A review on recent advances in histological subtypes and molecular alterations of prostate cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide, exhibiting significant geographic and demographic variations in incidence and mortality rates. Recent advances in histological classification and genomic profiling have redefined our understanding of its heterogeneity. The 2022 WHO classification has introduced important updates, including modifications to grading systems, recognition of novel histological subtypes, and identification of new immunohistochemical markers. Concurrently, insights into driver genes and pathway alterations, such as androgen receptor signaling, MYC dysregulation, and PI3K/Akt pathway mutations, underscore the importance of precision medicine in prostate cancer management. This review summarizes recent developments in prostate cancer classification, genomic alterations, and diagnostic methodologies, highlighting their implications for patient stratification and therapeutic decision-making. Emphasizing the integration of histological and genomic data, this review provides a foundation for advancing personalized approaches to prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment.