AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION EFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY IN PEACOCK PAINT INDUSTRY, IKOT EKAN, ETINAN, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

Eight sampling locations in the study area were assessed for some air pollutants, level of noise pollution and some meteorological parameters. Portable handheld air monitor was used to measure air pollutants, a sound level meter and anemometer for level of noise and meteorological parameters respectively. Results showed that the highest concentrations of Nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Suspended particulate matter were recorded in indoor II while those for Carbon monoxide and Chloride were recorded in outdoor I. The outdoor locations recorded higher mean noise level and temperature (76.1 dB (A), 30.05°C) than the indoor locations (70.95 dB (A), 27.03°C). On the other hand, the indoor locations recorded higher mean relative humidity (62.8%) than the outdoor locations (48.25%). Significant difference (P<0.05) was observed only in the mean concentration of Chloride in the two environments. The mean concentrations of NO2, SO2, H2S, CO and Cl2 were above the permissible limit of Federal Environmental Protection Agency thus posing environmental risks. Appropriate vehicle emission management should be considered; air and noise pollution control agencies should intervene to reduce the risks associate with these pollutants and improve the air quality of the study area.


Introduction
Paint is defined as an opaque coating, generally made with a binder, solvents, additives and pigments which when applied in a liquid form, dries to form a continuous film that protects and improves the appearance of the substrates (Tina Porwal et al., 2015). Paint production includes various processes such as assembling of materials, mixing, dispersing, thinning and adjusting, filling and warehousing. Other related activities include handling of materials, laboratory work and shipping (Tina Porwal et al., 2015).
Noise pollution which is also known as environmental noise is the propagation of unwanted sounds into the environment with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life. Most of them have adverse effects on such organisms (Anomohanran et al., 2008). Sources of noise include industrial activities, commercial activities, vehicular activities, and human activities (Narendra & Davar, 2004;Li, 2013). Some researchers had identified automobiles, motorcycles, generator usage and recording houses to be responsible for most of the noise in Nigeria (Onuu, 2002;Anomohanran et al., 2008;Anomohanran & Osemeikhian, 2006). Potential health effects of noise pollution include increased stress levels, sleep disturbance, or hearing damage.
The industrial establishments in Nigeria prefer cheap, inadequate and often ecologically irresponsible methods of industrial waste disposals. It had been reported that about 80% of industries in Nigeria discharge their solid, liquid and gaseous wastes directly into the environment without prior treatment. These wastes are often toxic and hazardous and may likely cause ill health and unexplained deaths (Okopido, 2007). The Peacock Paint Industry in Etinan discharges its wastes into an artificial valley, few meters away from the factory buildings thus contaminating the source of water in the area and constituting health and environmental hazards (Uboh, 2000).
Environmental challenges of the local paint industry are associated with waste water, solid waste, air pollutants and noise pollution. The emphasis of this paper is on air pollutants and noise pollution and their effects on air quality.

Study area
The industrialization policy thrust of the late Clement Isong administration in1999 marked the birth of Peacock Paints industry as a Private Limited Liability Company with the principal objective of producing and marketing paints and allied products. The bedrock of the excellent performance of the company is the highly qualified and dedicated technical and administrative staff that together have raised and sustained the high-quality standard of the company's products. Today Peacock Paint prides itself on an intimidating long range of brands of decorative paints, premium qualities, standard qualities, industrial, protective and marine paints and thinners (Bassey, 2001).

Sampling
Eight sampling locations were randomly selected, four each from the indoor and outdoor environments. These include indoor I (Raw material store), indoor II (Operational room), indoor III (Laboratory), indoor IV (Office), outdoor I (Car park), outdoor II (A Road leading to the industry), outdoor III (Etinan estate) and outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction).

Measurement of air pollutants
Air pollutants such as NO 2 , SO 2 , H 2 S, CO, VOC, NH 3 , Cl 2 , and HCN were determined using ITX multi-gas monitor. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was measured using RAM-1200 (Park Davis) over a range of one hour to trap in the suspended particulate matter and the reading recorded as SPM for the location (Oguntoke et al., 2010). All equipment and meters were properly pre-calibrated before each usage for quality assurance following the manufacturer's guidelines against the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).

Measurement of level of noise pollution
The amount of noise generated from the sampling locations were measured with a 3 MTM 2200 integrating-averaging sound level meter, containing a range of 30 -140 dB and a weighting method of A, C, Z. stopwatch and a mobile phone. The sources of noise in the factory were identified and the sound level meter was used to measure from the source in decibel, at a height of 1.5m above ground level in free field conditions (Aery, 2010).

Measurement of meteorological parameters
Some meteorological field data such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were measured. Temperature was measured using a pen monitor with the average readings over a period of ten to fifteen minutes' record. Relative humidity was measured using a logger fitted with relative humidity probe (Testo, 450) (Hygrometer). The logger measures and stores the values. Wind speed and direction were measured with a Wind vane Model: Deuta, Aremo wind speed indicator and a magnetic compass respectively (Lutgens & Edwards, 2000).

Data analysis
Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics; means, standard errors and analyses of variance (ANOVA). Further analysis was carried out using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05).

Air pollutants
Figs. 1a and 1b showed the variations in NO 2 (ppm), SO 2 (ppm) and H 2 S (ppm) concentrations at different indoor and outdoor locations in Peacock Paint Industry. The mean indoor NO 2 concentrations ranged from 0.23 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 0.75 ppm at indoor II (Operational room) (Fig. 1a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean NO 2 concentrations ranged from 0.35 ppm at outdoor III (Etinan estate) to 0.53 ppm at outdoor I (Car park) (Fig. 1b). On the average, the indoor locations recorded higher mean NO 2 concentrations than the outdoor locations (Figs. 1a and 1b). This is in line with the findings of Bahatia (2009) that NO 2 from the indoor environment had values ranging from 0.4ppm -0.8ppm in the industrial area. The NO 2 concentrations in all the areas were above the permissible limit of 0.04ppm recommended by the FEPA (1991) and pose environmental concern. There were significant differences in the mean indoor NO 2 concentrations while there was no significant difference in the mean outdoor NO 2 concentrations (P<0.05). The mean indoor SO 2 concentrations ranged from 0.17 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 0.88 ppm at indoor II (Operational room) (Fig. 1a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean SO 2 concentrations ranged from 0.25 ppm at outdoor II (Road leading to the Industry) to 0.63 ppm at outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction) (Fig. 1b). These values were all above the FEPA (1991) permissible value (0.1ppm) and calls for concern. The indoor locations also recorded higher mean SO 2 concentrations than the outdoor locations (Figs. 1a and 1b). There were significant differences between the mean indoor and outdoor SO 2 concentrations (P<0.05).
The mean indoor H 2 S concentrations ranged from 0.23 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 0.82 ppm at indoor II (Operational room) (Fig. 1a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean H 2 S concentrations ranged from 0.33 ppm at outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction) to 0.75 ppm at outdoor I (Car park) (Figs. 1b). The indoor locations also recorded higher mean H 2 S concentrations than the outdoor locations ( Figs. 1a and 1b). The highest concentration of all the gases was seen in indoor II (Operational room) and the least in indoor IV (Office). There were significant differences between the mean indoor and outdoor H 2 S concentrations (P<0.05).
The mean indoor CO concentrations ranged from 24.3 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 30.5 ppm at indoor III (Laboratory) (Fig. 2a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean CO concentrations ranged from 26.2 ppm at outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction) to 36.5 ppm at outdoor I (Car park) (Fig. 2b). These values were above the FEPA permissible value (10.00ppm) and calls for concern. On the average, the outdoor locations recorded higher mean CO concentrations than the indoor locations (Figs. 2a and 2b). The highest mean CO concentration at the car park is probably as a result of automobile activities there. This is in line with the findings of Ojo & Awokola (2012) and Akpan et al. (2014) that motor vehicles account for approximately 48% CO in urban areas. There was no significant difference between and within the mean indoor and outdoor CO concentrations (P<0.05). The mean indoor VOC concentrations ranged from 15.7 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 26.7 ppm at indoor III (Laboratory) (Fig. 2a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean VOC concentrations ranged from 16.3 ppm at outdoor III (Etinan estate) to 23.5 ppm at outdoor I (Car park) (Fig. 2b). The indoor locations also recorded higher mean VOC concentrations than the outdoor locations ( Figs. 2a and 2b). The highest mean VOC concentration recorded in the Laboratory is probably as a result of industrial activities there. This agrees with the findings of Olajire et al. (2011). There was no significant difference between and within the mean indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations (P<0.05).
The mean indoor SPM concentrations ranged from 14.7 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 34 ppm at indoor II (Operational room) (Fig.  2a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean SPM concentrations ranged from 19.5 ppm at outdoor III (Etinan estate) to 21.5 ppm at outdoor I (Car park) (Fig. 2b). These values are within the FEPA permissible level of 250ug/m 3 daily average of the daily values for one hour. On the average, the indoor locations recorded higher mean SPM values than the outdoor locations probably because of the SW wind that brings rain which could probably wash off the SMP (Figs. 2a and 2b). This is in line with the findings of Ideriah (2008) and Jimoda (2012).
The mean indoor NH 3 concentrations ranged from 2.67 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 3.0 ppm at indoors I (Raw material store) and III (Laboratory) (Fig. 3a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean NH 3 concentrations ranged from 2.0 ppm at outdoors I (Car park), II (Road leading to the industry) and III (Etinan estate) to 2.67 ppm at outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction) (Fig. 3b). On the average, the indoor locations recorded higher mean NH 3 concentrations than the outdoor locations ( Figs. 3a and b). There was no significant difference between and within the mean indoor and outdoor NH 3 concentrations (P<0.05). The mean indoor Cl 2 concentrations ranged from 0.13 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 0.65 ppm at indoor I (Raw material store) (Fig. 3a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean Cl 2 concentrations ranged from 0.22 ppm at outdoor II (Road leading to the industry) to 0.43 ppm at outdoor IV (Raw material store) (Figs. 3b). On the average, the indoor locations recorded higher mean Cl 2 concentrations than the outdoor locations (Figs. 3a and 3b). The Cl 2 concentrations in all the areas were above the permissible limit of 0.03ppm recommended by the FEPA (1991) and pose environmental concern. There were significant differences in the mean indoor Cl 2 concentrations while there was no significant difference in the mean outdoor Cl 2 concentrations (P<0.05). The mean indoor HCN concentrations ranged from 2.0 ppm at indoor IV (Office) to 3.0 ppm at indoors II (Operational room) and III (Laboratories) (Fig. 3a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean HCN concentration was 2.0 ppm at all sampling points except outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction) with mean HCN concentration of 2.67 ppm (Figs. 3b). On the average, the indoor locations recorded higher mean HCN concentrations than the outdoor locations (Figs. 3a and 3b). There was no significant difference between and within the mean indoor and outdoor HCN concentrations (P<0.05).

Level of noise pollution
The mean indoor level of noise pollution ranged from 54.7 dB (A) at indoor IV (Office) to 80.3 dB (A) at indoor I (Raw material store) (Table 1a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean level of noise pollution ranged from 68.8 dB (A) at outdoors III (Etinan estate) to 88.3 dB (A) at outdoor I (Car park) (Table 1b). On the average, the outdoor locations recorded higher mean level of noise pollution than the indoor locations (Tables 1a and b). These were within the FEPA permissible value of 90 dB (A) for an eight hourly working period and thus acceptable (Tables 1a and b) (FEPA, 1991). There were significant differences in the mean indoor level of noise pollution while there was no significant difference in the mean outdoor level of noise pollution (P<0.05).

Meteorological parameters
The mean indoor temperature values ranged from 26.7°C at indoor II (Operational room) to 27.6°C at indoor IV (Office) ( Table 1a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean temperature values ranged from 29.5°C at outdoor I (Car park) to 30.5°C at outdoor IV (Ekomlman junction) (Table 1b). On the average, the outdoor locations recorded higher mean temperature values than the indoor locations (Tables 1a and b). The recorded values were all within the FEPA's permissible value (40°C). There was no significant difference between and within the mean indoor and outdoor mean temperature values (P<0.05).
The mean indoor relative humidity values ranged from 61.5% at indoor IV (Office) to 63.6% at indoor I (Raw material store) (Table 1a). In the outdoor locations however, the mean relative humidity values ranged from 47.8% at outdoor II (Road leading to the industry) to 48.5% at outdoors I (Car park) and IV (Ekomlman junction) (Table 1b). On the average, the indoor locations recorded higher mean relative humidity values than the outdoor locations (Tables 1a and b). This is probably due to the high moisture of the air indoors where the effect of wind is not felt. There was no significant difference between the mean indoor and outdoor mean relative humidity values (P<0.05).
In the outdoor locations the mean wind speed ranged from 0.6ms -1 at outdoor I (Car park) to 1.1 ms -1 at outdoor II (Road leading to the Industry) and IV (Ekomlman junction) (Table 1b). No wind speed was recorded indoors. This would have contributed to the higher pollutants observed in the indoor locations since the mean wind speed in the outdoors could probably disperse the pollutants faster from the source.   Table 2a shows the correlation between the meteorological parameters and air pollutants in the Indoor locations. There were negative correlations between temperature and SO 2 (r = -0.622), H 2 S (r = -0.148), CO (r = -0.122), VOC (r = -0.604), Cl 2 (r = -0.128), HCN (r = -0.404) and SPM (r = -0.202), while temperature showed positive correlations with NO 2 (r = 0.706) and NH 3 (r = 0.550). There were negative correlations between Relative humidity and NO 2 (r = -0.682) and Cl 2 (r = -0.428). On the other hand, it showed positive correlations with SO 2 (r = 0.632), H 2 S (r = 0.265), CO (r = 0.261), VOC (r = 0.524), NH 3 (r = 0.522), HCN (r = 0.383) and. SPM (r = 0.330).

Conclusion and recommendations
This study portrayed the magnitude of indoor and outdoor air and noise pollution in Peacock Paint Industry. Mean concentrations of NO 2 , SO 2 , CO and Cl 2 at all sampling points were higher than the permissible limit of FEPA. The outdoor locations recorded higher mean noise level and temperature (76.1 dB (A), 30.05°C) than the indoor locations (70.95 dB (A), 27.03°C) while the figindoor locations recorded higher mean relative humidity (62.8%) than the outdoor locations (48.25%). These pose serious environmental and health risks. It is therefore recommended that appropriate vehicle emission management should be considered; air and noise pollution control agencies should intervene to reduce the risks associate with these pollutants and improve the air quality of the study area.