CARBON INTENSITY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR FOR TOGO IN 2012

Togo, a least developed country, is ambitious to emerge by 2030 and the energy parameter remains indispensable with concerns as a source of emission of greenhouse gases. This study analyzed carbon intensity in the energy sector in Togo in 2012 in order to provide decision-makers, producers, distributors and final consumers with reliable data to achieve the objective of low carbon development in compliance with Togo's commitment in its Nationally Determined Planned Contributions (CPDN). In line with the IPCC 2006 methodologies, greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 in Togo are estimated at 1856.202 Gg for carbon dioxide (CO2), 15.352 Gg for methane (CH4) and 0.2431 Gg For nitrous oxide (N2O), i.e. a total of 2253,955 Gg CO2equivalent(Gg CO2-eq) of direct GHGs. Indirect GHGs are emitted at 558.525Gg, 7.942Gg, 34.252Gg and 2.563Gg respectively for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The carbon intensity linked to the Energy sector in Togo amounts to 1,797x10 Gg CO2-eq / GDP, at a time when the standard of living was $ US 319.222 per Capita. Road transport, with 1368 Gg of CO2 emissions accounting for 55.4% of total direct GHG emissions, is the first key source. With an uncertainty of about ± 23.887% on the overall estimate and a relative difference of 12.37% between the CO2 estimates by the sectoral and reference methods, the inventory is coherent as a whole.


INTRODUCTION
Togo is currently characterized by three main sources of energy consumption, namely Manufacturing and Construction Industries, Transport and Residential, Commerce and Institutions.Manufacturing and construction industries include food, beverages and tobacco; the textile; Clothing; Wood and wooden articles; Printing works; the paper; Publishing; The chemical and metal industries, and the mining and quarrying industries (phosphates, clinker).The current transport system consists of road, rail, domestic and maritime modes.In the residential, commercial and institutional sectors, energy consumption is dominated by activities in households and large institutions such as large stores, major administrations, universities, schools, hotels, embassies and banks.
The rapid appraisal and analysis of the 2012 Gaps entitled "Sustainable Energy for All" (UNDP, 2012) indicated that the final energy consumption in 2008 was 1,949.61Ktoe, of which 1,468.71 Ktoe in biomass (firewood, charcoal and agricultural residues) or 75.3%; 426.12 Ktoe in petroleum products (21.8%) and only 54.78 Ktoe in electricity (2.8%).Although Togo is an importer of electricity from neighboring countries, national needs are complemented using fuel-fired power plants (diesel, jet fuel) and biomass.
As a least developed country, Togo wants to emerge by 2030 and the energy parameter remains very indispensable and therefore a source of greenhouse gas emissions.This study analyzed carbon intensity in the energy sector in Togo in 2012 in order to provide decision-makers, producers, distributors and final consumers with reliable data to achieve the objective of low carbon development in compliance of Togo's commitment contained in its intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC).The analysis in this study focuses on the carbon intensity of the three (03) direct greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O).

MATERIAL
The data collection sheets and the solicitation letters were used to gather the necessary quantitative data.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Emission Factor Data Base (EFDB) was used as a tool for collecting emission and conversion factors.The IPCC manuals for Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHG) inventories were used as a planning guide.Data analysis is done with the reference tool for the calculation of GHG emissions from energy consumption, namely the IPCC methodologies and the IPCC Inventory Software (IPCC, 2006) choose methodological tier levels in accordance with the IPCC Good Practice Guidelines.

METHODS
Statistical data on imports, changes in fuel stocks and detailed statistics on final consumption were collected at the Ministry of Trade and Industry and specifically at the Directorate General of Energy and the data for the balance sheets Energy projects are collected at the Directorate-General for Energy.The same data were collected from oil companies, manufacturing industries, businesses and institutions.Surveys in the household and transport sub-sectors have enriched the database of annual fuel consumption such as kerosene, diesel, gasoline, LPG, heavy fuel oil, coal and fuel wood.Two Tier 1 methods were considered in accordance with the IPCC 2006 guidelines.These are: • the Level 1 reference approach that provides only aggregate emissions estimates by fuel type, distinguishing between primary and secondary fuels, and • the Tier 1 sectoral approach based on end-use data, combustion types and industry-specific technology where known.
The basic equation used for emission calculation is given by: , = .x , Where: • Émission GEScomb = Emissions of a given GHG by fuel type (kg GHG) • Combustible fuel consumption = Amount of burned fuel (TJ) • GES emission factor, comb.= Default emission factor of a given GHG by fuel type (kg gas / TJ).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data collection provided the input parameters for the Tier 1 methods approach which uses the Activity Data (AD) and the Emission Factors (EF) as well as the associated uncertainties (Table 1).The uncertainties on the EF and parameters are and parameters are the IPCC default data.Fuel consumption was collected for subcategories 1A1 to 1A4 according to the IPCC 2006 nomenclature.3 and Figure 4.The carbon intensity was analyzed as a ratio between its CO 2 emissions and its wealth production.Considering all economic sectors as well as all energy sources, this indicator reflects the emission level of the industry, the nature of transport and the level of Togo's use of carbon.The analysis only considers estimated direct greenhouse gas emissions.In 2012, the Togolese population was estimated at 6,547,806 inhabitants and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant prices based on the year 2000 was 2,090,204,649.530$ USwith a decay rate of 4.807% (MEF, 2017).Aggregated direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are estimated at 2,253,955 Gg CO 2 -eq in the same year.The sector's carbon intensity in 2012 is equivalent to 1,797x10 -9 Gg CO 2 -eq / GDP, and at that time the standard of living in Togo was $ US319.222perinhabitant.Assuming a Business as Usual (BaU) for which the standard of living would remain constant over the period 2000 to 2015, the annual emission (Gg CO 2eq) in the Energy sector could be expressed by the equation: E ES = 0,344x10 -3 x Pop With: E = Emission ; ES= Energy Sector and Pop = Population From this relationship are deducted emissions giving the trend over the period 2000 to 2015 in the Energy sector (Table 4).Figure 5, showing the change in GDP emissions at constant prices, showed a strong correlation between emissions and GDP.The uncertainty of the overall inventory is estimated in 2012 at ± 23,887% and details on sources of uncertainty are compiled in Table 5.The highest uncertainties, compared to the average, range from 32,016% to 53,852 % and refer to the estimates of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) attributable to the combustion of biomass and fuel oil in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors and road.The carbon intensity linked to the energy sector in Togo amounts to 1,797x10 -9 Gg CO 2 -eq per GDP at the time when the standard of living was $ US319.222 per Capita.The analysis of the key sources gives five subcategories, with Road Transport at 1,368 Gg of CO 2 emissions, representing a 55.4% contribution to total direct GHG emissions.
The overall inventory uncertainty is about ± 23.887% but higher on the N 2 O, CH 4 and CO 2 estimates of biomass and fuel combustion in residential, commercial and road transport.It sets the level of CO 2 emissions at 2347 Gg.The relative difference between the sector and the reference method is 12.37% indicating consistency in the results.
Fuel combustion activities are mainly related to two main sources: stationary combustion in energy industries that include energy extraction, energy production and transformation; In the manufacturing and construction industries; In the construction industry (shops and institutions); In the residential for lighting, cooking, heating; And in agriculture / forest / fishing and mobile transport-related combustion such as aviation (civil and military); The road (cars, vehicles and motorcycles); The railways (transport of phosphates and clinker) and navigation.Emissions are estimated at 1856.202 Gg for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 15.352 Gg for methane (CH 4 ) and 0.2431 Gg for nitrous oxide (N 2 O) for a total of 2253.955Gg CO 2 -eq of direct GHGs emitted on the basis of Global Warming Potentials (GWP 100) whose values are 1, 21 and 310 respectively for CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O.Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are in the proportions (Figure 1) of 80.56% for Transport (1A3); 10.63% for Residential, Commerce and Institution (1A4); 8.20% for Manufacturing and Construction Industries (1A2) and 0.62% for Energy Industries (1A1).

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Carbondioxide (CO 2 )emissions by subcategory Source: Authors, based on the emissions of GHG estimated

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Methane (CH 4 )emissions by subcategory Source : Authors, based on the emissions of GHG estimated

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Nitousoxide (N 2 O) emissions by sub-category Source: Authors, based on the emissions of GHG estimated

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Indirect GHG emissions by sub-category Source: Authors, based on the emissions of GHG estimated

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Trend in emissions by GDP Source : Authors, based on the data and emissions of GHG estimated

Table 1 :
Fuel consumption data for 2012 in Togo The aggregate emissions data for 2012 are reflected in the table in decision 17 of the eighth Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (Table 17/CP.8).

, based on the estimation NB: NE=Not estimeted ; NO = Not Occuring Energy
sources in Togo are in four subcategories: Energy Industries (1A1), Manufacturing Industries and Construction (1A2), Transport (1A3) and Other Sectors, i.e.Residential and Commercial & Institutions (1A4); based on the results inTable 17/CP.8.Since sources of fugitive emissions (category 1B) are insignificant because Togo does not have extractive industries, emissions from the sector are therefore allocated only to fuel combustion in category 1A.

Table 3 :
Emission results per gas

Table 5 :
Uncertainty of emissions

in total inventory: 23.887 Source: Authors, based on the estimation
During national communications (CNI, DCN, TCN), the road transport sub-category was the first key source.Indeed, it is a sector in full evolution with the increase of traffic in the big cities.CONCLUSIONAccording to the 2006 IPCC methodologies, greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 in Togo are divided between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitrogen oxides (NO X ), carbon monoxide (CO) and NMVOCs.Emissions are estimated at 1856.202 Gg for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 15.352 Gg for methane (CH 4 ) and 0.2431 Gg for nitrous oxide (N 2 O), for a total of 2253.955GgCO 2 -eq of direct GHGs.Indirect GHGs are emitted at 558,525Gg; 7,942 Gg; 34,252 Gg and 2,563 Gg respectively for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO X ), volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ).