Characteristics and functionality of wells and boreholes; and utilization by households in Bali local government area of Taraba state, Nigeria

Abstract

Characteristics and functionality of rural water supply facilities are vital for good health, economic development and human dignity in all communities across the globe. The objectives of this study are to examine the characteristics, functionality and extent of dependence on well and borehole water by households in rural communities of Bali LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria. The data used were obtained through questionnaire surveys, field observations, interviews, measurements and from relevant records in the zonal and central offices of the Taraba State Water Board. The data generated were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that two categories of wells exist in the area. These are community wells and households- owned wells. Households- owned are ubiquitous in the area and are generally hand-dug, unprotected and drilled by locals, with local implements. These wells are managed by individual households and their mean depth vary from 7.9 to 14.3 meters. Community wells, on the other hand, are deeper, usually protected and managed by village council of elders. In contrast boreholes are community-based but are generally referred to as “government boreholes” They are largely dysfunctional, ill-maintained and managed by Taraba State Water and Sanitation Board. In terms of systems performance, 91.2% of the wells are functional and serve as the principal water source for meeting the water needs of 47.7% of the households in dry and 31.7% in wet seasons. Only 12.6% and 8.2% of the households depend partially on boreholes in dry and wet seasons respectively. Boreholes water supply systems are characterized by poor performance -water supply is irregular and intermittent. All the sampled households lack regular and reliable access to boreholes. They are unable to provide adequate and steady water supplies, due to numerous constraining factors, including institutional neglects, low investment levels and weak institutional frameworks. This study offers recommendations aimed at overcoming system challenges and improving households’ access to safe water supplies in the study area.