Main Article Content

Occurrence, Associated Risk Factors and Drug Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Fish Value Chain, Northwest Ethiopia Drug resistance; fish; risk-factors; Salmonella


Birhan Agmas
Gizachew Gelaw
Marshet Adugna
 Yechale Teshome

Abstract

አህፅሮት


ሳልሞኔላ በዓለም ላይ ከሚተላለፉ ዋና ዋና የምግብ ወለድ በሽታ አምጪ ተህዋሲያን አንዱ ሲሆን የዓሳ ምግቦች ደግሞ ለተዋሃሲው መተላለፊያ ዋንኛው ነው። ይህ ጥናት የተካሄደው በሰሜን ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ካለው የዓሳ ዕሴት ሰንሰለት ያለውን የሳልሞኔላ ክስተት፣ መድኃኒትን የመቋቋም ችሎታና እና ተዛማጅ አደጋዎችን ለመገመት ነው። የጥናት ወረዳዎችን፣ ቀበሌዎችን እና የማረፊያ ቦታዎችን ለመምረጥ ባለብዙ ደረጃ ናሙና ዘዴ ተተግብሯል። የዓሳ በሳልሞኔላ  መብል በተመረጡ ሚዲያዎች በመጠቀም በማሳደግና በመለየት ጥናት ተደርጓል፣ በመቀጠል አንቲባዮሱም ሳልሞኔላ ፖሊቫን-ኦን በመጠቀም የተለመደው የባዮ-ኬሚካል ምርመራዎች እና የሴሮሎጂ ማረጋገጫ ተሰርቷል። በበሽታው አጋላጭ ሊሆኑ በሚችሉ የአደጋ ምክንያቶች ላይ መረጃ የተሰበሰበው በተዋቀረ መጠይቅ በመጠቀም አምራቾችን ፊት ለፊት ቃለ-መጠይቅ በማድረግ ነው። በጥናቱ አካባቢ የሳልሞኔላ አጠቃላይ ስርጭት 36.43በመቶ ነበር። ከተለዩት የሳልሞኔላ ናሙናዎች መካክል 25 በመቶው ቢያንስ በአንድ መድሃኒት የመቋቋም ችሎታ አሳይቷል። Ciprofloxacin (CIP-5μg) ከፍተኛው የሳልሞኔላ መድሃኒት መቋቋም (9.8በመቶ) ሲሆነ ሲፍታዚዲሜ (CAZ-30μg) በተከታይ 5.88በመቶ ሆኖ ተገኝቷል። ሁለት የሳልሞኔላ ናሙናዎች (3.92በመቶ) ለሶስት አንቲባዮቲኮች የመቋቋም ችሎታ አሳይተዋል። የሳልሞኔላ መከሰትን በተናጥል የሚገመቱ ምክንያቶች ብክለት 1.06 (95በመቶ CI: 1.04 5.4) በረዶ ቤት ያልተቀመጠ ዓሳ 2.2 (95በመቶ  CI: 1.09 11.41) እና ደካማ አያያዝ 1.8 (95በመቶ CI: 1.02 13.32) ናቸው። በአጠቃላይ የጥናታችን ውጤት ሳልሞኔላ ለዓሳ የምግብ መበከል እና የህዝብ ጤና አደጋ ሊጥል ይችላል። ስለዚህ ችግሩን ለማቃለል የግንዛቤ ማስጨበጫ እና በአጠቃላይ አዲስ ተገቢ የጥራት  ቁጥጥር ርምጃዎች መተግበር አለባቸው። በሰሜን-ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ የዓሳ ፍጆታን በመጠቀም የሳልሞኔሎሲስ አደጋን ለመቀነስ በማረፊያ ጣቢያዎች፣ በዓሳ ቸርቻሪዎች፡ በሆቴሎች እና በምግብ ቤቶች ውስጥ ብክለትን ለማስወገድ በዓሳ ሴት ሰንሰለት መካከል ንፅህናን ማሻሻል ወሳኝ ነው።


 


Abstract


Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide that fish food as one of the vehicles for its transmission. The study was conducted to estimate the occurrence, drug-resistant profile, and associated risk factors of Salmonella isolated from the fish value chain in Northwest Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select study districts, kebeles, and landing sites. Salmonella contamination of fish muscle was tested using selective media, followed by conventional biochemical tests and serological confirmation, using Antiserum Salmonella Polyvalent-O. Salmonella enumeration was accomplished using a traditional three-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) approach. Data on potential risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 12.  The overall prevalence of Salmonella in the study area was 36.4 %. Twenty-five percent of Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one drug. Ciprofloxacin (CIP-5μg) was found to be the highest Salmonella drug resistance (9.8%) followed by Ceftazidime (CAZ-30μg) 5.9%. Two isolates (3.9%) of salmonella were resistant to three antibiotics. Factors that independently predict the occurrence of Salmonella were the presence of contamination 1.06 (95 % CI: 1.04, 5.4), non-iced fish after landing 2.2 (95 % CI: 1.09, 11.41), and poor handling practice 1.8 (95 % CI: 1.02, 13.32). In conclusion, our study results highlighted Salmonella as a potential fish origin food contaminant and a public health risk. Therefore, appropriate control measures, including awareness-raising and the creation of a new code of quality in general, should be implemented to mitigate the problem. Improving hygiene along the fish value chains to avoid cross-contamination at landing sites, fish retailers, hotels and restaurants is crucial to reduce the risk of salmonellosis through fish consumption in North-Western Ethiopia.


 


Journal Identifiers


eISSN: 2415-2382
print ISSN: 0257-2605