International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning ></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas ></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables ></w:BreakWrappedTables> <w:SnapToGridInCell ></w:SnapToGridInCell> <w:WrapTextWithPunct ></w:WrapTextWithPunct> <w:UseAsianBreakRules ></w:UseAsianBreakRules> <w:DontGrowAutofit ></w:DontGrowAutofit> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0pt; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --><!--[endif] --> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 140%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;">The <em>International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences</em> (IJBCS) is a journal published by International Formulae Group (IFG). It is devoted to the publication of contributions in all fields of biology including microbiology, parasitology, biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, physiology, pathology, health sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, biotechnology, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;">biostatistics, bioinformatics,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;"> environmental biology, hydrobiology, food science, nutrition, agricultural sciences, agropastoralism, animal production, wildlife, botany, ethnobotany, forestry, agroforestry and agrogeology. It is also devoted to the publication of contributions in all fields of chemistry including chemistry of natural products, organic synthesis, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, industrial chemistry, clinical chemistry, hydrochemistry, agrochemistry, geochemistry and biogeochemistry. IJBCS publishes original research papers, critical up-to-date and concise reviews on topics of current interest, and short communications. It aims to serve all bioscientists and all chemists. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;">Six</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;"> issues are published per year.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 140%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;">Language of Publication: French, English</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 140%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 140%; font-family: Arial;">You can view this journal's website <a href="http://www.ifgdg.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</span></p> Ivyspring International Publisher en-US International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 1991-8631 <p>Submission of a paper for publication implies the transfer of the copyright from the author(s) to the publisher upon acceptance. International Formulae Group is therefore the copyright holder after publication of an article in <em>International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences,</em> and published articles should not be used for commercial purpose without the written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. They are licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_US">Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License</a>.</p><p> </p> Agro-pedological impacts of different crop rotations on a ferric acrisol in Burkina Faso https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274426 <p>Low crop yields are often explained by unfavourable rainfall conditions, the natural poverty of the soil in terms of nutrients and the low&nbsp; use of fertilisers. In order to find appropriate solutions for the sustainable management of soil fertility, a study was carried out on the&nbsp; Fertility Maintenance Trial (FTM), an experimental system established in 1960 in central western Burkina Faso, where organic and/or&nbsp; mineral fertilisation regimes combined with crop rotations have been tested. The approach of this study consisted of a synthesis of&nbsp; existing agronomic data from 2011-2019 on the three (03) crop rotations. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm for physico- chemical analysis. We also measured yields on the cotton and sorghum plots during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The results show that&nbsp; yield variability can be attributed not only to fertilisation, but also to crop rotations and the annual rainfall recorded over the period. The&nbsp; sorghum-cotton and sorghum-cowpea rotations produced the highest average sorghum yields, at 547 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> and 642 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> respectively. Sorghum monoculture recorded the lowest sorghum production. Chemical analyses revealed higher phosphorus use in the&nbsp; sorghumcowpea rotation compared with the other rotations. The study of cropping system efficiency also revealed the role of legumes in&nbsp; crop rotations in maintaining and preserving soil fertility. In addition, we can be recommending integrated soil fertility management&nbsp; (organic and mineral fertilisation, crop rotations, etc.) for sustainable management of productive capital on cotton farms in Burkina Faso.&nbsp;</p> Pouya Mathias Bouinzemwende Zacharia Gnankambary Innocent Delwende Kiba Nongma Zongo Michel Sedogo Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 326 337 Identification of fungal species isolated from diseased cabbages in the western highlands of Cameroon https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274442 <p>Some fungal species of cabbage are pathogenic contributing significantly to pre-harvest and post-harvest loses leading to food&nbsp; insecurity. Therefore, a study was carried out to identify fungal species on diseased cabbage in the Western highlands of Cameroon. One&nbsp; hundred samples of diseased cabbage were collected from Santa and Dschang. Fungal species was isolated from the leaves, and cultural&nbsp; and molecular identification of the Internal Transcript Spacer (ITS) and Translation Elongation Factor (TEF) gene regions was done. The&nbsp; results of cultural study indicated that out of 100 samples, 81 were infected with fungi species. The results of molecular identification of&nbsp; fungal isolates base on ITS regions revealed that a total of 45 fungal species belonging to 12 genera with Trichoderma being the highest&nbsp; with 16 isolates followed by Fusarium with 10 isolates. The fungal species identified from TEF regions showed that 51 species of fungal&nbsp; species were isolated from cabbage belonging to 8 genera with Trichoderma the most dominant (26 species) closely followed by&nbsp; Fusarium (16 species). The results clearly revealed that molecular identification was more accurate in identifying fungi species than the&nbsp; cultural method. The identified fungal species will be used in pathogenicity test to know the actual pathogens of cabbage and to devise&nbsp; appropriate control measures.&nbsp;</p> Francoline S. Nsah Tonjock R. Kinge Mbong G. Annih Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 338 354 Acute toxicity assessment of chloroxylenol on the whirligig beetle, <i>Orectogyrus alluaudi</i> (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274443 <p>This study assessed the acute toxicological effects of different concentrations of chloroxylenol (PCMX), an active ingredient in most liquid&nbsp; cleaning products, on the whirligig beetle Orectogyrus alluaudi Regimbart, 1889. This was done with the aim of determining the potential&nbsp; lethal effects of the chemical on this aquatic beetles. Whirligig beetles sourced from an unpolluted stream were subjected to&nbsp; varying concentrations of PCMX in controlled laboratory conditions. Five concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 mg/l were utilized alongside&nbsp; control groups, with exposure durations spanning 24 to 96 hours. Observations revealed alterations in the beetles' behaviour&nbsp; and swimming patterns preceding mortality. Calculated median lethal concentration (LC50) values at 24 to 96 hours demonstrated a&nbsp; concentration-dependent increase in mortality rates, with LC50 values ranging from 21.587 to 7.819 mg/L. This study underscores the&nbsp; detrimental impact of PCMX on aquatic beetle populations, providing valuable insights into the environmental risks associated with&nbsp; common cleaning agents.&nbsp;</p> Babatunde O. Amusan Ayorinde F. Koleosho Godswill E. Richard Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 355 364 Effet de la complémentation de la pousse d’<i>Euphorbia heterophylla</i> L. sur les principales hormones gonadotropes et sur les spermatozoïdes du cobaye https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274444 <p><em>Euphorbia heterophylla</em> est une adventice qui popularise 70% des parcelles cotonnières du nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. Une enquête, en vue&nbsp; de sa valorisation, a révélé ses effets profertiles. Dans le but de vérifier ces effets sur la fertilité du cobaye mâle, l’étude des activités&nbsp; fertilisantes de sa pousse sèche a été menée. A cet effet, une analyse du taux des hormones gonadotropes dans le sang après 15 jours,&nbsp; 30 jours et 60 jours de complémentation avec 5 g ou 10 g et des tests de motilité, vitalité, concentration et de formes des spermatozoïdes le 60ieme jour, ont été effectués après administration des traitements. Les résultats ont montré un effet propulseur sur la testostérone et&nbsp; la quantité et la qualité du sperme mais aucun effet sur la FSH, la LH et la prolactine. Pour une consommation d’environ 5 g ou 10 g&nbsp; par jour, le taux de testostérone a successivement augmenté. De plus, la complémentation a présenté une forte amélioration de la&nbsp; motilité, la vitalité, la motilité et la concentration des spermatozoïdes, et de leurs formes par rapport au témoin. Ces résultats montrent&nbsp; que la plante pourrait contribuer à l’amélioration des paramètres de reproduction des cobayes.&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Effect of Euphorbia heterophylla L. shoot supplementation on the main gonadotropic hormones and on guinea pig spermatozoa</strong></em><br><br><em>Euphorbia heterophylla</em> is a weed which popularizes 70% of cotton plots in northern Ivory Coast. An investigation into its valuation&nbsp; revealed its profertile effects. In order to verify these effects on the fertility of male guinea pigs, the study of the fertilizing activities of its&nbsp; dry shoot was carried out. For this purpose, an analysis of the level of gonadotropic hormones in the blood after 15 days, 30 days and 60&nbsp; days of supplementation with 5 g or 10 g and tests of motility, vitality, concentration and shape of the spermatozoa on the 60th day, were carried out. were carried out after administration of the treatments. The results showed a boosting effect on testosterone and sperm&nbsp; quantity and quality but no effect on FSH, LH and prolactin. For a consumption of around 5 g or 10 g per day, the testosterone level&nbsp; successively increased. In addition, the supplementation presented a strong improvement in the motility, vitality, motility and&nbsp; concentration of spermatozoa, and their shapes compared to the control. These results show that the plant could contribute to improving&nbsp; the reproductive parameters of guinea pigs.&nbsp;</p> Francois Yao Kouame Vincent David N'goran Kouakou Lenoir Thierry Ayoman Djadji Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 365 374 Effet résiduel de l’inoculation rhizobienne du soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] sur la fertilité du sol et la productivité du maïs semé en rotation au Bénin https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274445 <p>Le coût élevé de l’azote et le bilan environnemental de son processus industriel orientent les recherches vers des alternatives durables.&nbsp; Cette étude visait à évaluer l’arrière-effet du soja inoculé avec des souches de rhizobium sur la fertilité du sol et la productivité du maïs.&nbsp; L’inoculation (Témoin non inoculé, FA3 et STM 3043) et le phosphore (0 et 50 P.ha<sup>-1</sup> ) ont été les facteurs étudiés dans un dispositif&nbsp; expérimental en bloc de Fisher répété quatre fois. Les paramètres de croissance et de rendement ainsi que les exportations en azote et&nbsp; en phosphore ont été déterminés. Les résultats ont montré que les souches, l’apport du phosphore et leur interaction ont amélioré la&nbsp; croissance et le rendement du maïs. L’apport de 50 kg de phosphore a induit les meilleurs rendements quelle que soit la souche de&nbsp; rhizobium. Cependant, la souche STM3043 en combinaison avec le phosphore a induit les meilleurs rendements en grain (2448,99 ± 126&nbsp; kg/ha)) du maïs et le meilleur indice de récolte (0,38 ± 0,01) suivie de la souche FA3. De plus, les exportations d’azote et de phosphore&nbsp; sont significativement plus élevées au niveau de la souche STM3043 associée au phosphore. Cette technologie peut donc être utilisée&nbsp; pour améliorer la croissance et le rendement du maïs au Bénin.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Residual effect of rhizobial inoculation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] on the productivity of maize sown in rotation in Benin</strong></em></p> <p>The high cost of nitrogen and the environmental balance of its industrial process lead us to find other sources of nitrogen food to reduce&nbsp; the quantities from this industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of soybeans inoculated with rhizobium strains&nbsp; on corn productivity. Inoculation (non-inoculated control, FA3 and STM 3043) and phosphorus (0 and 50 P.ha<sup>-1</sup> ) were the factors studied&nbsp; in a Fisher block design repeated four times. Growth and yield parameters as well as nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were determined. The results showed that the strains, phosphorus supply and their interaction improved maize growth and yield. The addition of 50 kg of&nbsp; phosphorus induced the best yields whatever the rhizobium strain. However, strain STM3043 in combination with phosphorus induced&nbsp; the highest grain yields (2448.99 ± 126.00 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> ) of maize and the best harvest index (0.38 ± 0.01), followed by strain FA3. In addition,&nbsp; Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher for strain STM3043 combined with phosphorus. This technology can&nbsp; therefore be used to improve maize growth and yield in Benin.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Mahougnon Charlotte Carmelle Zoundji Herbert Tossou Ibouraiman Balogoun Tobi Moriaque Akplo Semevo Oslo Gangnon Opportune Tossou Felix Kouelo Alladassi Pascal Houngnandan Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 375 388 Impacts écologiques des activités de restauration des terres dégradées dans trois terroirs villageois de la région de Maradi (Niger)ion de Maradi (Niger) https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274446 <p>La région de Maradi au Niger faisait face à une forte pression démographique qui se traduisait par une pression continue sur les&nbsp; ressources naturelles. Ainsi, plusieurs travaux de restauration ont été réalisés à l’aide notamment des demi-lunes pastorales et de la&nbsp; fixation des dunes. Cette étude visait à évaluer les effets de ces techniques sur la végétation ligneuse et herbacée dans des sites&nbsp; récupérés des villages de Dara Amadou, Kouroungoussaou et Angué dans la région de Maradi. La méthode Braun-Blanquet (1932) a été&nbsp; appliquée pour les relevés phytosociologiques et celle de la récolte intégrale pour la détermination de la biomasse et de la capacité de&nbsp; charge. Des mesures dendrométriques ont été établies pour les ligneux. Ainsi, 180 espèces herbacées réparties dans 60 familles, 135&nbsp; genres et 38 espèces ligneuses appartenant à 21 familles, ont été recensées. La famille des Gramineae était la plus répandue sur les trois&nbsp; sites, suivie de celle des Papilionaceae. Pour les ligneux, les Mimosaceae ont dominé. L’indice de diversité de Shannon a varié de 2,47 bits&nbsp; à 3,70 bits. La productivité des herbacées a passé de 1,664 t/ha à 1,894 t/ha. Ces résultats peuvent contribuer à définir des bases&nbsp; scientifiques de gestion durable des ressources naturelles.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The Maradi region of Niger was facing strong demographic pressure, which was resulting in continued pressure on natural resources. As&nbsp; a result, a number of restoration projects have been carried out, in particular using pastoral half-moons and dune fixation. The aim of&nbsp; this study was to assess the effects of these techniques on woody and herbaceous vegetation in reclaimed sites in the villages of Dara&nbsp; Amadou, Kouroungoussaou and Angué in the Maradi region. The Braun-Blanquet (1932) method was applied for phytosociological&nbsp; surveys and the integral harvesting method for determining biomass and carrying capacity. Dendrometric measurements were taken for&nbsp; woody species. A total of 180 herbaceous species in 60 families, 135 genera and 38 woody species in 21 families were recorded. The&nbsp; Gramineae family was the most widespread at all three sites, followed by Papilionaceae. Among the woody species, the Mimosaceae&nbsp; dominated. The Shannon diversity index varied from 2.47 bits to 3.70 bits. Herbaceous productivity rose from 1.664 t/ha to 1.894 t/ha.&nbsp; These results may help to define the scientific basis for the sustainable management of natural resources.&nbsp;</p> Haoua Soubeiga Wanogo Ousseini Moussa Abdou Mahaman Moustapha Adamou Amadou Garba Boubacar Soumana Kalidou Illa Mahamane Hamza Mayaki Kona Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 389 404 Etude des intoxications paysannes dues aux pesticides agricoles dans le département d’Agboville, Côte d’Ivoire https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274448 <p>Le potentiel de rendement des cultures est couplé à l’utilisation accrue des pesticides chimiques et cette utilisation soulève des&nbsp; interrogations sur le risque pour la santé des utilisateurs, leur entourage, les consommateurs d'aliments et l'environnement. A ce jour&nbsp; dans le département d’Agboville, il n’existe pas de diagnostic pertinent fait sur les paysans qui subissent des problèmes d’intoxication.&nbsp; Cette étude visait à déterminer les symptômes généraux d'une exposition à court terme (intoxication) liés à l’utilisation des pesticides dans l’agriculture. Les données analysées ont été collectées de cinq cent (500) agriculteurs dont 250 hommes et 250 femmes. Ils ont été&nbsp; classés en fonction de leur ancienneté dans l’agriculture. Il ressort de nos investigations que les symptômes généraux pouvant indiquer&nbsp; une intoxication par des pesticides sont de trois (3) catégories : intoxications légères (47,46%), intoxications modérées (44,36%) et&nbsp; intoxications graves (8,18%). Environ 40 % des personnes intoxiquées ont montré au moins deux symptômes d'intoxication légère,&nbsp; modérée et/ou grave. Les hommes ont été plus intoxiqués que les femmes avec 68% des cas observés contre 32%. Le niveau d’étude a influencé considérable l’impact sanitaire car 56% des intoxiqués étaient analphabètes, 26% ont un niveau d’étude primaire, 15% ont un&nbsp; niveau d’étude secondaire et 3% ont un niveau d’étude post BAC. Les intoxications de ces paysans ont été dues aux expositions cutanées,&nbsp; orales et/ou respiratoires. L’exposition directe s’est traduite d’une part par l’inhalation des produits phytosanitaires pendant&nbsp; ou après l’utilisation des pesticides et d’autre part par la réutilisation des emballages des pesticides après usage. L’exposition indirecte&nbsp; est due à l’intoxication des paysans à proximité des lieux d’épandage.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Study of farmer intoxications due to agricultural pesticides in the department </strong></em><em><strong>of Agboville, Côte d’Ivoire </strong></em></p> <p>Crop yield potential is coupled with the increased use of chemical pesticides, and this use raises questions about the risk to the health of&nbsp; users, those around them, food consumers and the environment. To date, in the department of Agboville, there is no relevant diagnosis&nbsp; of farmers suffering from poisoning problems. The aim of this study was to determine the general symptoms of short-term exposure&nbsp; (intoxication) linked to the use of pesticides in agriculture. The data analysed were collected from five hundred (500) farmers, including&nbsp; 250 men and 250 women. They were classified according to how long they had been farming. Our investigations revealed that the&nbsp; general symptoms that may indicate pesticide poisoning fall into three (3) categories: light poisoning (47.46%), moderate poisoning&nbsp; (44.36%) and serious poisoning (8.18%). Around 40% of those intoxicated showed at least two symptoms of mild, moderate and/or severe&nbsp; intoxication. Men were more intoxicated than women, with 68% of cases observed compared with 32%. The level of education had&nbsp; a considerable influence on the health impact, as 56% of those poisoned were illiterate, 26% had a primary education, 15% had a secondary education and 3% had a post-BAC education. The poisoning of these farmers was due to cutaneous, oral and/or respiratory&nbsp; exposure. Direct exposure resulted from inhalation of plant protection products during or after pesticide use, and from reuse of pesticide&nbsp; packaging after use. Indirect exposure is due to the poisoning of farmers in the vicinity of pesticide spraying sites.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> Rodrigue Kotchi Orou Wolfgang Toussaint Yapo Germaine Adjoua Tanoh Oscar Zahibo Onetie Marina Francine Oye Orou Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 405 413 Dynamique d’une forêt à Aucoumea klaineana P. du littoral de la République du Congo https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274450 <p>Une meilleure connaissance de la composition floristique, la structure et la dynamique des mosaïques forêt/savane du littoral congolais&nbsp; est nécessaire pour apprécier leur résilience face au changement climatique et la pression anthropique d’une part. Et d’autre part, pour&nbsp; la mise en place des politiques de leur gestion durable. La présente étude visait l’appréciation de la dynamique de la forêt à Okoumé (<em>A.&nbsp; klaineana P</em>.) du littoral de la république du Congo dans la période allant de 2008 à 2018. La densité, la surface terrière, la structure&nbsp; diamétrique et la détermination de quelques indices écologiques ont permis d’apprécier la dynamique forestière du dispositif expérimental de Bitsifa. Après une période de dix ans, la densité a diminué de 30 tiges/ha tandis que la surface terrière a augmentée de&nbsp; 2,78 m<sup>2</sup> /ha. Okoumé n’est plus la seule espèce omniprésente dans les placeaux d’observation du dispositif expérimental de Bitsifa.&nbsp; L’indice de similarité de Sorensen a révélé l’existence de deux sous-faciès forestiers au lieu de trois, en allant de la lisière jusqu’à 300 m à&nbsp; l’intérieur du peuplement étudié. En somme, la diminution de la densité et l’augmentation de la surface terrière indiquent une évolution&nbsp; progressive de la forêt de Bitsifa vers un stade mature.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Dynamics of an Aucoumea klaineana P. forest on the coast of the </strong></em><em><strong>Republic of Congo </strong></em></p> <p>A better understanding of the floristic composition, structure and dynamics of forest/savanna mosaics along the Congolese coast is&nbsp; needed to assess their resilience to climate change and human pressure. And secondly, to put in place policies for their sustainable&nbsp; management. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of the Okoumé forest (<em>A. klaineana P.</em>) along the coast of the Republic of&nbsp; Congo from 2008 to 2018. Density, basal area, diameter structure and the determination of a number of ecological indices were used to assess the forest dynamics of the Bitsifa experiment. After ten years, the density has decreased by 30 stems/ha, while the basal area has&nbsp; increased by 2.78 m<sup>2</sup> /ha. Okoumé is no longer the only species omnipresent in the observation plots at the Bitsifa experimental site.&nbsp; Sorensen's similarity index revealed the existence of two forest sub-facies instead of three, from the edge to 300 m inside the stand studied. In short, the decrease in density and the increase in basal area indicate a gradual evolution of the Bitsifa forest towards a mature stage.</p> Yannick Enock Bocko Guy Faller Constant Ganga-Louamba Danielle Rita Ndangani-Mouleho Jean Joel Loumeto Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 414 429 Évaluation de la qualité physico-chimique du lait cru produit et commercialisé à Moundou (Tchad) https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274452 <p>Cette étude menée dans le but d’évaluer la qualité physico-chimique du lait cru produit à Moundou au Tchad a porté sur trente (30)&nbsp; échantillons qui ont été analysés au laboratoire physico-chimie du Centre de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (CECOQDA)&nbsp; de N’Djaména. Le pH a été mesuré au moyen d’un pH-mètre électronique, l’acidité Dornic par titration, la densité au moyen du rapport&nbsp; entre le même volume de lait et de l’eau, les matières grasses par la méthode soxhlet et les protéines par la méthode Kjeldahl. Les&nbsp; résultats ont montré un pH satisfaisant dans 70% de cas avec une valeur moyenne de 6,69, la densité avec une moyenne de 1,019 n’était&nbsp; satisfaisante que dans 6,70% de cas et l’acidité titrable n’a montré aucune satisfaction sur les trente échantillons considérés. La&nbsp; proportion satisfaisante de matières grasses n’était que de 16,70%. Le dosage des protéines était satisfaisant dans 33,33% de cas contre&nbsp; 66,70% d’échantillons qui avaient une teneur faible. Ces résultats d’analyses physico-chimiques compromettant l’innocuité du lait&nbsp; pourraient servir à sensibiliser les acteurs de cette filière en vue d’une amélioration de leur niveau de technicité.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>English title: Evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of raw milk produced and </em></strong><strong><em>marketed in Moundou (Chad)</em></strong></p> <p>This study, carried out to assess the physico-chemical quality of raw milk produced in Moundou, Chad, involved thirty (30) samples which&nbsp; were analyzed at physico-chemical laboratory of Physico-chemistry laboratory of the Food Quality Control Center (CECOQDA). pH was&nbsp; measured using an electronic pH meter, Dornic acidity by titration, density by the ratio of the same volume of milk to water, fat by the&nbsp; soxhlet method and protein by the Kjeldahl method. The results showed a satisfactory pH in 70% of cases, with an average value of 6.69;&nbsp; density, with an average of 1.019, was only satisfactory in 6.70% of cases, and titratable acidity was not satisfactory in any of the thirty&nbsp; samples considered. The satisfactory fat content was only 16.70%. Protein levels were satisfactory in 33.33% of cases, compared with&nbsp; 66.70% of samples with low levels. These results of physico-chemical analyses compromising the safety of milk could be used to raise the&nbsp; awareness of the players in this sector with a view to improving their level of technical expertise.</p> Elysee Gabdibe Gondimo Abdelsalam Adoum Doutoum Alhadj Markhous Nazal Doungous Mahamat Djamalladine Serge N'djekouanodji Abdelsalam Tidjani Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 430 438 Criblage phytochimique et effet de l’extrait aqueux de l’Asthpadose (un phytomédicament utilisé traditionnellement dans le traitement de l’asthme) sur les paramètres biochimiques des rats <i>Wistar</i> https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274429 <p>Asthpadose (remède naturel à base de plantes) est un phytomédicament utilisé dans le traitement traditionnel de l’asthme en Côte&nbsp; d’Ivoire. Malheureusement, les bases scientifiques concernant son innocuité et permettant son utilisation en médecine moderne en Côte&nbsp; d’Ivoire sont méconnues. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’évaluer le screening phytochimique et l’effet de l’extrait aqueux de l’Asthpadose&nbsp; sur certains paramètres biochimiques (ASAT, ALAT, cholestérol total, triglycérides, urée et créatinine) des rats Wistar. L’extrait aqueux a&nbsp; été obtenu par homogénéisation de la poudre d’Asthpadose puis séchage à l’étuve à la température de 55°C. Les résultats obtenus ont&nbsp; révélé la présence de composés bioactifs tels que les alcaloïdes, les terpénoïdes et les polyphénols dans ce phytomédicament. Ils&nbsp; conféreraient des propriétés pharmacologiques à l’extrait aqueux de l’Asthpadose. De plus, ces résultats ont révélé que les prises&nbsp; uniques et quotidiennes de l’extrait aqueux de l’Asthpadose n’ont pas influencé significativement les paramètres biochimiques des&nbsp; animaux testés comparativement aux témoins. Ces résultats montrent ainsi que l’extrait aqueux de l’Asthpadose n’a eu aucun dommage&nbsp; sur certaines fonctions vitales durant la période d’étude.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>English title: Phytochemical screening and effect of aqueous extract of Asthpadose (a phytomedicine traditionally used in the treatment&nbsp; of asthma) on biochemical parameters of Wistar rats</em> </strong></p> <p>Natural herbal remedy, Asthpadose is a phytomedicine used in the traditional treatment of asthma in Côte d'Ivoire. Unfortunately,&nbsp; scientific basis for safety and use in modern medicine in Côte d'Ivoire is poorly understood. The aim of this study to evaluate the&nbsp; phytochemical screening and the effect of the aqueous extract of Asthpadose on biochemical parameters (ASAT, ALAT, total cholesterol,&nbsp; triglycerides, urea and creatinine) of Wistar rats. The aqueous extract was obtained by homogenizing the Asthpadose powder and at&nbsp; 55°C. The results revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids and polyphenols in this phytomedicine.&nbsp; They confer pharmacological properties the aqueous extract of Asthpadose. In addition, these results that doses of the aqueous extract&nbsp; of Asthpadose did not significantly the biochemical parameters of test animals compared with controls. These results show that the&nbsp; aqueous extract of Asthpadose did not any damage to certain functions of vital during the study period.&nbsp;</p> Leonce Guy Baibo Bognan Alfred Auguste Jacques Ackah Moussa Gbogbo Guillaume Yapi Yaye Pacome Abba Obouayeba Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 439 450 Formulation en cristaux du sel extrait des résidus végétaux à faible valeur commerciale au Congo https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274631 <p>Le sel végétal joue un rôle capital pour l’organisme humain. Les techniques empiriques d’obtention de ce sel, posent un problème pour&nbsp; parvenir à un produit fini destiné à être utilisé en cuisine. L’étude visait à formuler en cristaux par la méthode traditionnelle, du sel&nbsp; végétal issu du filtrat de cendres des plantes utilisées au Congo. Les cendres des pelures du plantain, des amandes du palmier raphia,&nbsp; des régimes du palmier à huile, du sésame et de la jacinthe d’eau ont été obtenues après séchage et incinération à l’air libre pendant&nbsp; cinq (5) heures jusqu’à l’obtention de la cendre. Les filtrats ont été extraits après lavage des cendres à l’eau de robinet. Le sel végétal&nbsp; résultait après évaporation d’eau pendant quatre heures. Le taux d’extraction du sel a été déterminé après cristallisation des filtrats. La&nbsp; masse plus élevée (1,72g) du sel végétal a été enregistrée des feuilles de jacinthe d’eau. Il a été noté la plus faible masse (1,48g) avec les&nbsp; amandes du palmier raphia. Le taux d’extraction de 54,69% et 44,93% a été enregistré sur les filtrats de cendres de la hampe du plantain&nbsp; et amandes du palmier raphia. Le taux d’extraction du sel végétal du filtrat de cendres du bananier plantain a été plus important&nbsp; comparé à ceux enregistrés chez les autres végétaux.</p> <p><strong><em>English title: Crystal formulation of salt extracted from plant residues of low commercial </em></strong><strong><em>value in Congo</em></strong></p> <p>Vegetable salt play a capital role in the human body. However, their manufacturing methods leading to the final product to be used in&nbsp; cooking is still not well mastered. Thus, this work aimed to formulate vegetable salt crystals using the traditional method, from the ash&nbsp; filtrate of plants used in the Congo. The ashes have been obtained after drying as incineration in the open air for 5 hours until ashes are&nbsp; obtained of plantain’s skeen, stones of palm tree raffia, oil palm regime, sesame leaves and water hyacinth leaves. The ash filtrates were&nbsp; extracted after washing of the ashes with tap water. The salt was obtained after evaporation of water for four (4) hours. The extraction&nbsp; rate of the vegetable salt was determined after crystallisation of the filtrates. The highest salt mass (1.72 g) was obtained with the leaves&nbsp; of water hyacinth and the smallest mass of 1.48g was obtained with stones of the raffia palm. The extraction rates of the vegetable salt of&nbsp; 54.69% and 44.93% were recorded with the ashes filtrate of the plantain Banana’s peduncle and stone of palm tree raffia respectively.&nbsp; The extraction rate of vegetable salt from the plantain banana ashes filtrates has been more important than those recorded in other&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; plants.</p> Joseph Mpika Armani Bakala Gambou Josiane Nelly Niebi Awah-Lekaka Attibayeba Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 451 462 Etat des lieux des pratiques de stockage et de conservation du maïs après la récolte et leur impact sur la qualité du produit au Burkina Faso https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274433 <p>La dégradation de la qualité du maïs à certaines périodes de l’année entraine une baisse de celle des aliments fabriqués pour volaille au&nbsp; Burkina Faso. Le principal facteur indexé renvoie aux mauvaises conditions de stockage et de conservation. Cette étude avait pour objet&nbsp; de contribuer à l’amélioration de la préservation de la qualité du maïs post récolte au Burkina Faso. La démarche méthodologique a&nbsp; consisté à la réalisation d’une enquête et d’analyse d’échantillons de maïs. L’enquête a touché 320 producteurs de maïs. Les qualités&nbsp; sanitaires et physiques de 125 échantillons de maïs ont été analysées. Les résultats de l’enquête ont montré que 49% stockent leur maïs&nbsp; dans des magasins, 26% dans des greniers et 25% dans des maisons d’habitation. L’analyse de la qualité des grains a révélé des taux&nbsp; moyens de présence des grains moisis de 0,65 %, d’humidité de 11,81%, d’impuretés de 0,65%, d’hétérogénéité de 4,27% et une&nbsp; contamination à l’aflatoxine de 28,34 µg/kg. Cette étude a donc mis en évidence des nombreuses insuffisances en matière de&nbsp; conservation du maïs. Cependant, le taux d’humidité du maïs en conservation enregistré s’avère conforme aux normes. A contrario, les&nbsp; autres paramètres sont relativement éloignés des normes.</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Post-harvest maize storage and preservation practices and their&nbsp; impact on </strong></em><em><strong>product quality in Burkina Faso <br></strong></em></p> <p>The deterioration in maize quality at certain times of the year has led to a drop in the quality of poultry feed in Burkina Faso. The main&nbsp; factor identified is poor storage and preservation conditions. The aim of this study was to contribute to improving the preservation of&nbsp; post-harvest maize quality in Burkina Faso. The methodological approach involved a survey and analysis of maize samples. The survey&nbsp; involved 320 maize producers. The sanitary and physical qualities of 125 maize samples were analyzed. The results of the survey showed&nbsp; that 49% store their maize in warehouses, 26% in granaries and 25% in dwellings. Analysis of grain quality revealed average levels of&nbsp; moldy kernels of 0.65%, moisture of 11.81%, impurities of 0.65%, heterogeneity of 4.27% and aflatoxin contamination of 28.34 µg/kg. The&nbsp; study therefore revealed numerous shortcomings in corn preservation. However, the recorded moisture content of maize in storage&nbsp; complied with standards. On the other hand, the other parameters are relatively far from standards.&nbsp; </p> Rene T. Zongo Andre Kiema Seydou Ouattara Andre Zongo4 Valerie M. C. Bougouma Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 463 475 Contribution of corporate capital structure on compliance to forestry law in Cameroon https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274634 <p>The need to understand the persistence of unsustainable forest logging within existing titles can provide ample knowledge on this&nbsp; practice, hence setting a reference base required to design appropriate strategy to counter illegal logging practices. The main objective&nbsp; of this research was to model algorithms to determine the overall effect of corporate capital structure on the compliance to forestry law&nbsp; by quoted logging companies in Cameroon. Primary and secondary data used for the research was collected directly from 40 logging&nbsp; companies found in the Lom and Djerem, Ocean and Upper Sanaga Divisions. Data collected from secured documents on species logged&nbsp; and volume, corporate data on debt rates, equity, company age and size were all obtained during interviews with responsible personnel.&nbsp; Information on logging offenses and their frequency of occurrence was btained from both the centralized and decentralized services of&nbsp; the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Other existing research documents from other stakeholders were exploited. Collected data was&nbsp; entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using R. Capital structure is observed to significantly influence sustainable forest&nbsp;&nbsp; management performance in the Cameroonian forest logging industry at a 0.01 level of significance.</p> Charles Ndifon Nchacham Elvire Biye Charly Tchapda Kenneth Bah Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 476 495 Influence des facteurs non génétiques sur les performances de reproduction des ovins Djallonké en milieu villageois dans le département du pool, République du Congo https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274434 <p>Cette étude était réalisée dans le but d’évaluer l’influence des facteurs non génétiques sur les performances de reproduction des brebis&nbsp; de race Djallonké dans le département du pool district d’Ignié en milieu paysan. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les intervalles&nbsp; entre agnelage étaient réduits chez les multipares (208,15± 20,65 et 194,22 ± 30,76) contre 224,25 ± 33,85 pour les brebis primipares. Ces&nbsp; deux paramètres semblent être améliorés avec la saison. La taille de la portée à la naissance et au sevrage évolue avec l’âge des mères.&nbsp; Elle était de 1,02±0,19 chez les brebis de 1 à 2 ans et de 1,29±0,61 et 1,51±0,29 respectivement pour les brebis de 3 à 4 ans et 5 et plus.&nbsp; Elles étaient meilleures en saison des pluies qu’en saison sèche. Le facteur âge des mères a influencé le poids à la naissance et au&nbsp; sevrage. Il semblait être meilleur chez les mères les plus âgées par rapport aux moins âgées (1 à 2 ans). Ces poids étaient différents&nbsp; pendant la saison des pluies et la saison sèche. Les mères de 2 ans accusaient une fécondité et fertilité respectivement de 112,13% et 49%&nbsp; contre 148,85% et 71% pour les mères de 5ans et plus. La fécondité et la fertilité affichaient 149,71 et 70% en saison des pluies contre&nbsp; 147,06 et 65% en saison sèche. La productivité numérique évoluait avec l’âge des mères, partant de 1,09±0,28 chez les jeunes&nbsp; mères pour 1,61±0,47 pour les plus âgées. Elle était meilleure en saison des pluies qu’en saison sèche.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Influence of non-genetic factors on the reproductive performance of Djallonke sheep in a village environment in the pool department</strong></em></p> <p>This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the influence of non-genetic factors on the reproductive performance of Djallonké&nbsp; sheep in the pool district of Ignié in a farming environment. The results obtained showed that the intervals between lambing were&nbsp; reduced in multiparous ewes (208.15 ± 20.65 and 194.22 ± 30.76) compared to 224.25 ± 33.85 for primiparous ewes. These two parameters&nbsp; seem to improve with the season. The size of the litter at birth and at weaning changes with the age of the mothers. It was&nbsp; 1.02±0.19 in ewes aged 1-2 years and 1.29±0.61 and 1.51±0.29 respectively for ewes aged 3 to 4 and 5 and over. They were better in the&nbsp; rainy season than in the dry season. The age factor of the mothers influenced the weight at birth and at weaning. It seemed to be better&nbsp; in older mothers compared to younger mothers (1 to 2 years). These weights were different during the rainy season and the dry season.&nbsp; Mothers aged 2 years had fertility and fertility respectively of 112.13% and 49% compared to 148.85% and 71% for mothers aged 5 and&nbsp; over. Fertility and fertility showed 149.71 and 70% in the rainy season compared to 147.06 and 65% in the dry season. Numerical productivity evolved with the age of mothers, starting from 1.09±0.28 among young mothers to 1.61±0.47 for the oldest. It was better in&nbsp; the rainy season than in the dry season.&nbsp;</p> Richard Mabeki Missoko Jonas Alexis Ognika Cherita Dora Ekou Parisse Akouango Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 496 506 Veterinary medicines in Togo: legislation and distribution channels for antibiotics used in poultry https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274435 <p>The poultry farming sector contributes enormously to the satisfaction of the needs of the Togolese population in meat products. One of&nbsp; the inputs to the development of this poultry industry is the use of antibiotics to combat sanitary constraints in the farms. Legislation on&nbsp; Veterinary Drugs (VD) and quality assurance of these products is therefore an essential factor for the poultry sector. In Togo, little surveys&nbsp; have yet evaluated the distribution circuit of VD, the quality and quantities of antibiotics used in the poultry sector. The objective&nbsp; of this study was to describe the official VD distribution system and to evaluate the quality and quantity of antibiotics distributed through&nbsp; this system by means of marketing authorizations (MAs) and the turnovers of VD wholesalers. The study approach consisted of direct&nbsp; interviews with officials from the Livestock Directorate to describe the official VD circuit and the legislative texts governing this&nbsp; distribution. On the other hand, surveys were conducted among professional wholesalers of VD in Togo to evaluate the turnover of&nbsp; antibiotics consumed and the availability or not of MAs for antibiotics. Excel software was used to collect and analyze the data. This study&nbsp; took place from September 2nd to September 22nd, 2022. The study revealed that the VD in Togo is governed mainly by decrees and&nbsp; orders. There are two parallel markets. The players involved in this official circuit are wholesale distributors, retailers, and representatives&nbsp; of pharmaceutical companies. All the VD distributed by these players in the official circuit comes from imports. There are&nbsp; eight VD wholesalers in Togo. The most imported drugs are antibiotics. The illicit market constitutes a significant non negligible&nbsp; competitive market. The share of drugs from Asia is significant because it is cheaper. The monetary value for the purchase of VDs in Togo&nbsp; was estimated at 7,080,704,605 FCFA from 2018 to 2021. It was observed also that the most used antibiotics are in solid form,&nbsp; especially in poultry. The solid antibiotic mostly used in farms (16780520 Kilograms (kg)) as well as in poultry (9229286 kg) is penicillin G&nbsp; while in the liquid form, oxytetracycline is the widely used with 1216.05 liters (l) for poultry farming out of 2211 liters for all animal farms.&nbsp; A significant proportion of VDs comes from the official circuit but does not have a marketing authorization. This is mainly due to the lack&nbsp; of strict enforcement of the regulations. It is therefore important to review the quality of the regulations on the distribution of VD, which&nbsp; will benefit the consumer of poultry products in Togo.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Priscilla Bele Tcheou Andre Pouwedeou Bedekelabou Essodina Talaki Mounerou Salou Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 507 523 Etude morphologique de 140 cultivars de manioc dans l’ex- Province Orientale en Republique Democratique du Congo https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274436 <p>La présente étude a analysé la diversité morphologique des cultivars de manioc dans de différentes zones agroécologiques de l’ex- Province Orientale en RD Congo sur base de 11 descripteurs. Les 140 cultivars de manioc morphologiquement identifiés sont répartis&nbsp; dans la Tshopo (57), le Bas–Uele (44), le Haut-Uele (27) et l’Ituri (12). L’analyse descriptive des caractères qualitatifs a révélé un&nbsp; polymorphisme phénotypique utile pour la création des variétés améliorées. Les différents cultivars de manioc ont été de couleurs des&nbsp; feuilles apicales variées allant de vert sombre (55/140), vert clair (40/140), pourpre (38/140) à vert pourpre (7/140). Les couleurs de&nbsp; nervures ont été vert (69/140), rouge (17/140), pourpre (10/140), vpmf (35/140), Rpmf (9/140). Les couleurs de pétiole ont varié de rouge,&nbsp; vert rougeâtre, pourpre à vert. Les cultivars portant des feuilles à lobes ovoïdes lancéolées ont été prédominants. La contribution des composantes principales CI et CII à la variation totale a été de 98,64%, à l’aide d’une analyse factorielle discriminante. La classification&nbsp; Ascendante Hiérarchique réalisée sur base de coefficient de similarité a permis de structurer ces accessions en 3 groupes de diversité morphologique. Le troisième groupe était similaire au deuxième avec 71% et les deux étaient similaires au premier groupe avec 36%.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Morphological study of 140 cultivars of cassava within ex-Oriental Province in</strong></em> <em><strong>the Democratic Republic of Congo</strong></em></p> <p>This study analyzed the morphological diversity of cassava cultivars in different agroecological zones of the former Orientale Province in&nbsp; DR Congo on the basis of 11 descriptors. The 140 morphologically identified cassava cultivars were distributed in Tshopo (57), Bas-Uele&nbsp; (44), Haut-Uele (27) and Ituri (12). Descriptive analysis of qualitative characteristics revealed a phenotypic polymorphism useful for the&nbsp; creation of improved varieties. The different cassava cultivars varied in apical leaf colour from dark green (55/140), light green (40/140),&nbsp; purple (38/140) to purple green (7/140). Vein colours were green (69/140), red (17/140), purple (10/140), vpmf (35/140), Rpmf (9/140).&nbsp; Petiole colours varied from red, reddish green, purple to green. Cultivars with ovate lanceolate lobed leaves were predominant. The&nbsp; contribution of the CI and CII principal components to the total variation was 98.64%, using discriminant factor analysis (DFA) performed&nbsp; on the variables. Hierarchical ascending classification based on similarity coefficients was used to structure the accessions into 3 morphological diversity groups. The third group was similar to cultivars of the second group by 71% and both were similar to the first&nbsp; group by 36%.&nbsp;</p> Lydie Empata Olivier Likiti Jean-Claude Bulonza Benjamin Dowiya Godefroid Monde Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 524 540 Incidence du paludisme et la résistance d’<i>Anopheles gambiae s.l</i> principal vecteur du paludisme en Côte d’Ivoire : corrélation et mécanismes de résistance dans trois localités à faible et forte incidence du paludisme https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274437 <p>Le niveau de résistance d’Anopheles gambiae aux insecticides augmente en Côte d’Ivoire. Est-ce liée à l’augmentation de l’incidence du&nbsp; paludisme ? Cette étude avait pour objectif d’identifier la corrélation entre l’augmentation de l’incidence dans les zones à forte incidence&nbsp; et la résistance des anophèles aux insecticides. Premièrement, les anophèles ont été soumis au test de sensibilité en tube, des taux de&nbsp; mortalité ont été comparés à la valeur standard de l’OMS. Ensuite, nous avons recherché des mécanismes de résistance par des tests de biologie moléculaire. Il ressort des travaux que Anopheles gambiae s.l était résistant à presque tous les insecticides sauf le pirimiphos- méthyl 0,25%, l’alpha cyperméthrine 0,05% et la lambda-cyhalothrine 0,05%. Les mutations de cibles Kdr L1014F et Ace-1R G119S ont été&nbsp; enregistrées avec des fréquences alléliques variant entre 0,34 et 0,66 pour la mutation Kdr L1014F et entre 0,45 et 0,55 pour la mutation&nbsp; Ace-1<sup>R</sup>G119S. Le Test de Kruskal-Wallis a mesuré un p-value à 0,0242 pour chaque insecticide au seuil critique de 5%. On a conclu qu’il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre l’incidence élevé du paludisme et l’augmentation de la résistance d’<em>Anopheles gambiae s.l</em> aux insecticides.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Malaria incidence and resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l, the main vector of </strong></em><em><strong>malaria in Côte d’Ivoire: Correlation and&nbsp; resistance mechanisms in three </strong></em><em><strong>localities with low and high incidence of malaria</strong></em></p> <p>The level of resistance of Anopheles gambiae to insecticides is increasing in Côte d’Ivoire. Is this linked to the increase in the incidence of&nbsp; malaria? This study aimed to identify the correlation between the increase in incidence in high incidence areas and the resistance of&nbsp; Anopheles to insecticides. First, the Anophelines were subjected to the tube susceptibility test, mortality rates were compared to the WHO&nbsp; standard value. Next, we looked for resistance mechanisms using molecular biology tests. The work showed that <em>Anopheles gambiae s.l </em>was resistant to almost all insecticides except pirimiphos-methyl 0.25%, alpha cypermethrin 0.05% and lambdacyhalothrin&nbsp; 0.05%. The Kdr L1014F and Ace-1 <sup>R</sup> G119S target mutations were recorded with allele frequencies varying between 0.34 and 0.66 for the&nbsp; Kdr L1014F mutation and between 0.45 and 0.55 for the Ace<sup>-1</sup> <sup>R</sup> and G119S mutation. The Kruskal-Wallis Test measured a p-value at&nbsp; 0.0242 for each insecticide at the critical threshold of 5%. It was concluded that there was no significant difference between the high&nbsp; incidence of malaria and the increased resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l to insecticides.&nbsp;</p> Konan Serge Pacome Loukou Mahama Toure Salifou Kone Yapi Gregoire Yapi Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 541 554 Biomarkers and contaminants in the bivalve <i>Perna perna</i> caged in coastal sites in Senegal https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274481 <p>There is a scarcity of model species for contaminant monitoring in Africa meanwhile several studies have reported cases of pollution by&nbsp; numerous chemical contaminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of one possible model species, the filter-feeding coastal&nbsp; bivalve <em>Perna perna</em>, for contaminant monitoring. <em>P. perna</em> collected from an unpolluted area of the Senegalese coast were transplanted&nbsp; to the Dakar harbour and to a reference location in the open coast in the vicinity of Dakar. Mussels were retrieved after four weeks’&nbsp; deployment and either analysed immediately or allowed to depurate for another four weeks. Mussels were analysed for biomarkers&nbsp; (selected transcripts and cellular responses) in gills and digestive gland (hepatopancreas), as well as for whole body residues of polycyclic&nbsp; aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. Mussels held in the harbour had accumulated both PAHs and the metals Pb, Cu and&nbsp; Se. Transcripts of biotransformation enzymes were downregulated whereas transcripts for antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in&nbsp; the gills compared to those of mussels held at the reference location. Digestive gland acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase&nbsp; enzymatic activities were decreased compared to mussels from the reference location. Following depuration, gill transcripts had returned&nbsp; to baseline level except for gill glutathione S-transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, which decreased.&nbsp;&nbsp; Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was less prominent following depuration, but still significantly inhibited. The results suggest that caging of&nbsp; <em>P. perna</em> and measurement of selected biomarkers can be used to monitor effects of coastal environmental contamination.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> Fatou Tabane Diabou Diagne Doudou Georges Niang Fabrice Cazier Dorothee Dewaele Nafissatou Leye Ketil Hylland Cheikh Diop Mathilde Cabral Cheikh Tidiane Ba Mamadou Fall Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 555 570 Evaluation Technico-financière de l’embouche bovine en zone forestière au Cameroun https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274438 <p>Du 23 novembre 2021 au 23 février 2022, une étude expérimentale d’embouche s’est déroulée au sein de l’Ecole Pratique de Binguela&nbsp; (EPAB) dans la Région du Centre au Cameroun. 40 taureaux de race Goudali de 2 à 3 ans ont été répartis en Lot témoin L0 (10 sujets) et&nbsp; lots expérimentaux (L1 et L2 de 15 sujets). Trois rations constituées uniquement de Pennisetum purpureum pour le lot L0, de Pennisetum&nbsp; et d’une supplémentation sans son de blé pour le lot L1 et avec son de blé pour le lot L2 ont été distribuées aux sujets pendant 90 jours. A l’issue de l’expérimentation, un Gain de poids moyen de 74,94±13,11 kg, 102,17±18,49 kg et 116,03±17,66 kg pour un&nbsp; Indice de consommation 21,99±25,09 ; 9,60±5,35 et 8,04±3,38 ont été obtenus pour L0, L1 et L3.Sur le plan financier, la réalisation de&nbsp; l’embouche a nécessité la mobilisation de 546483,33±83123,24 FCFA ; 1436620,83±318522,40 FCFA ; 1490620,83±338776,76 FCFA&nbsp; respectivement pour L, L1 et L2 et permis dans le même ordre de générer une marge bénéficiaire par animal de 71812,96±6594,69 FCFA, 109651,94±18 057,62 FCFA et 108998,61±19629,58 FCFA. Une différence significative (p&lt;0,05) a été observée pour les paramètres&nbsp; zootechniques et financiers entre les lots expérimentaux et le Lot témoin, ce dernier ayant une meilleure rentabilité.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Technical and financial evaluation of cattle fattening in forest area in </strong></em><em><strong>Cameroon&nbsp;</strong></em></p> <p>From November 23, 2021 to February 23, 2022, an experimental fattening study took place at the Binguela Practical School (EPAB) in the&nbsp; Center Region of Cameroon. 40 Goudali bulls aged of 2 to 3 years were divided into control batch L0 (10 subjects) and experimental&nbsp; batches (L1 and L2 of 15 subjects). Three rations consisting only of Pennisetum purpureum for batch L0, Pennisetum and&nbsp; supplementation without wheat bran for batch L1 and with wheat bran for batch L2 were distributed to the subjects for 90 days. At the&nbsp; end of the experiment, an average weight gain of 74.94±13.11 kg, 102.17±18.49 kg and 116.03±17.66k g for a consumption index of&nbsp; 21.99±25.09; 9.60±5.35 and 8.04±3.38 were obtained respectively for L0, L1 and L3. Financially, carrying out the fattening required the&nbsp; mobilization of 546 483.33±83 123.24 FCFA; 1 436 620.83±318 522.40 FCFA; 1 490 620.83±338 776.76 FCFA respectively for L0, L1 and L2. The&nbsp; activity generated a profit margin per animal of 71 812.96±6 594.69 FCFA, 109 651.94±18 057.62 FCFA and 108 998.61±19 629.58 FCFA.&nbsp; A significant difference (p&lt;0.05) was observed for all the zootechnical and financial parameters between the experimental batches and&nbsp; the control batch, the latter having better profitability.</p> Patrick Freddy Bouli Osoe Ngah Ornella Sokeng Kana Arnaud Blaise Touko Hako Nihi Housseini Denis Koutou Koulagna Lucien Dieudonne Bitom Gregoire Messi Amougou Pierre Gado Babio Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 571 580 Effets de trois sources alimentaires sur la qualité du milieu et les performances zootechniques du tilapia <i>Sarotherodon melanotheron</i> (Rüppel, 1852) en étangs piscicoles (Côte d’Ivoire) https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274439 <p>L’usage d’aliment commercial s’est largement répandu dans les fermes piscicoles ivoiriennes, mais cette alimentation a montré ses&nbsp; limites chez certaines espèces comme le tilapia <em>Sarotherodon melanotheron</em>. Ainsi cette étude visait à comparer l’effet d’un aliment&nbsp; commercial et de deux aliments naturels sur la qualité du milieu et les performances de croissance du tilapia S. melanotheron. Pour ce&nbsp; faire, le son de riz utilisé comme aliment-fertilisant (source 1) et les périphytons (source 2) produits à partir des tiges de bambous ainsi qu’un aliment commercial (source 3) ont été utilisés pour nourrir des juvéniles de <em>S. melanotheron</em> en étangs durant 120 jours. Les&nbsp; résultats ont montré une diminution significative du taux d’oxygène dissous dans les étangs contenant les tiges de bambous (3,36 mg/L)&nbsp; et le son de riz (4,61 mg/L) par rapport aux étangs contenant l’aliment commercial (6,23 mg/L). Au niveau de la croissance, les résultats&nbsp; ont montré une meilleure croissance des poissons nourris avec l’aliment commercial (Gain Moyen Quotidien = 0,71 g/j) par rapport aux<br>poissons soumis au son de riz (GMQ = 0,45 g/j) et aux périphytons (GMQ = 0,38 g/j). En conclusion, on peut estimer que les sources&nbsp; naturelles provoquent une concurrence dans la consommation de l’oxygène du milieu entre les poissons et les matières organiques&nbsp; entrainant ainsi une faible croissance des poissons.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Effects of three food sources on the quality of environment and zootechnical </strong></em><em><strong>performance of tilapia Sarotherodon&nbsp; melanotheron (Rüppel, 1852) in fish </strong></em><em><strong>ponds (Côte d’Ivoire)</strong></em></p> <p>The use of commercial feed has become widespread in Ivorian fish farms, but this feed has shown its limits in a few species such as&nbsp; tilapia <em>Sarotherodon melanotheron</em>. This study aimed at comparing the effect of a commercial food and two natural foods on the quality&nbsp; of environment and the growth performance of tilapia <em>S. melanotheron</em>. Thus, rice bran used as a fertilizer food (source 1) and&nbsp; periphytons (source 2) produced from bamboo stems as well as commercial food (source 3) were used to feed juveniles of <em>S.&nbsp; melanotheron</em> in ponds for 120 days. The results showed a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen levels in ponds containing bamboo stems (3.36 mg/L) and rice bran (4.61 mg/L) compared to ponds containing commercial food (6.23 mg/L). in terms of growth, the results&nbsp; showed better growth of fish fed with commercial food (Dailly Weight Gain = 0.71 g/d) compared to fish fed rice (DWG = 0.45 g/d) and&nbsp; periphytons (DWG = 0.38 g/d). In conclusion, the natural foods cause competition in the consumption of oxygen in the environment, thus&nbsp; leading to poor fish growth.</p> Soumaila Konate Gopeyue Maurice Yeo Tra Florent Goure Bi Nahoua Issa Ouattara Melecony Celestin Ble Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 581 592 Couverture, acceptabilité et tolérance à la sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine plus amodiaquine en implémentation pilote de la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier à Koutiala au Mali https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274441 <p>Depuis la recommandation de la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier en 2012 par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, le Mali a&nbsp; adopté dans la même année en l’implémentant dans le district sanitaire de Koutiala. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évalué la couverture,&nbsp; l’acceptabilité et la tolérance de la stratégie en phase pilote à l’échelle d’un district sanitaire. Nous avons fait un sondage&nbsp; d’opinion en deux passages transversaux en Août et Octobre 2012 à une semaine d’intervalle chez les enfants âgés de 3-59 mois. L’échantillon était aléatoire, composé de 30 grappes de 32 ménages chacun avec une stratification au second degré, village et ménage.&nbsp; Au total, l’enquête a porté sur 1488 enfants de 1007 ménages dont 91,2% des interviewés étaient les mères. Le taux de couverture&nbsp; globale utilisant deux sources (parents et Carte-CPS) était de 64,6% et 76,4%; respectivement. Il était statistiquement different entre la&nbsp; zone rurale (72% versus 87%) et la zone urbaine (41% versus 50%); p&lt;0,001, respectivement. La perception des parents etait positive dans&nbsp; 94.4% des cas. Aucun effet indesirable sérieux n’a été documenté. Cependant, quelques effets mineurs ont été enregistrés dont la&nbsp; diarrhée (5,3%), le prurit (1,6%) et la somnolence (1,5%). Le taux de couverture de la CPS était élevé dans le district sanitaire de Koutiala et&nbsp; les médicaments étaient bien tolérés et acceptés par la population d’etude.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Coverage, acceptability and tolerance of&nbsp; sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus </strong></em><em><strong>amodiaquine in pilot implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in </strong></em><em><strong>Koutiala, Mali </strong></em></p> <p>Since the&nbsp; recommendation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in 2012 by the World Health Organization, Mali adopted it the same year by&nbsp; implementing in the health district of Koutiala. The objective of this study was to assess the coverage, acceptability and tolerance of the&nbsp; drugs to this strategy at the district level. We carried out an opinion poll through two cross-sections in August and October 2012 one&nbsp; week apart among children aged to 3-59 months. We randomized 30 clusters with 32 housholds each to the second-degree stratification,&nbsp; village and household. In all, survey focused on 1488 children from 1007 households which 91.2% of those interviewed were mothers.&nbsp; Globaly, the coverage rate using two sources (parents and SMC-Card) was 64,6% and 76,4%, respectively. This rate was statistically&nbsp; significant in rural (87% and 72%) than urban (41% and 50%) areas; respectively, p &lt;0.001. A parent’s perception on SMC was positive in&nbsp; 94.4% of cases. No case of serious adverse event has been documented. However, some minor effects were recorded including diarrhea (5.3%), pruritus (1.6%) and drowsiness (1.5%). Seasonal malaria chemoprevention has a high coverage in the health district of Koutiala&nbsp; and the drugs were well tolerated and accepted by the study population.&nbsp;</p> Hamma Maiga Modibo Diarra Samba Coumare Boubou Sangare Yeyia Dicko Aly Tembely Djibril Traore Alassane Dicko Ogobara Doumbo Abdoulaye Djimde Issaka Sagara Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 593 602 Groundnut field infestation in different pedoclimatic sites by the peanut beetle, <i>Caryedon serratus</i> (Olivier) and conducted losses https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274636 <p>Groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogea L</em>.), used for direct consumption and cooking oil in several African countries, suffers tremendous losses&nbsp; during storage due to pests. The main pest of groundnut under prolonged storage in tropical countries is the peanut beetle, <em>Caryedon&nbsp; serratus (Olivier) (Coleoptera; Bruchidae)</em>. The present study aimed at (1) assessing the variability of field pods infestation by <em>C. serratus</em>&nbsp; on sites of different pedoclimatic conditions and at (2) evaluating the losses in laboratory storage. Groundnut pod samples were collected&nbsp; in six sites of Senegalese groundnut main farming areas (Bambey, Sandiara, Kaffrine, Coki, Keur Baka and Keur Ayib), and&nbsp; placed in glass jars (5 L) aerate with lid mesh (2 mm) and brought to laboratory. Number of eggs, insect progeny, emerged insects’&nbsp; weight, survival rate, percentage of attacked kernels and weight loss were assessed and confronted among different sampling sites (field&nbsp; soil pH and moisture content, and photoperiodicity). The results showed a presence of groundnut bruchid in all sites, with significant&nbsp; variations of eggs on pods during the drying period across the sites. These variations in field infestation can be explained by several&nbsp; factors such as cultural practices and field environmental factors which varied greatly between the sites. Considering these factors and&nbsp; our preliminary results, this study suggests to dry the groundnuts furthest possible from the beetle hosts trees (wild hosts&nbsp; Cesalpinaceae) and shorten the pod exposure time in field as much as possible, in order to control this preharvest infestation and reduce&nbsp; groundnut storage losses.&nbsp;</p> Bocar Diop Dethie Ngom Saliou Ngom Aminata Gningue Cheikh Thiaw Mbacke Sembene Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 603 613 Caractérisation des chaînes de valeur et des marchés des cultures négligées et sous-utilisées à l’Ouest du Niger: cas de patate douce, manioc, moringa, gombo, oseille et voandzou https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274453 <p>En Afrique de l’Ouest, le niveau alarmant de l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle et la pauvreté explique la défaillance des systèmes&nbsp; agricoles et alimentaires. Les cultures négligées et sous utilisées représentent une opportunité pour inverser cette tendance. La présente&nbsp; étude se focalisait sur six cultures comprenant les tubercules, les légumes et les légumineuses : le manioc, la patate douce, le&nbsp; moringa, l'oseille de Guinée, le gombo et le voandzou. L’objectif était d’examiner la cartographie et l’organisation des acteurs, les&nbsp; caractéristiques des marchés, les goulots d’étranglement et les opportunités. La méthodologie s’est basée sur l'évaluation rapide de marché (ERM). Nous avons réalisé entre mars et octobre 2022 des entretiens auprès de 608 acteurs et des observations directes. Les&nbsp; données ont suivi une analyse fonctionnelle, économique et environnementale. Les résultats ont montré que ces cultures fournissaient&nbsp; une diversité des produits notamment des tubercules pour la patate douce et le manioc, des feuilles pour le moringa et l'oseille, des&nbsp; fruits pour le gombo et l'oseille et des graines pour le voandzou. Les femmes dominaient la production de voandzou, gombo et moringa.&nbsp; Elles monopolisaient la transformation et les hommes accaparaient la commercialisation de toutes les cultures. Les préférences des&nbsp; femmes portaient sur le moringa, l’oseille de Guinée et la patate douce. Le marché de ces cultures est prometteur en raison de la&nbsp; demande croissante. Même si les chaînes de valeur sont rentables, les producteurs et les transformateurs sont faiblement avantageux.&nbsp; Tenant compte des opportunités et des contraintes, des recommandations sont proposées pour améliorer la compétitivité et la durabilité&nbsp; de ces chaînes de valeur.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em><strong>English title: Value chains and markets characterization for neglected and underutilized </strong></em><em><strong>crops in Western Niger: case of sweet potato,&nbsp; cassava, moringa, okra, Guinea </strong></em><em><strong>sorrel and bambara groundnut</strong></em></p> <p>In West Africa, the alarming levels of food and nutrition insecurity compounded by poverty explain the failure of agricultural and food&nbsp; systems. Neglected and underutilized crops represent an opportunity to reverse this trend. This study focused on six crops including&nbsp; tubers, vegetables and legumes: cassava, sweet potato, moringa, Guinea sorrel, okra and bambara groundnut. The objective was to map&nbsp; and study the organization of actors, market characteristics, bottlenecks and opportunities. The methodology was based on Rapid Market Assessment (RMA). Between March and October 2022, interviews were carried out with 608 stakeholders and direct observations made.&nbsp; Data were used in a functional, economic and environmental analysis. Results showed that these crops provided a diversity of products&nbsp; including tubers for sweet potato and cassava, leaves for moringa and Guinea sorrel, fruits for okra and sorrel and seeds for bambara&nbsp; groundnut. Women dominated the production of bambara groundnut, okra and moringa. They monopolized the processing and men&nbsp; monopolized the marketing of all crops. Women's preferences were for moringa, sorrel and sweet potato. The market for these crops is promising due to the growing demand. Producers and processors benefit less in value chains. Taking into account opportunities and&nbsp; constraints, recommendations are proposed to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of these value chains</p> Issoufou Oumarou Haladou Eleonora De Falcis Fanta Reine Sheirita Tietiambou Francesca Grazioli Teresa Borelli Abdel Kader Naino Jika Gloria Otieno Gaia Lochetti Filippo Acasto Andrea Ghione Patrizia Pugliese Marie Reine Bteich Roberta Callieris Gianluigi Cardone Hamid El Bilali Maria Gonnella Antonio Moretti Nicola Calabrese Iro Dan Guimbo Lawali Dambo Jacques Nanema Ali Badara Diawara Bassirou Nouhou Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 614 632 Diversity, Length-weight structure and Condition Factor of fish species and physicochemical changes in four reservoirs in Volta basin, Burkina Faso https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274458 <p>The human activities combined to global warming negatively impact aquatic ecosystems mainly in the areas with high human density.&nbsp; This study was undertaken to determine fish diversity and environmental parameters in four reservoirs in Volta basin of Burkina Faso. To&nbsp; do so, from May to June 2020 were collected and identified as species, and the physicochemical variables measured. Thirty (30) fish&nbsp; species were identified in these reservoirs during the research and 601 individuals of three Cichlids species (<em>Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus </em>and<em> Coptodon zillii</em>) were measured for total length and weight. Samendéni reservoir shows the betted physico- chemical conditions: a high value of Transparency (&gt;165 cm) and a low value of Nitrate (0 mg.L<sup>-1</sup>). By contrast, the other sites like&nbsp; Koubri_AB seem to be influenced mostly by anthropogenic pressures; therefore they show a low value of Transparency (&lt; 15 cm) and a&nbsp; high concentration for Nitrate (8.7 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> ), characterizing the presence of human activities. The allometric results of growth, except for&nbsp; the Coptodon zillii, globally show that b values reach up around to 3. A total of 30 fish species were encountered in this basin during this&nbsp; study with specific richness of 18±1 per site.</p> Rimwaodo Pierre Silga Adama Oueda Komandan Mano Victor Bance Gustave Boureima Kabre Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 633 646 Subcutaneous immunotherapy against tree pollen, grass pollen, artemisia pollen, <i>Alternaria alternata</i> and house dust mites efficiency mediators: a review https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274459 <p>Subcutaneous immunotherapy is a preferred desensitization technique against allergens, however generalized efficacy criteria are&nbsp; lacking. This research aimed to gather data on methods to determine the efficacy of subcutaneous therapy for various allergens&nbsp; including tree pollen, grass pollen, artemisia pollen, <em>Alternaria alternata</em> and house dust mites. Immunologic methods assessing IgE,&nbsp; interleukin levels, arachidonic acid metabolites, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ in patient plasma pre and post-treatment are best to determine&nbsp; efficacy as these markers directly relate to allergic reactions. In this study publications, scientific articles and research related&nbsp; to the effectiveness of subcutaneous immunotherapy against tree pollen (hazelnut, alder, birch), grass pollen, artemisia pollen, <em>Alternaria&nbsp; alternata</em> and house dust mites were used. An extensive review of the scientific literature using various scientific databases,&nbsp; including PubMed, Scopus, was carried out. Clinical parameters depend on reaction type. For atopic dermatitis, SCORAD and visual&nbsp; analog scales reflect skin damage and quality of life. For asthma, PEFR, FEV1 and FVC 25%-75% determine bronchoobstruction severity.&nbsp; For rhinoconjunctivitis, visual analog and RQLQ scales assess quality of life and severity. Other efficacy measures are reductions in&nbsp; maintenance medications, glucocorticoids, and provocation test responses.&nbsp;</p> Maria Zofia Lisiecka Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 647 654 State of knowledge and research perspectives of <i>Sclerocarya birrea</i> subspecies <i>birrea</i>: a review https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274463 <p><em>Sclerocarya birrea</em> subspecies birrea is an underutilized indigenous fruit tree from sub-Saharan Africa. This literature review aims to&nbsp; provide an overview of the current knowledge about this species and identify research and development perspectives. Google Scholar,&nbsp; Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Dimensions were used to compile scientific articles, books, and thesis. <em>Sclerocarya birrea</em> subspecies&nbsp; birrea is well-known throughout its distribution range. Its fruit pulp and seeds are widely used for human consumption, leaves, bark, and&nbsp; roots are valued in traditional medicine. However genetic and phenotypic diversity of this species remains undescribed. The population&nbsp; structure shows that the species is underrepresented in the smaller diameter size classes, indicating a potential future decline. To&nbsp; facilitate conservation and domestication efforts of <em>Sclerocarya birrea subspecies birrea</em>, further research is needed to assess the species&nbsp; varieties included local knowledge, as well as, regeneration potential, fruit yield, and commercialization potentials.&nbsp;</p> Hien Satassa Traore Lassina Guissou Laure Marie Kuilpoko Anne Lykke Mette Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 655 669 Évaluation de la qualité des sels alimentaires consommés au Sénégal https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274466 <p>Le sel de cuisine de qualité alimentaire est iodé pour des motifs de santé publique, pour prévenir les troubles dus à une déficience en&nbsp; iode (TDI). Les quantités maximales et minimales sont normés. Le sel, produit naturel, contient des métaux lourds, des sulfates… en&nbsp; proportion variable. Certains éléments traces métalliques peuvent devenir toxiques lorsque la concentration dépasse un certain seuil.&nbsp; L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la qualité des sels de cuisine au Sénégal. Cette qualité sera évaluée par rapport à la norme&nbsp; Sénégalaise NS03-037 (1994). De septembre à octobre 2022, cent douze (112) échantillons de sels ont été collectés à Dakar, Fatick, Thiès&nbsp; et Kaolack, Tambacounda, Saint-Louis et Ziguinchor. Les teneurs d’iode ont été déterminés par la méthode NS03-038 (1994). Les métaux&nbsp; lourds ont été déterminé par ICP-OES. L’analyse qualitative des sulfates, carbonates et autres éléments chimiques a été effectuée par&nbsp; spectroscopies de fluorescence-x et infrarouge. Le dosage des sulfates a été effectué par spectrophotomètre Hach DR3900 par la&nbsp; méthode turbidimétrique après réaction avec le baryum du réactif SulfaVer 4. Les résultats révèlent que 25% des sels ont des teneurs&nbsp; d’iode comprise entre 30-50 ppm c’est-à-dire adéquatement iodés. Par ailleurs nos résultats ont montré que 50% des échantillons étaient&nbsp; sous-iodés et 25% sur-iodés. Les teneurs en métaux lourds (As, Cd, Hg, Pb et Cu) sont globalement acceptables par rapport à la&nbsp; norme sénégalaise en concordance avec la norme codex. La quantification des sulfates montre de fortes teneurs. L’étude montre que&nbsp; l’état d’iodation des sels n’est pas satisfaisant et ils contiennent d’autres éléments chimiques comme les sulfates. Ceci montre que des&nbsp; actions urgentes doivent être menées pour améliorer la qualité du sel iodé au Sénégal.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> Tidiane Diop Adrienne Ndiolene Alassane Traore Maguette Ndiaye Mamadou Sidibe Cheikh Abdoul Khadir Diop Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 670 677 Nature and properties of carbohydrate derivatives of piperidin-4-one https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274470 <p>In the modern world, drug resistance of pathogens responsible for various diseases has become a deadly threat to mankind, and&nbsp; requires the search for new biologically active substances. One of the approaches is the introduction of carbohydrates with unprotected&nbsp; hydroxyl groups into the structure of medical drugs, which can reduce their toxicity, increase their water solubility and increase the&nbsp; selectivity of action. The aim of the study was to develop a scientific basis for the synthesis of biologically active substances by&nbsp; condensation of glycosylvinylnitrosourea with various γ-piperidone derivatives and to study their properties. The choice of γpiperidone&nbsp; derivatives was justified by their strong antiviral and antibacterial activity. Despite their low water solubility, these compounds have&nbsp; potential for the development of new effective drugs. Experiments were carried out using various aglycones and carbohydrate&nbsp; components. A variety of methods including analytical, comparative, computer modelling and experimental methods were employed in&nbsp; this work to achieve the results. The results showed potentials in the proposed synthesis methods for the development of new drug&nbsp; compounds. The introduction of unprotected hydroxyl groups into the structure of the medicinal compounds by forming glycosyl&nbsp; carbamide bond improved the toxicological characteristics, solubility, and selectivity. It has been shown experimentally that the&nbsp; interaction of nitroso derivatives of glycosylurea with basic amines is relatively easy. This study opens prospects for the development of&nbsp; new drugs with improved properties and biological activity. The results of this work may lead to the development of effective therapeutic&nbsp; agents in the fight against drug resistance and infectious diseases.&nbsp;</p> Roza Sarymzakova Ayzada Ibragimova Bermet Sarymzakova Lydya Khaperskaya Shafika Sulyamanova Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 678 690 Free radical scavenging activity and HPLC-MS identification of major anthocyanin in ripe <i>Ziziphus mucronata</i> fruit collected in Burkina Faso https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274473 <p>In recent decades, interest in anthocyanin pigments has increased due to their possible use as natural food colorants, antioxidants, and&nbsp; anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to identify the major anthocyanins in ripe <em>Ziziphus mucronata</em> fruit harvested in the&nbsp; Niangoloko classified forest. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify anthocyanins. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids&nbsp; (TFC) were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the spectrophotometric method of Khan (2012) respectively. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) was obtained using a differential pH method. Total antioxidant potential (TAC) was carried out using DPPH and ABTS tests.&nbsp; Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were major anthocyanins identified by HPLC-MS. Quantitative analysis showed that&nbsp; this fruit contains an average of 321 ± 11 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 3815 ± 15 mg quercetin equivalent (QE), and 9.64 ± 0.70 mg&nbsp; cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalent per 100 g fresh fruit. Total antioxidant contents ranged between 206.57 ± 7.00 and 88.72 ± 0.87 mg TE/100 g fresh fruit. Free radical scavenging activity of <em>Ziziphus mucronata</em> fruit was found to be 342.90 µg/mL, while that of standard&nbsp; Trolox was 21.8 µg/mL. Therefore, Ziziphus mucronata fruit could be a potential source of natural bioactive substances of great interest&nbsp; to consumers.&nbsp;</p> Arrounan Noba Constantin M. Dabire Remy K. Bationo Bazoin Sylvain Raoul Bazie Paulin Ouoba Moumouni Koala Adama Hema Elie Kabre Eloi Pale Mouhoussine Nacro Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 691 705 Exploring <i>Chamaerops humilis L.</i> fruit: physical, chemical, sensory, and FTIR analysis, along with optimization of phenolic antioxidant extraction https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274475 <p>The Beni Mellal-Khenifra region in Morocco boasts one of the largest forested areas in the country, rich in resources that remain&nbsp; underutilized. Among these resources is the <em>Chamaerops humilis L.</em> fruit, which is the focus of this study. Despite its potential value, the&nbsp; fruit has been largely overlooked. In this study, we comprehensively examined the physical-chemical, phytochemical screening, and&nbsp; sensory attributes of <em>Chamaerops humilis L</em>. fruit. Physical analysis revealed variations in fruit size, weight, providing insights into factors&nbsp; influencing these characteristics. Chemical analysis unveiled the fruit's moderate titratable acidity, mildly acidic pH, substantial dry&nbsp; matter content, and noteworthy ash content, indicative of its nutritional composition. The extraction of phenolic compounds total&nbsp; phenolic content TPC, total flavonoid content TFC and antioxidant DPPH (IC50) activity was optimized using simplex centroid design using&nbsp; various extractor solvents (acetone, water and methanol) as well as their combinations in pairs (binary) and threes (ternary). The outcomes showed that the best combination for achieving the highest levels of TPC and TFC, along with enhanced antioxidant activities&nbsp; was the binary acetone-water mixture. Sensory evaluation indicated a moderately acceptable taste, well-received color, and other&nbsp; organoleptic qualities, offering valuable insights into consumer preferences. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic&nbsp; method with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy identified seven distinctive bands in the fruit pulp spectrum, providing evidence of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and unique functional groups within the fruit. These findings collectively enhance our&nbsp; understanding of the multifaceted utility of <em>Chamaerops humilis L.</em> fruit, highlighting its potential in nutrition and traditional medicine,&nbsp; and emphasize the importance of further research to explore its applications and promote dietary diversity and well-being.&nbsp;</p> Hamza Derraji Fouzia Kzaiber Abdelkhalek Oussama Wafa Terouzi Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 706 722 Evaluation de la contamination par les métaux lourds (Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd et Pb) des sédiments du bassin du lac Léré, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Tchad https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/274477 <p>Les activités anthropiques sont à l’origine des émissions des éléments métalliques qui contribuent à la dégradation de la qualité des&nbsp; sédiments des milieux lacustres. Dans le but de caractériser l’état de la qualité des sédiments du bassin du lac Léré, site centré entre&nbsp; 9,37° de longitude Nord et 14,10° de latitude Est, Département du Mayo-Kebbi Ouest et de constituer une base des données relatives aux&nbsp; métaux lourds, cette présente étude visait à évaluer l’état de contamination des sédiments de ce bassin par les métaux lourds à savoir&nbsp; l’aluminium (Al), le fer (Fe), le manganèse (Mn), le nickel (Ni), le zinc (Zn), le chrome (Cr), le cadmium (Cd) et le plomb (Pb). Tout d’abord,&nbsp; ces éléments métalliques ont été analysés dans l’extrait par la méthode colorimétrique à l’aide d’un spectrophotomètre d’absorption&nbsp; atomique (Band HACH Lange GmbH) de marque DR 6000. Les résultats ont montré que les différentes teneurs des métaux varient peu et&nbsp; restent inférieures aux teneurs du fond géochimique. Néanmoins, la plus importante variation est observée pour le Mn (2,50 mg/kg en&nbsp; S5 à 134,50 mg/kg en S1). Globalement, on retient que les sédiments du bassin du lac Léré étaient faiblement pollués (IPS = 4,65). Cette&nbsp; trace de pollution observée serait due à un enrichissement important des sédiments en élément Cd et Ni enregistré (Cd : 10,39 et Ni :&nbsp; 3,24). Par rapport à l’ordre d’enrichissement moyen on peut retenir que : Cd &gt; Ni &gt; Cr &gt; Zn &gt; Al &gt; Pb &gt; Fe . Il faut noter que les sédiments&nbsp; du bassin du lac Léré étaient non contaminés et ne présentaient pas de risque écologique considérable quel que soit l’enrichissement&nbsp; observé pour le Cd et Ni. Dans la plupart des stations et par rapport aux autres éléments analysés, l’aluminium, le fer et le plomb étaient&nbsp;&nbsp; des éléments les moins présents dans les sédiments du bassin du lac Léré (Igéo &lt; 0).</p> Tchinfanbe Souareba Jean-Claude Doumnang Parfait Rondouba Mianpereum Tarkodjiel Yaya Mahmout Copyright (c) 2024 2024-07-26 2024-07-26 18 2 723 736