participants. The study indicated that the levels of both transformational leadership and customer relationship management were high. Furthermore, the study concluded that there is a statistically significant impact of transformational leadership on customer relationship management.

Irregular Migration in Libya: A Legal and Security Approach to Understanding the Context and Proposing Solutions

Taha Al-Koni Al-Mukhtar Ma’youf — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study offers a doctrinal and policy-oriented analysis of irregular migration in Libya, addressing the phenomenon through a dual legal and security lens. It identifies key legal shortcomings, including the absence of a cohesive legislative framework, weak harmonization with international legal instruments, and limited enforcement capacity. Security-related challenges are also examined, notably the fragility of border control mechanisms, institutional fragmentation, and the prevalence of transnational smuggling networks. In response, the study advocates comprehensive legislative reform aligned with international standards, enhanced implementation of treaty obligations, and strengthened cross-border judicial cooperation, without compromising state sovereignty. Preventive security measures—such as institutional capacity building, regional coordination, and the modernization of border surveillance systems—are also emphasized. The research aims to contribute to legal and policy discourse by proposing integrative solutions that reconcile humanitarian principles with Libya’s sovereign imperatives.

The Impact of Cyber Threats on National Security in Libya

Al-Waleed Abdulmajid Osman — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cyber security has become a strategic weapon in the hands of states and individuals, and with the increasing threats and cyber-attacks on various institutions within the same country, these countries have sought and seriously to develop plans and strategies to address such threats, and since Libya is among the members of the international community, whose various institutions were subjected to many cyber-attacks, this study sought to clarify cybersecurity and its importance, through its definition and clarification Its goals and its elaboration, and touched on the cyber threats that the Libyan state was exposed to in its various institutions, which affected it negatively, such as the cyber-attacks that the Central Bank of Libya and the National Oil Corporation, and the study also threw to identify the most important plans and mechanisms that the Libyan state had to address such threats, and among these plans made by the Libyan state, setting laws related to security security Centers and specialized bodies regarding cyberspace, as well as spreading a culture of awareness among citizens on the importance of this topic, and the researcher in this study relied on the descriptive, analytical approach to collecting information and data, analyzing and interpreting it to generalizations on the subject, and the study concluded that cybersecurity has become one of the most important priorities of the Libyan state, given its pivotal role in the contemporary reality. She also stressed that cyber attacks have a direct negative impact on state institutions in Libya, which caused fatal material losses that in turn reflected on the country's national security and stability, and therefore these results confirm the urgent need for the continued efforts to enhance cybersecurity in Libya, to ensure the protection of its institutions and vital in Fra structure from the increasing threats

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Foreign Language Education: An Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges

Ahmed Al-Janadbeh — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In latest many years, the combination of synthetic intelligence (AI) technologies into foreign language schooling has visible extensive progress, especially through equipment powered via natural language processing, system mastering, and adaptive studying systems. This examine offers a vital evaluation of predominant AI programs in language education, which includes gadget translation, digital assistants, adaptive mastering platforms, and tools for pronunciation and errors correction.
The research examines how these technologies contribute to growing the 4 critical language abilities and customizing getting to know reviews in line with freshmen’s tiers and needs. Adopting a crucial-analytical framework grounded in a comprehensive evaluate of applicable literature, the look at highlights each pedagogical and cultural challenges connected to AI in language getting to know—especially the ones underexplored in earlier studies. Ultimately, the study gives actionable suggestions to ensure a balanced integration of AI technology with the quintessential human function of the instructor, aiming to enhance the first-class, inclusivity, and effectiveness of language training within destiny.

The Role of IT Governance in Achieving Digital Sustainability: A Field Study on Commercial Banks in the City of Sirte

Salma Misbah Al-Qadhafi Ali, Ali Miftah Al-Taeb Al-Ghnay — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to identify the role of IT governance in achieving digital sustainability in commercial banks operating in Sirte city. To achieve the study objectives, the researchers relied on a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool, employing the descriptive-analytical method as the general research approach. The study population consisted of Libyan commercial banks operating in Sirte, including seven banks: Al-Jumhouriya Bank, Wanda Main Bank, National Commercial Bank, Trade and Development Bank, Sahari Bank, North Africa Bank, and Wahda Bank-Sirte University Branch. The study adopted a comprehensive survey approach, and 165 questionnaires were distributed to employees at various administrative levels. The number of valid questionnaires for statistical analysis was 144, resulting in a response rate of 87.27%. The researchers utilized SPSS 26 for data analysis. The study reached several key findings, the most important of which are that IT governance contributes to achieving digital sustainability.

The Impact of Direct and Indirect Tax Revenues on Supporting Public Revenues in Libya: An Applied Study for the Period 2010–2024

Khalid Abdulwahid Al-Nakhat — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to identify the impact of direct and indirect tax revenues on supporting public revenues in Libya, measure the contribution of each to public revenues, and determine the extent of balance between these taxes, thus reducing the risks of relying on oil revenues to support public revenues in Libya. To achieve the objectives of this study, descriptive and analytical statistics were followed using statistics contained in the reports of the Central Bank of Libya and the Libyan Tax Authority over a period of (15) years (2010 - 2024). Inferential statistics were also followed to measure the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. This study reached a number of conclusions through descriptive statistics, the most important of which is the weak contribution of direct and indirect tax revenues to financing the state's public revenues, in addition to the presence of an insignificant positive impact of direct and indirect tax revenues in financing the state's public revenues. The most important reasons for this are the political, security and health instability that Libya experienced during most of the study years, and the lack of a tax administration capable and effective in carrying out collection and collection procedures.

The Extent of Judicial Oversight over the Actions of the Constituent Authority for Drafting the Libyan Constitution: A Comparative Analytical Study

Suhaib Ahmed Abdullah Al-Qadi — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

It is not surprising that determining the method followed by the legislator in defining the constitutional-drafting authority is important. The benefit of this lies in identifying the optimal method for dealing with this authority, after determining the correct legal description that applies to it and whether it is considered an original authority or one established by constitutional declarations. This, of course, leads us to understand the legal nature of the actions of this authority and to apply the appropriate legal classification to all these actions. This question leads us to understand the extent of judicial oversight over it, whether administrative or constitutional, if we accept the application of the theory of constitutional deviation from a formal perspective to the work of the body.

The Statement of the Tabi‘i and Its Impact on the Realization of Abrogation: Selected Verses from the Holy Qur’an as a Model

Tawfiq Mohamed Ibrahim Naseeb — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study, titled “The Statements of the Tābi‘ī and Their Impact on Confirming Abrogation: Selected Verses from the Qur’an as a Model,” consists of two main sections. The first section addresses the concept of abrogation (naskh), its conditions, and the authority of the mursal (unattributed) reports and statements of the Tābi‘ī (the generation following the Companions of the Prophet). Scholars have differed on the authority of mursal reports from the Tābi‘īn, forming four primary opinions: some scholars reject them as evidence, others accept them unconditionally, while some accept them only if supported by additional corroborative reports or if the narrators are trustworthy and reliable. This section also examines the role of a Tābi‘ī’s statement in affirming consensus (ijmā‘), with scholars split on the issue: one view considers the statement of a mujtahid (independent jurist) Tābi‘ī as contributing to consensus, while the other view holds that consensus is not established if the Tābi‘īn disagree with the Companions.
In the second section, the study applies this framework to three instances from the Qur’an to evaluate the role of the Tābi‘ī’s statement in confirming abrogation. The study concludes that abrogation is not established in these verses solely based on the statements of the Tābi‘īn, as these statements contain possibilities rather than definitive indications of abrogation, and abrogation cannot be confirmed on such grounds. The study recommends further research on similar issues regarding the statements of the Companions and emphasizes the importance of the statements of the Tābi‘īn, as they serve as transmitters of the divine law passed down from the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them).

Domestic public debt and inflation rates in the Libyan economy

Hussen Faraj Alhwij — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The main aim of this study was to investigate the nature of relationship between domestic public debt and inflation in the Libyan economy during the period 1973-2021. In order to achieve its objective, the study utilized linear correlation, cointegration tests, FMOLS method and Toda-Yamamoto TY long run causality test. FMOLS findings indicated a long run positive impact of domestic public debt on inflation in the Libyan economy. In addition, TY test results showed a causal relationship from domestic public debt to inflation in the long run.

The Extent of AI Applications and Their Contribution to Improving Operational Efficiency and Reducing Costs: A Case Study of Akakus Oil Operations Company, Tripoli, Libya

Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to explore ways to enhance efficiency and reduce costs through the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. A field study was conducted on Akakus Oil Operations, a company affiliated with the National Oil Corporation (NOC) – Libya. The study population consisted of 130 employees, of which a simple random sample of 97 participants was selected. Data was analyzed using SPSS software, version (27). The study yielded several significant findings, most notably that AI applications play an effective role in improving operational efficiency and reducing costs in the oil and gas sector. Moreover, the effective implementation of these technologies can lead to tangible economic and environmental benefits. The study recommended the adoption of AI technologies in real work environments, along with ongoing monitoring and evaluation of their impact, in a manner that contributes to the long-term sustainability of the industry.

The Reality of Practicing the Learning Organization in the Directorate of Education in the City of Derna: From the Perspective of Office Managers and Heads of Departments and Units

Karima Al-Mabruk Al-Ruqai’i — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The research aimed to identify the reality of practicing the of the learning organization in the education monitoring in the city of Derna from the point of view of the office managers and Presidents of departments and units in it. The study relied on the descriptive approach to achieve the objectives that were identified, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for measuring and collecting data and information from the office managers and heads of departments and units in the education monitoring in the city of Derna, whose number was (66) individuals. A simple random sample was used to select the sample, which amounted to (36) individuals. Statistical methods were used through the (SPSS) program, which are the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (T test), and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study reached the results that the reality of the application of the office managers and heads of departments and units in the education monitoring in the city of Derna was (high), and that there were no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in the responses of the sample members according to each of the variables (gender, academic qualification, management level in the monitoring, and These include: continuous motivation for outstanding administrators and rewarding them when they obtain a higher academic qualification while still employed, or participating in academic activities, seminars, training courses, and workshops to increase motivation for continuing education. They also focus on transparency and skills that promote dialogue, discussion, and the expression of opinions, transparency in the exchange of information, and a focus on the organization's values by honoring administrators who demonstrate desirable behavior.

The Impact of Audit Committee Characteristics on the Quality of Financial Reporting in Libyan Public Commercial Banks Operating in the Eastern Region

Salem Mustafa Al-Jiyash, Mohamed Bousif — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to identify the impact of the characteristics of audit committees on the quality of financial reports in Libyan commercial banks. The study population consisted of employees from selected departments relevant to the study topic in public commercial banks operating in the eastern region of Libya, specifically including the National Commercial Bank and Wahda Bank. This study relied on both the inductive and deductive approaches. The study relied on the questionnaire as a data collection tool, as 108 forms were distributed, and 90 valid forms were received for analysis It found a statistically significant impact of the characteristics of audit committees on the quality of financial reports in Libyan commercial banks, and the contribution of audit committees to increasing the reliability and credibility of financial reports and protecting the rights of shareholders in Libyan commercial banks. The study made many recommendations, the most important of which are: determining the conditions of independence that must be met by members of audit committees, taking care in selecting members of audit committees, while emphasizing the importance of there being proportionality and suitability between their qualifications and the tasks assigned to them to improve their efficiency in performing their supervisory tasks, and developing the work of audit committees in accordance with the Governance Guide for the Banking Sector issued by the Central Bank of Libya in (2010).

Synoptic Analysis of Mediterranean Storm “Daniel” Affecting Northeastern Libya 10-11.9.2023

Anwar F. Ismail — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

في هذه الدراسة، تم تحليل الظروف الجوية المصاحبة لنشأة وتطور العاصفة المتوسطية "دانيال" حيث أثرت العاصفة على اليونان وبلغاريا وتركيا قبل أن تتطور إلى "ميديكين" ضرب مدنًا في شمال شرق ليبيا في 10-11 سبتمبر 2023، مسببةً انهيار سدين في مدينة درنة ومقتل آلاف الأشخاص ودمارًا هائلًا في المباني والبنية التحتية.
تم تحليل خرائط الطقس السطحية والعلوية على عدة مستويات لتتبع عناصر المنظومتين الجويتين، وتحليل القطاع الرأسي للهواء من خلال المخططات الديناميكية الحرارية وتفسير صور الأقمار الصناعية.
أظهرت الدراسة أن ارتفاع درجة حرارة سطح البحر، الذي حطم الأرقام القياسية المسجلة في يوليو، وتدفق التبريد العلوي المرتبط بتحول محور التيار النفاث القطبي إلى جنوب البحر الأبيض المتوسط، ساهم في تكوين منخفض جوي عميق، اتصف بعد أيام بظهور سمات العاصفة المتوسطية (ميديكين) مثل ضعف القص الريحي، ونشاط الحمل الحراري القوي، وظهور عين شبه مغلقة مع نطاقات سحابية حلزونية.
ومع استمرار ارتفاع درجة حرارة مياه البحر السطحية، فمن المرجح تكرار هذه الظاهرة مستقبلًا.

Transfer Pricing and Accounting Oversight Challenges From a Tax-Accounting Perspective Case Study: The Operations of Multinational Oil Companies in Libya

Suad Ayash Ali Amraef — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze gaps in the implementation of Production Sharing Agreements between the Libyan state National Oil Corporation (NOC) and foreign oil companies operating in the oil sector from an accounting and auditing perspective. It focuses on the crude oil pricing mechanism used by foreign companies on one hand and its impact on state revenues on the other hand. A fundamental issue emerges regarding the use of unfair pricing mechanisms by number of companies researched, which would lead to the reduction in the taxes and royalties that the state should rightfully receive. This raises accounting and legal challenges that require thorough scrutiny.

The study is based on an accounting analysis of annual financial report data published in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by the Italian company ENI (ENI IM Equity – Company Financials) and the American company ConocoPhillips (COP US Equity – Company Financials), both of which have production sharing agreements with the NOC. The transfer price in the study was derived by multiplying the reported price in the financial statements by the reported daily production rate for their assets in Libya. Since there was no dedicated figure in the data showing Libya’s share, the declared income from Libya was calculated. Additionally, the presumed income was estimated by adjusting the Brent crude price to reflect the quality of Libyan crude and comparing it to the reported income. Mathematical equations were used to determine the discrepancy in U.S. dollars, enabling the detection of potential transfer pricing practices.

The study’s findings revealed a recurring pattern of deviations exceeding 3% in six out of nine years in the case of ENI, supporting the likelihood that transfer pricing mechanisms were employed to reduce the income declared from its operations in Libya. As for ConocoPhillips, although it recorded similar deviations in some years, they were not as consistent and ceased entirely in the last two years. This indicates that ConocoPhillips is likely engaging in less transfer pricing compared to ENI.

Stylistic Phenomena in the Poetry of Al-Find Al-Zimmani

Abdelmonem Suleiman Mohamed Al-Mansouri Al-Mansouri — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research is a study of the most important stylistic phenomena in the poetry of Al-Fand Al-Zamani, who is one of the emulated poets of the pre-Islamic era. In the first section, he studied compositional phenomena, especially structural methods. The second section was devoted to rhythmic phenomena, especially repetition and alliteration. As for the third section, he touched on the artistic image and studied the simile image as the most important phenomenon in poetry. This is part of the research.

Solid Waste Management in the City of Al-Bayda: Towards Sustainable Solutions for Enhancing Environmental Efficiency

Mahmoud Al-Siddiq Al-Touati, Reem Ali Mahmoud Al-Zardoumi — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Al-Bayda city is in the Green Mountain region in eastern Libya and enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate. Its population is estimated at around 230,000, and it produces more than 160 tons of waste daily, most of which is household waste. The municipal sanitation department is making significant efforts to manage and quickly dispose of this waste, yet many challenges remain.

This study aims to analyze the practical reality of waste management in Al-Bayda and identify the main obstacles facing the system. Several procedures were followed to analyze the quantities of waste produced, sorting processes, and daily volume measurements, by monitoring the operations of waste collection trucks.
The study concluded that the city's waste management system requires a comprehensive update, including improvements in collection, transportation, and disposal methods. This should be achieved by establishing a permanent administrative structure based on qualified personnel and modern equipment. The study also recommends introducing new technologies for waste collection and storage, as well as raising public environmental awareness about the importance of household sorting and encouraging regulated recycling practices. It emphasizes that implementing a well-structured state plan would require only limited resources compared to the expected benefits.

The Impact of Electronic Banking Tools (“Edfa‘ Li”) on the Profitability of the Bank of Commerce and Development: A Comparative Analytical Study for the Period (2011–2021)

Sabri Jibran Mohamed Elkrghli, Amira Khalil Hussein Al-Obaid — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to assess the average revenue generated by electronic banking tools at the Bank of Commerce and Development in Libya between 2016 and 2021. To achieve this, financial statements were analyzed and compared to data from the five years prior to the implementation of these tools. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied for data analysis.
The results indicate that electronic banking tools have had a significant positive impact on the bank’s profitability. Statistically significant differences were found in net income and asset growth, demonstrating improvements following the adoption of these tools.
Despite these positive outcomes, the study encountered several challenges, including a lack of existing academic research on Libyan commercial banks in this area and limited access to bank officials. These findings underscore the critical role of customer satisfaction in enhancing bank performance and highlight the need for further studies and surveys to better understand customer prospects and improve service quality.

The Impact of Qur’anic Rhetoric on the Miraculous Nature of Scientific Verses

Ahmed Fathallah Ismail — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Opinions have varied regarding the types of miracles in the Holy Quran, and various opinions have emerged regarding the priority of some over others. The majority of scholars agree that the Quran's miraculous nature hinges on its eloquence, as the presence of eloquence is unmistakable throughout, from beginning to end. This is not the case with other types of miracles, such as the unseen, the scientific, the legislative, and others.
this research lies in demonstrating that the eloquence of the Qur’an is the vessel that carries all other types of miracles, the most prominent of which is the scientific miracle. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to reveal the breadth and depth of this eloquence in accurately expressing the verses of scientific miracles To achieve this goal, the researcher follows a precise analytical inductive approach. The nature of the research necessitated dividing it into three sections: the first section: the organization of verses in scientific miracles at the level of the single word; the second section: at the sentence level; and the third section: at the level of imagery. The research concludes with the most important findings and recommendations.

Good Governance and Its Role in Developing Local Administration Law No. 59 of 2012

Ibrahim Abdelkarim Atiya — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Although the Local Administration Law is based on decentralization, as it granted legal personality to local councils and established a system for the direct election of municipal council members, it did not eliminate the crisis of mutual trust between local citizens and local councils, which led to their reluctance to participate democratically at the local level. Therefore, the local administration government is necessary to achieve effective participation, whether in the stage of electing members or in the stage of the local councils' work by attending sessions or expressing an opinion in submitting proposals or making and implementing local administrative decisions. Therefore, local administration governance is what achieves transparency, eliminates corruption, and consolidates direct democracy at the local level.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Internal Audit Procedures in Libyan Commercial Banks under the International Standards for Internal Auditing

Abdullah Mohamed Amhelal, Mohamed Abukhzam Faraj — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of internal auditing procedures applied in Libyan banks in light of international internal auditing standards. The descriptive approach was adopted in designing the theoretical framework and methodological procedures of the study. For data collection, a survey strategy was employed, targeting employees of internal audit departments in commercial banks operating in the city of Sirte, using a questionnaire designed to measure the study variables. The results of the study concluded that the internal audit procedures in commercial banks are characterized by an acceptable level of effectiveness and are considered - to a moderate extent - compatible with international internal auditing standards. The study recommended that the Central Bank should develop legislation and controls that ensure the establishment of local standards for internal auditing, guided by the generally accepted international internal auditing standards.

English Language Learning among Media Department Students at the University of Derna via Facebook as a Social Media Tool

M.S. Said M.S. Said , A Layas Aiman — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Social networking has become integral to daily life, with Facebook standing out as a vital tool for communication. This study examines the use of Facebook for learning English as a foreign language (EFL) among undergraduates in the Media Department at the University of Derna, focusing on gender disparities. A questionnaire survey of 120 students indicated that they use Facebook on a regular basis, and the participants exhibited good attitudes, high motivation, and confidence in their ability to use the platform to enhance their English skills. They reported significant benefits, including acquiring new vocabulary and syntactic structures. The study concluded that both male and female students held positive attitudes toward learning English after using Facebook. The study concludes by encouraging further research into students’ perspectives on Facebook as a language-learning tool and addressing potential challenges in its integration.

Challenges and Obstacles in Implementing Energy Subsidy Reform Policies in Libya According to International Experiences

Ayoub Mohamed Al-Farsi — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper his paper aimed to identify the factors that contribute to the success and failure of various subsidy reform programs by studying the experiences of 17 countries that implemented energy subsidy reform programs. These experiences varied between success, failure, and failure. By extracting the factors that contributed to the success and failure of these programs, the study concluded that the distorted structure of the Libyan economy requires structural solutions for reforms to work as required. In a rentier economy and a lack of diversification, any policy that does not take these features into account will have negative effects on the economy. In the absence of social safety nets and the disappearance of commodity subsidies for citizens, lifting or replacing fuel subsidies without a comprehensive reform package will exacerbate existing problems and fuel inflationary pressures. The study also concluded that the obstacles to the successful implementation of subsidy reform programs, in accordance with the reform cycles studied, are present in the Libyan case. These include unstable growth, currency instability, weak government quality, and a lack of public confidence in government policies. The study recommended assessing the market's fuel needs to prevent a significant surplus in the supplied quantities. It also recommended establishing an electronic system that sets a monthly ceiling for stations and tracks the quantities sold in the local market on a real-time basis. It also recommended controlling borders and preventing fuel smuggling to neighboring countries, as the security problem cannot be solved by lifting subsidies and increasing citizens' suffering in light of the current economic conditions facing the country. Furthermore, the issue of subsidies and energy pricing must be kept away from political disputes and conflicts, as this will lead to the failure to implement reform programs across Libya. The study also recommended developing an accurate database on Libyan households and their income levels and establishing a mechanism to identify the private sector and its workers.

The Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors on Crisis Management Effectiveness: A Field Study on the Eastern Region Branch of the National Safety Authority

Ahmed Mohamed Al-Awami, Tarek Ahmed Shehob Al-Wahedi — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to examine the impact of employees’ organizational citizenship behaviors on the effectiveness of crisis management, with application to the National Safety Authority in the city of Benghazi. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, targeting a proportional stratified random sample of 196 employees out of a total study population of 383. A questionnaire was developed to collect the study data, addressing the two variables: crisis management effectiveness and organizational citizenship behaviors. The findings revealed that the level of organizational citizenship behaviors was very high, while the level of crisis management effectiveness was high. Furthermore, the study demonstrated a significant effect of organizational citizenship behaviors on the effectiveness of crisis management. Finally, the study recommended enhancing crisis management effectiveness by maintaining the current level of organizational citizenship behaviors among the employees of the National Safety Authority in the eastern region.

Supraconstitutional Principles as a Standard for Restricting Constituent Authority: An In-Depth Study within the Framework of Constitutional Law Jurisprudence

Mahmoud Hamad Omar Ayad, Ezzeddin Abubakr Ali Akhreij — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of supra-constitutional principles represents a superior legal framework that transcends written constitutional provisions and aims to safeguard the fundamental values upon which the constitutional order is based. Internally, these principles embody the notion of constitutional supremacy and the hierarchical structure of legal norms, standing at the apex of the normative order and granting legitimacy to the constitution itself, while preventing any alteration of its essential foundations, even by the constituent power. Externally, they reflect the subordination of national constitutions to higher standards and values derived from international law or the general principles of humanity, including peremptory norms from which no derogation is permitted. Accordingly, these principles may serve as an objective criterion for limiting the actions of the constituent power, by prohibiting the enactment of provisions or amendments that undermine the essence of the state, its democratic character, or fundamental rights and freedoms. Nevertheless, such limitations remain the subject of doctrinal debate between those who regard them as a safeguard for the stability of the legal system and the protection of higher values, and those who view them as an infringement upon the principle of popular sovereignty.

Digital Twinning as a Pillar for Achieving the African-European Partnership: Challenges and Opportunities

Mahmoud Ali Al-Madani, Adel Rabah Younes — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze the role of digital twinning in enhancing the Africa-Europe partnership by exploring the developmental opportunities and challenges associated with its implementation. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, reviewing international and regional experiences in digital twinning. The findings indicate that digital twinning provides significant opportunities for technology transfer, improving institutional efficiency, and strengthening economic integration between the two continents. However, its implementation faces technical, legal, and financial challenges, most notably the weak digital infrastructure in Africa, regulatory disparities, and shortages of funding and specialized expertise. The study recommends enhancing Africa’s digital infrastructure through European investments, aligning legal frameworks to foster digital trust, developing digital skills through specialized training programs, and promoting public-private partnerships to ensure sustainable digital transformation. Digital twinning constitutes an effective mechanism for achieving digital integration between Africa and Europe, but its success requires coordinated efforts and addressing existing challenges to guarantee sustainable digital transformation.