Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of dengue virus among febrile patients attending Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Dengue fever (DF) is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral infection that poses a significant public health concern. It is caused by the dengue virus (DENV) and transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of dengue virus infection, identify associated risk factors, and characterize the circulating DENV serotypes among febrile patients attending Federal Medical Center (FMC), Keffi. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 consenting febrile patients. Blood samples were screened for DENV IgG, IgM antibodies, and NS1 antigen using serological assays. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm positive cases and determine viral serotypes. Results obtained indicate that out of the 200 patients screened, 2 (1%) tested positive for DENV IgG and were confirmed by PCR. There was no significant association between infection and age, marital status, or education level (P > 0.05). Higher prevalence was observed among rural residents (4.3%)  compared to urban dwellers (0.0%). The use of mosquito repellents was associated with lower infection rates, as no positive cases were recorded among users, while a 1.1% prevalence was noted among non-users, though not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Molecular analysis of the two positive samples revealed the presence of DENV-1 and DENV-3. The findings underscore the need for increased public awareness, effective vector control strategies, and strengthened diagnostic capabilities to prevent and manage DENV infections in the study area.