Understanding prostitution in India: An anthropological perspective on research

Abstract

This review explores the historical and cultural evolution of prostitution in India, tracing its development from the Vedic period to the present day. It examines the roles of ganikas, nagarvadhus, devadasis, and tawaifs—women who once held significant cultural and social status but later faced marginalization and stigma. The study highlights the persistent challenges encountered by contemporary sex workers, including legal uncertainties, economic vulnerabilities, and social exclusion. Employing an anthropological framework, this review synthesizes insights from historical texts and ethnographic studies to analyse gender dynamics, power structures, and economic dependencies within the sex trade. It also investigates the intersections of caste, class, and globalization, examining their impact on prostitution in India. Additionally, the review addresses critical concerns such as health risks, legal constraints, and the evolving role of technology in sex work. Anthropology offers a humanistic perspective that challenges stereotypes, advocates for the rights of sex workers, and informs culturally sensitive policies. By integrating historical context with contemporary realities, this research underscores the need for inclusive legal and social reforms that prioritize protection, agency, and dignity. A nuanced anthropological approach fosters more ethical policymaking, promoting equitable interventions and advocacy for sex workers in India.