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Aug 25, 2026Keywords:
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Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of anatomical elements of the head of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide a detailed morphological description of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) cephalic skeleton and to evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction for anatomical education and clinical applications. Anatomical images were processed to generate 3D models, which were analyzed from lateral, rostral, dorsal, ventral, caudal, ventrolateral, and mandibular views. The results revealed a distinct bone organization, highlighting well-defined structures such as the occipital protuberance, sagittal crest, zygomatic arch, infraorbital, mental, and supraorbital foramina, as well as dental alveoli, while
clearly illustrating the topographical relationships among craniofacial components. In conclusion, 3D reconstruction provided a detailed and accurate morphological description of the dromedary skull, confirming its value as a pedagogical tool and supporting further morphometric, functional, and comparative research in camelids.
