Electrochemical detection of glucose in human urine using nickel nanoparticle modified electrode

Abstract

Electrochemical sensor has been successfully developed using synthesized nickel nanoparticles by chemical process with APTES ((3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane) as a cross linker incorporating alongside a suitable mediator for its detection. Nickel nanoparticles were
electrochemically deposited on a screen printed carbon electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Nickel nanoparticles modified screen printed carbon electrode exhibited high catalytic activity for oxidation of glucose. Particle sizes was determined by Zeta nanosizer series and confirmed by X ray diffraction while morphological property of nickel
nanoparticles was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was determined using PerkinElmer Spectrum 1 operating in a diffuse reflection mode with a resolution of 4 cm ^-1. Electrochemical behaviors of glucose were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in alkaline solution. For bare SPE, the active surface area was calculated to be 0.034 cm2 while modification with NiNP modified electrode has an increase in active surface area of 0.084 cm². At the optimum conditions, the calibration curves for glucose determination are linear in the range of 0.01 – 0.5µM with limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.00037µM and 0.00124 µM, respectively with R2 = 0.9982 and
a low detection limit (S/N = 5)while limit of detection and quantitation for HPLC technique are0.00031 and 0.0012 µM, with R2 = 0.9948. The developed sensor showed a good analytical performance with a relative standard deviation of 2.05 for electrochemical and 2.15% for HPLC techniques. Furthermore, the sensor was successfully applied to analyze glucose level in human urine samples. The electrochemical sensor showed a strong potential as a sensitive electrochemical coupled with electro catalytic may be used in future for clinical diagnostic tool.