Assessment of workers’ knowledge and compliance status of pharmaceutical industries environmental management plans (EMP)

Abstract

Pharmaceutical industries play a crucial role in healthcare delivery but are also significant contributors to environmental pollution through effluent discharges and solid waste generation. Poorly managed waste threatens ecosystems and public health, highlighting the need to assess industry knowledge and compliance with Environmental Management Plans (EMPs). This study assessed workers’ knowledge of EMPs and evaluated the compliance status of selected pharmaceutical industries in Kwara State, Nigeria, regarding effluent treatment, discharge, and solid waste management. A cross-sectional study was conducted across five pharmaceutical industries in Ilorin, Kwara State. A total of 115 employees were surveyed using structured questionnaires, complemented by compliance checklists and on-site observations. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to determine associations between knowledge and compliance levels. Findings revealed that most workers demonstrated good knowledge of EMPs, with statistically significant differences across industries (χ² = 10.30, p = 0.0357). VB (93%) and SM (86.7%) industries recorded the highest knowledge levels, while BG and KR scored lower. Compliance with effluent treatment and discharge regulations varied significantly (χ² = 56.66, p < 0.001). VB achieved the highest compliance (94.25%), whereas SM reported the lowest (47.46%). Solid waste management compliance was relatively high (65.5–77.3%) but showed no significant differences among industries (χ² = 4.64, p = 0.326). Pharmaceutical workers in Kwara State exhibit substantial awareness of EMPs, and industries show varying degrees of compliance with effluent and waste regulations. While progress is evident, gaps in effluent discharge monitoring, enforcement, and community engagement persist. Strengthening regulatory oversight, infrastructure investment, and continuous training are essential for sustainable environmental practices.