International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Prevalence, determinants and outcomes of patients who have suffered road traffic accidents in the city of Mbandaka at the Wangata general referral hospital (DRC)

2026-08-13T13:28:10+00:00

This thesis analyses the extent of road traffic accidents in Mbandaka over a 12-month period (January to December 2024). The study reveals that road traffic accidents are a major cause of morbidity, affecting mainly young men.

Determinants: The main factors identified are speeding, alcohol consumption, the lack of safety equipment (helmets, seatbelts) and the poor condition of road infrastructure.
Outcomes: Clinical outcomes range from full recovery to permanent physical disabilities (severe fractures, head injuries) and a significant mortality rate.
Conclusion: We suggest strengthening prevention measures, improving road enforcement and modernising emergency services to reduce the mortality rate.

Value chain analysis of the bean sector in north Kivu: market dynamics, governance structures, and economic performance in the city of Goma

2026-08-13T13:33:51+00:00

This study analyses the bean value chain in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, with a particular focus on market dynamics, governance structures, and economic performance in the city of Goma. A mixed-methods approach was applied using survey data collected from 250 respondents, including producers, wholesalers, retailers, transporters, consumers, and institutional actors across the principal bean markets of Goma. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, Benefit–Cost Ratios (BCR), ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Chi-square tests were employed to evaluate profitability and governance relationships along the chain. Results indicate that bean yields remain low, varying from 400 kg/ha to 1200 kg/ha due to limited access to improved seeds, fertilizers, and phytosanitary inputs. Producer revenues range between USD 175 and USD 825 per hectare, while value added varies from USD 25 to USD 715/ha. Profitability levels are highly differentiated, with BCRs ranging from 1.17 to 7.50 depending on yield, quality, and production costs. Transport costs significantly affect market integration and wholesaler margins, varying between USD 8 and USD 16 per 160-kg bag. Pearson correlation analysis confirms a strong negative relationship between transport costs and wholesaler profitability (r = −0.84; p = 0.037). Governance structures are dominated by wholesalers who coordinate price formation and market flows. Semi-wholesalers earn approximately USD 13–15 per bag, while retailers achieve the highest margins through final consumer sales ranging from USD 0.94 to USD 1.50/kg. The study concludes that improving seed access, transport infrastructure, storage systems, and cooperative marketing mechanisms is essential for enhancing efficiency, equity, and resilience within the bean value chain in North Kivu.

Graham Greene’s The Heart of the Matter: A Literary Challenge to the Catholic Faith

2026-08-13T13:43:01+00:00

This paper examines Graham Greene’s The Heart of the Matter as a critical engagement with Roman Catholic doctrine through the lens of the author’s “uneasy Catholicism”. It argues that Greene, often labelled a “Catholic novelist”, in fact adopts a persistently sceptical stance toward Catholic teachings, shaped by his self-described position as an “agnostic Catholic”. The study first outlines Greene’s Complex relationship with faith, highlighting his intellectual conversion to Catholicism and his enduring doubts regarding the existence and nature of God. It then provides a concise overview of key Catholic doctrines, particularly the seven sacraments and the concepts of salvation and damnation, which structure the moral universe that the novel interrogates. The analysis demonstrates how The Heart of the Matter functions as a critique of institutional Catholicism through the tragic trajectory of Henry Scobie. While initially portrayed as
morally upright, Scobie’s excessive sense of responsibility and compassion ultimately lead him into adultery, guilt, and suicide. The novel is read as exposing tensions within Catholic doctrine: marriage appears as a source of moral entrapment rather than sanctification, confession fails to provide genuine spiritual relief, clerical authority proves inadequate in addressing psychological and moral doubt, and the doctrine of damnation is revealed as rigid and ethically problematic when confronted with human complexity. Through Scobie’s inner
conflict and eventual despair, Greene highlights the gap between doctrinal absolutism and lived moral experience. The paper concludes that the novel does not simply reject Catholicism but rather critiques its inflexibility, suggesting the need for a more adaptive and humane understanding of religious practice. In doing so, Greene exposes tragic contradictions within Christian morality itself and raises a
broader question about whether religion should dictate human experience or evolve in response to it.

Primary Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinomas: a Report of two Cases

2026-08-13T13:54:13+00:00

Sarcomatoid carcinomas (SC) are rare non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), accounting for less than 1% of lung cancers. They are characterised by a spindle-shaped or giant cell component suggestive of a sarcoma. We report two cases in patients aged 80 and 75, both former smokers, illustrating the extreme aggressiveness of this condition. In both cases, the course of the disease was marked by rapid local and metastatic progression, leading to death within six months of diagnosis. This study highlights the diagnostic challenges and poor prognosis of these tumours, which are often resistant to conventional therapies.

Prevalence and factors associated with co-infection among patients living with HIV at the Mbandaka General Referral Hospital, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective study 2023–2024

2026-08-14T06:36:40+00:00

Introduction: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), co-infection among people living with HIV (PLHIV) remains a major challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with co-infection (opportunistic infections or advanced WHO stages 3/4) within the cohort at the Mbandaka General Referral Hospital (HGR).

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 52 records of PLHIV followed between January 2023 and December 2024. Sociodemographic, clinical, biological and therapeutic data were analysed. Binary logistic regression identified the independent factors associated with co-infection.

Results: The prevalence of co-infection was 65.4% (95% CI: 51.4%–77.8%). Tuberculosis (64.7% of those with coinfections) and candidiasis (52.9%) were the most common opportunistic infections. The mean age was 38.4 ± 14.2 years, with a higher proportion of women (57.7% female). In multivariate analysis, delay in seeking consultation (≥ 3 months) (ORa = 3.60; 95% CI: 1.02–12.71; p = 0.046) and a CD4 count < 350 cells/mm³ (ORa = 4.26; 95% CI: 1.02– 17.80; p = 0.047) were independently associated with coinfection. Malnutrition (BMI < 18.5) was close to reaching statistical significance (p = 0.062). Mortality was 13.5%, and
23.1% of patients were lost to follow-up.

Conclusion: Co-infection is highly prevalent in Mbandaka and is diagnosed late. Early screening, reducing delays in initiating ARVs and strengthening prophylaxis (isoniazid) are nursing and clinical priorities.

Factors contributing to perioperative infections in Mbandaka (Democratic Republic of the Congo): a cross-sectional analytical study at Wangata General Referral Hospital

2026-08-14T06:46:13+00:00

Introduction: Perioperative infections (POIs) are common in
sub-Saharan Africa, but the factors contributing to them are
poorly documented in Mbandaka (DRC).
Objective: To identify factors associated with POIs at
Wangata General Referral Hospital.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study (June 2025 –
February 2026) involving 70 patients who underwent surgery.
Data collected via questionnaire, observation and audit.
Univariate, bivariate (χ²) and multivariate (logistic regression)
analyses.
Results: The prevalence of postoperative infections was
35.7%. In the multivariate analysis, seven independent factors
were associated: age ≥61 years (ORa=4.2), malnutrition
(ORa=3.5), HIV (ORa=5.1), surgical emergency (ORa=3.8),
duration >120 min (ORa=3.0), blade shaving (ORa=2.9) and
infrequent hand hygiene (ORa=4.0).
Conclusion: Surgical site infections in Mbandaka are
multifactorial, dominated by modifiable factors (practices,
management of comorbidities). Interventions targeting hand
hygiene, skin preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis are a
priority.

Prevalence of Juvenile Diabetes among Children Aged 0 to 20 Years in Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study of Associated Factors and Treatment Conditions

2026-08-14T06:49:48+00:00

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D), or juvenile diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. It primarily affects children, adolescents, and young adults under 20 years of age. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly in Mbandaka, epidemiological data on juvenile diabetes remain scarce, hindering the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of juvenile diabetes among children aged 0 to 20 years in Mbandaka, to identify associated factors, and to analyze treatment conditions.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive study with a quantitative approach was conducted at the Mbandaka Diabetic and Epileptic Clinic. Among 346 registered patients, 36 cases of type 1 diabetes met the inclusion criteria (age 0–20 years, confirmed T1D diagnosis). Data were extracted from medical records covering the period from January 2020 to December 2025. Descriptive analyses were performed using frequencies and percentages.
Results: A slight female predominance was observed (55.6% vs. 44.4%). The most affected age group was 15–19 years (38.9%), followed by 10–14 years (33.3%). The majority of cases came from urban areas (64%). Weight loss (55.5%), polyuria (22%), and fatigue (17%) were the main clinical signs. All patients were on insulin therapy (100%). Environmental factors (72%) dominated over family history (28%). The main treatment difficulties were lack of medication (44.4%), high cost (28%), and difficult access to care (28%). Diagnosis was delayed in 72.2% of cases (discovered during hospitalization).
Conclusion: Juvenile diabetes is a real and documented public health problem in Mbandaka. The null hypothesis (H₀) is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (H₁) is accepted. Strengthening early screening, improving access to care, and raising public awareness are urgently needed.

Students’ views on the implementation of the Bachelor’s-Master’s-Doctorate system at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques in Mbandaka, City of Mbandaka, in the Democratic Republic of Congo

2026-08-14T07:10:47+00:00

This research explores the transition to the Bachelor’sMaster’s-Doctorate (LMD) model at ISTM-Mbandaka, a reform initially aimed at international standardisation and the professional integration of graduates. The central objective is to assess students’ perceptions in order to identify the barriers to the social acceptability of this structural change. Using a qualitative phenomenological methodology, the study involved semi-structured interviews with 22 students, supplemented by a literature review. The results reveal a predominantly administrative adoption: whilst management by semesters and credits has been established, the Competence-Based Approach (CBA) remains poorly implemented. Students’ experiences are marked by academic stress linked to the concentration of exams, as well as by a major digital divide that hinders their ability to access resources independently. The discussion highlights a ‘superficial shift to semesters’, where the change in the academic calendar has not yet brought about the expected pedagogical transformation of the learner’s role. In conclusion, the success of this reform at ISTM-Mbandaka requires moving beyond the regulatory framework through
concrete investment in digital infrastructure, the harmonisation of academic supervision through the ‘ ’ initiative, and the introduction of postgraduate programmes to meet students’ growing desire for specialisation.

Analysis of post-operative risk factors in emergency surgery “A study conducted at the Mbandaka General Referral Hospital, Equateur Province, DRC”

2026-08-14T07:26:30+00:00

Introduction: The immediate postoperative phase is a period
of significant vulnerability in sub-Saharan Africa, where gaps
in monitoring and logistical constraints increase mortality.
Objective: This study comprehensively identifies the risk
factors associated with post-surgical complications in patients
admitted via A&E.
Methodology: Conducted at the Wangata General Referral
Hospital (Mbandaka), this quantitative, cross-sectional study
retrospectively analyses 221 clinical records collected
between February and April 2026. Data were extracted using
a validated data collection form.
Results: The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was
24.0% and mortality was 14.0%. Multivariate analysis reveals
that the three main independent predictors of SSI are an ASA
score ≥ 3 (OR = 4.21), the absence of perioperative antibiotic
therapy (OR = 3.67) and a pre-hospital waiting time exceeding
24 hours (OR = 3.18).
Discussion: The data highlight that the prognosis depends on
systemic breakdown (shortages of pharmaceutical supplies,
precarious access to water and electricity) combined with the
patients’ physiological exhaustion due to delays in care.
Conclusion: Overcoming this vulnerability requires a shift
towards proactive safety: the systematic implementation of
antibiotic prophylaxis, standardisation of hourly nursing
monitoring, and the restoration of basic resources.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding breast cancer prevention among women of childbearing age: a study conducted in the IPEKO health district, Mbandaka health zone, Mbandaka city, Equateur Province, DRC

2026-08-14T07:29:44+00:00

Introduction: Breast oncology is advancing in the Congo, but
the lack of organised screening leads to disproportionately
high mortality rates. In Mbandaka, this burden is exacerbated
by the absence of technical facilities, a marked lack of
knowledge and cultural barriers that lead to the use of
traditional healers.
Objective: This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes and
practices of women in the IPEKO area regarding breast cancer
to optimise early detection.
Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was
conducted among 384 women (aged 15–49) via face-to-face
interviews using a questionnaire, with data analysed using
SPSS and Excel.
Results: Whilst 58.3% of respondents were aware of the
disease, only 18.5% were familiar with its warning signs.
Furthermore, 38% attributed the condition to mysticism, 52%
refused surgery due to denial, and only 14% practised monthly
self-examination. Academics (OR = 7.24) and women
perceiving a high risk (OR = 6.48) perform self-examination
significantly more often (p < 0.001).
Discussion: The semantic disconnect confirms the superficial
nature of mass campaigns. Local resistance to mastectomy
dramatically delays medical treatment.
Conclusion: There is an urgent need to de-medicalise the
teaching of self-examination so that it can be integrated as a
standard part of women’s personal hygiene. Local
collaborative synergy is essential to break down taboos.

The Impact of Fiscal Policies on Economic Growth in a Financial Authority: The Case of the DGRK/Maluku

2026-08-14T07:33:05+00:00

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of fiscal policies on local economic growth, using the case of the General Directorate of Revenue in Kinshasa, Maluku branch (DGRK/Maluku). In a context where the mobilisation of domestic resources remains a major challenge for developing countries, taxation emerges as a key instrument for financing development. By adopting a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analyses of tax revenue over the 2020– 2024 period with qualitative surveys of tax officials and
taxpayers, the study highlights a positive relationship between the effectiveness of fiscal policies and the dynamics of local economic growth. The results show that improved collection mechanisms, transparency in the management of public funds and the simplification of tax procedures contribute significantly to increased public and private investment. However, institutional, administrative and behavioural constraints continue to limit the optimal impact of taxation on growth. The article offers strategic recommendations aimed at
strengthening fiscal governance, administrative performance and voluntary taxpayer compliance.

Factors associated with bedwetting in children aged 5 to 10: a study conducted in the Bongondjo neighbourhood, Wangata district, Mbandaka, DRC

2026-08-14T07:37:04+00:00

Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis in children is a taboo and under-reported public health issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the deprived neighbourhood of Bongondjo in Mbandaka, it causes silent distress and profoundly affects young people’s self-esteem.

Overall objective: To determine the biological, environmental and psychosocial factors associated with enuresis in children aged 5 to 10 years in this area.

Methodology: This quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical focus was conducted from March to May 2026. It compared a sample of 194 participants, comprising 86 cases and 108 controls. The data collected via questionnaires were subjected to bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression.

Key findings: The overall prevalence stands at 44.3%. The multivariate analysis identifies five critical determinants: heredity as a major predictor (OR = 4.21), lack of indoor toilets (OR = 3.12), recent psychosocial stress (OR = 2.98), urinary tract infections (OR = 2.56) and economic insecurity (OR = 2.10).

Discussion: The results confirm the multifactorial aetiology of the disorder, in which biological predisposition is exacerbated by environmental barriers and anxiety linked to poverty, consistent with the international literature in tropical settings.

Conclusion: Enuresis in Wangata requires a multidimensional nursing approach. Clinical management must combine the treatment of urinary tract infections with emotional support and community awareness-raising to put an end to parental punishment.

Perception and use of insecticide-treated nets among parents in Mbandaka, Equateur, DR Congo

2026-08-14T07:40:56+00:00

Purpose: This study aims to assess the perception and factors associated with the regular use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) among parents in Mbandaka, by identifying sociodemographic determinants and maintenance practices influencing their sustained use in the context of malaria prevention.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted among 90 parents. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by Fisher's exact tests to assess associations between variables, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Results: Nearly all participants (97.8%) owned at least one ITN, yet only 63.3% reported daily use. Key information sources included awareness campaigns and healthcare personnel, supported by organizations such as the World Health Organization, the National Malaria Control Program, and UNICEF. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between regular ITN use and education level (p =0.048), mode of acquisition (p = 0.049), and drying practices (p = 0.041).
Conclusion: Although ITN ownership is high, regular use remains suboptimal. Access alone does not ensure proper utilization. Strengthening educational interventions, particularly on maintenance practices such as proper drying in the shade, is essential to improve malaria prevention effectiveness.

Towards a platform ecology: rethinking organisational models in the age of hyperdigitalisation

2026-08-14T07:47:31+00:00

No Abstract

Midwives’ professional practices in the psychological, emotional and clinical support of women in labour in Mbandaka (DRC): a multi-centre cross-sectional study

2026-08-14T07:56:23+00:00

Introduction: Psychological and emotional support for women during labour is recognised as an essential component of high-quality obstetric care. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, few studies have assessed these practices, particularly in semi-rural areas.

Objective: To assess the professional practices of midwives and obstetric nurses in providing psychological, emotional and clinical support to women in labour in Mbandaka.

Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from March 2025 to March 2026 in three healthcare facilities (HGR Wangata, CSR Mama Balako, CSR Jules Chevalier). A sample of 150 professionals was included. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate tests (ANOVA, Student’s t-test, Chi²) and logistic regression.

Results: The overall rate of satisfactory care was 28.0% (95% CI: [20.8 – 35.2]). The mean score for psychological support was 23.4/40 (SD=6.8), and the clinical score was 26.8/40 (SD=5.9). Factors associated with better practice were educational level A0 (OR=4.82; p<0.001), the profession of midwife (OR=3.45; p=0.003) and specific training received (OR=5.12; p<0.001). The main obstacles cited were excessive
workload (85.3%) and a lack of continuing professional development (79.3%).

Conclusion: Support practices in Mbandaka are inadequate, with only 28% of professionals achieving a satisfactory standard. Targeted interventions focusing on continuing professional development and the recruitment of qualified staff are required.

Strengthening community involvement in awareness-raising activities to combat M-pox in Mbandaka, Equateur, DRC

2026-08-14T08:58:50+00:00

Objective: This study aimed to analyse strategies for strengthening community involvement in promotional activities to combat Mpox in Mbandaka (Democratic Republic of the Congo), to identify factors associated with community participation, and to formulate operational
recommendations for effective mobilisation.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and October 2025 among 384 adults aged 18 years or older, residing in the Mbandaka health zone. Quota sampling (age, sex, occupation) was used. The sample size was calculated using Dagnelie’s formula (n = 384). A structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.85) was used for data collection. Descriptive
(univariate), bivariate (Chi-square test) and multivariate (binary logistic regression) analyses were performed using SPSS version 26. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Participation in Mpox awareness-raising activities was high (78.9%). Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between participation and awareness of Mpox (p = 0.012), the use of healthcare workers as a source of information (p = 0.008), the involvement of community health workers (p = 0.004) and higher educational attainment (p = 0.031). In logistic regression, the factors independently
associated with higher participation were: good awareness of Mpox (ORa = 2.94; 95% CI: 1.28–6.75; p = 0.011), reliance on health workers (ORa = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.18–4.52; p = 0.015) and the involvement of community advocates (ORa = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.35–6.18; p = 0.006). Perception of the severity of the disease was not significantly associated with participation (p = 0.342).

Conclusion: Community mobilisation, the dissemination of information by health workers and the engagement of community health workers are key drivers for strengthening adherence to Mpox prevention activities. Health authorities should invest in training local stakeholders and promote interpersonal communication to increase the effectiveness of interventions.

The influence of body weight on the development of hypertension and its complications: A study of the Wangata General Hospital and Mbandaka University Hospital

2026-08-14T09:08:50+00:00

This study examines the influence of body weight status on
the occurrence of hypertension (HTN) and its complications
in patients treated at the Wangata General Hospital and the
Mbandaka University Hospital in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo. Hypertension is a major public health problem
worldwide due to its high prevalence and serious
cardiovascular, renal and neurological complications. The rise
in overweight and obesity, driven by changes in lifestyle,
contributes significantly to this situation. The study, which is
descriptive and analytical with a quantitative approach, was
conducted between January and December 2024. Of the 541
patients seen, 183 with hypertension were included. Data were
collected from medical records and analysed using SPSS and
Excel software. The results show a predominance of female
patients (57.4%) and a high proportion of patients aged 45 to
59 years (37.2%). The majority of patients were overweight,
with 35.5% being overweight and 31.7% obese. Moderate
hypertension was the most common form (38.8%). The main
complications observed were strokes (25.1%), followed by
heart failure and kidney damage. Statistical analyses showed
a significant association between a high body mass index
(BMI) and the occurrence of complications. Obese patients
had an approximately threefold higher risk of complications
compared with patients of normal weight. The study
concludes that body weight status is a determining factor in
the onset and progression of hypertension. It recommends
strengthening prevention, early screening, health education
and the promotion of healthy lifestyles in order to reduce
morbidity associated with hypertension.

The effects of formative assessment on improving pupils’ performance and learning skills: a systematic review

2026-08-14T09:19:27+00:00

Formative assessment is regarded as a key pedagogical tool
for improving student learning; however, despite the growing
interest it is generating, it remains underused in classroom
practice. This study focuses specifically on primary education,
a stage at which the development of fundamental skills and
learning plays a decisive role in pupils’ future academic
success. The aim of this systematic review is to explore and
analyse the effects of formative assessment on improving
academic performance and the development of learning skills
among primary school pupils. The study adopted the PRISMA
2020 systematic review methodology. The results confirm that
formative assessment practices are strongly associated with a
significant improvement in academic performance and
promote the development of students’ self-regulation skills,
self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. However, the analysis
reveals that effectiveness is contingent upon the fidelity of
implementation. The main challenges identified relate to the
lack of specific training for teachers on formative assessment,
as well as time constraints and overloaded curricula. This
review makes an important contribution by providing an upto-date and focused synthesis of empirical studies on
formative assessment in primary education, highlighting its
effects on academic performance and pupils’ learning skills,
whilst identifying the conditions for success and the obstacles
to its implementation.

Assessment of nursing care for hospitalised patients during the night shift at the Wangata general referral hospital / equator province

2026-08-14T09:25:06+00:00

The quality of nursing care during the night shift is a key
determinant of patient safety and hospital performance,
particularly in resource-limited settings.
This study aims to evaluate the nursing care provided to
inpatients during night shifts at the Wangata General Referral
Hospital and to identify the factors associated with patient
satisfaction. This is a descriptive and analytical crosssectional study conducted between February and July 2025
involving 384 patients.
Data were collected using questionnaires, survey forms and
direct observation.
The analysis was performed using SPSS with the Chi-square
test and logistic regression. The overall satisfaction rate was
71.4%. The factors independently associated with satisfaction
were the caregiver–patient relationship (ORa = 3.42), staff
availability (ORa = 2.85), speed of response (ORa = 2.21),
communication (ORa = 2.18) and confidentiality (ORa =
1.96). Patient satisfaction depends mainly on relational and
organisational factors.

Floristic stability and stratification of ecosystems in the Central Basin: towards a resilience model in Central Africa

2026-08-14T09:33:25+00:00

Faced with growing anthropogenic pressures in the Central
Basin of the Congo, identifying resilient forest groups is
imperative to ensure the sustainability of the carbon sink. This
study analyses the structure and diversity of 60 permanent
plots spread across three contrasting sites: Isangi, Uma and
Mambasa. We adopted a refined vertical reading by
distinguishing the understorey (diameter at breast height,
DBH ≤ 60 cm) from the canopy (DBH > 60 cm). Three
dominant assemblages, anchored by Scorodophloeus zenkeri,
Staudtia kamerunensis and Cynometra alexandri, were
identified. These groups exhibit high alpha diversity (Shannon
H' index), inverted J-shaped diameter structures and marked
stratification, signs of strong ecological stability. Our results
demonstrate that the synergy between floristic diversity and
architectural complexity maximises above-ground biomass
(AGB). These data provide a robust scientific basis for
establishing resilient model forests in the Congo Basin.

Foster or Inspire: When teaching becomes a driving force for student entrepreneurship

2026-08-14T09:45:54+00:00

In an increasingly changing socio-economic context, Morocco is facing high unemployment, particularly among graduates, highlighting a mismatch between education and the needs of the labour market. Indeed, the disconnect between the skills acquired at university and the demands of the professional market underscores the need for more appropriate training (Benamar et al., 2016). In this context, student entrepreneurship is emerging as a promising alternative for employability. Promoting university initiatives to stimulate entrepreneurial intent among students could serve as a lever for improving career prospects. This interaction between universities and entrepreneurship goes beyond the simple notions of business creation. Universities have gradually evolved to become key players in promoting entrepreneurial spirit, thereby fostering encounters between universities and entrepreneurs. It is therefore essential to understand the institutional role of universities in promoting a culture of entrepreneurship among their students. Similarly, the involvement of teachers through the use of innovative teaching methods can have a positive effect on students' entrepreneurial intentions. In this study, we will attempt to examine the perceptions of students at Cadi Ayyad University (UCA) regarding the impact of university initiatives on the development of entrepreneurial intentions among students, particularly the role of teachers and the effectiveness of the teaching methods used.

Executive remuneration, performance and responsible governance in Morocco: empirical insights from a national governance barometer

2026-08-14T09:58:37+00:00

In emerging markets, studying the link between executive
remuneration and performance remains challenging when
published information is incomplete, inconsistent and rarely
comparable across companies. Drawing on the 2025 edition
(2024 data) of the Responsible Governance Barometer in
Morocco, this article offers a secondary empirical analysis of
a public dataset covering 92 publicly listed companies and
over 100 data points per company. The methodology involves
the systematic extraction of published indicators, their
grouping into analytical dimensions consistent with the
literature – board structure, ownership and control, specialised
committees, board functioning, remuneration transparency
and dissemination of CSR data – followed by their
interpretation in the light of agency theory, managerial power
theory and institutionalism. The results show that Moroccan
corporate governance is more formalised than before, with
boards averaging 9.4 members, 36% of structures separating
executive and supervisory functions, 23% independent
directors and 29% women. They also reveal a persistent gap
between formal structure and substantive transparency: 53%
of companies disclose executive remuneration, 70% disclose
directors’ fees, and only 1% incorporate CSR or non-financial
criteria into their remuneration policy. The article concludes
that the Barometer provides a robust observatory of the
institutional conditions in which the alignment of
remuneration and performance can be assessed, without,
however, providing, on its own, a sufficient basis for testing it
econometrically at the firm level.

Water security in northern Morocco: natural difficulties, water requirements, technical measures, and the most important state strategies - the case of the Al Hoceima region

2026-08-14T10:38:20+00:00

Water is very important in the Al Hoceima region of Northern
Morocco and underpins the region's stability, population
growth, and social, economic, and environmental
development. Al Hoceima, along with the rest of North
Morocco, has been receiving heavy rainfall over the last two
decades. Al Hoceima, however, has been receiving much less
rain than it has over the last two decades. Current climate
change poses obstacles that affect almost every domain: Al
Hoceima's natural wealth has been stressed, and in Al
Hoceima, the water has literally reversed. Rainfall has been
very extreme in Al Hoceima (the last 20+ year time span
shows that annually it has been as low as 300-1000mm and
for the rest of the Kingdom, Al Hoceima persists* to use a
water management strategy, of its own, as it is the case for the
rest of the Kingdom. For this reason, the issue of Al Hoceima
is particularly relevant, given the lack of rainfall and water
stress.
This particularly applies to Northern Morocco and the region
of Al Hoceima, which recognises the decreasing availability
of water. This is particularly the case during the time of the
realisation of the impacts of climate change and even the
localised impacts of climate change, which include, among
others, industrial water use and the resultant and sustained
high demand attributed to population increase, which also
affects the water-deficient resources due to over-reliance on
dam water, coupled with water-consuming farming practices.
In this regard, the above factors necessitated the formulation
of numerous questions, particularly regarding the water
resources of the Northern region of Morocco, and Al-Hoceima
in particular. We then pose a secondary question: how
effectively do the water policies in place promote water
governance and regulate water use?

Synergy Between MOOCs and Digital Competency Frameworks: A Case Study of the MOOC« Teach remotely » for Continuing Education in Morocco

2026-08-14T10:44:13+00:00

This article examines the interaction between MOOCs for teacher continuing education and digital competency frameworks in Morocco. The objective is to understand how frameworks such as NUMEFA, UNESCO's ICT framework, and DigCompEdu influence the design and deployment of self-paced online courses. To achieve this, we conducted a case study of the MOOC «Teach remotely » offered on the «
e-takwine» platform. An in-depth documentary analysis of its objectives, pedagogical content, and assessment methods was carried out to evaluate their alignment with framework requirements. The analysis reveals that while some aspects of the MOOC meet expectations, significant discrepancies exist in content structuring and assessment methods. These findings suggest areas for improvement, particularly a pedagogical reengineering approach to optimize content structuring and integrate assessments better suited for digital competencies. The proposed recommendations aim to provide Moroccan teachers with more effective and relevant continuing education programs aligned with national educational requirements.

Big Data in decision-making processes relating to sexual and reproductive health: practical case studies of midwives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-08-14T10:57:50+00:00

Sexual and reproductive health is a major public health issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), characterised by high maternal mortality rates and inequalities in access to care. In this context, midwives play a central role in the care of women and newborns. However, their practices remain poorly modelled and insufficiently utilised to support decision-making. This article explores the contribution of Big Data to improving decision-making in reproductive health through the modelling of midwives’ practices in the DRC. Using a mixed-methods approach combining big data analysis, field surveys and predictive modelling, the study highlights the potential of analytical technologies to improve the quality of care. The results show that integrating clinical, demographic and behavioural data enables the prediction of obstetric risks, the optimisation of midwives’ interventions and the strengthening of health planning.

Data Clustering in the Age of Big Data: Challenges, Methodologies and Analytical Implications

2026-08-14T11:05:10+00:00

With the exponential proliferation of data, Big Data analysis
has become a cornerstone of modern decision-making. At the
heart of this analysis lies clustering, an unsupervised learning
technique aimed at grouping similar objects. This article
explores the crucial role of clustering in the Big Data
analytical process, examining the specific challenges posed by
the volume, velocity, variety and veracity of data. We review
traditional clustering methodologies and their adaptations, as
well as algorithms specifically designed for Big Data
environments. Practical implications, use cases and future
prospects, including integration with deep learning and
distributed systems, are also discussed. The aim is to provide
an in-depth understanding of how clustering can unlock
valuable insights from massive and complex datasets.

Tourism and Economic Growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Empirical Analysis from 1995 to 2023

2026-08-14T11:13:00+00:00

This paper examines the relationship between tourism and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) over the period 1995–2023. It highlights a significant positive impact of tourism on national economic growth. Using an ARDL modelling approach, the results reveal a bidirectional causal relationship in the Toda-Yamamoto sense between GDP per capita and tourism revenues. The test also confirms causal links between institutional variables, tourism activity, and economic growth. Therefore, the development of sustainable tourism, supported by strong institutional governance and effective regulation, appears to be a strategic lever for stimulating economic growth and economic diversification in the DRC.

Medical and historical factors influencing susceptibility to malaria among pregnant women in the Malende Health District, DR Congo

2026-08-14T11:26:00+00:00

Malaria is a major health problem, particularly for pregnant
women, due to the serious complications it causes, such as
anaemia, preterm birth and low birth weight. This study aims
to identify the medical and historical factors influencing
susceptibility to malaria among pregnant women in the
Malende Health Zone in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo.
Methods: This descriptive and correlational study involved
72 pregnant women attending the Malende Health Centre
between November 2023 and March 2024. Data were
collected through interviews using a structured guide.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, employing the
chi-square test to assess relationships between variables.
Results: The results show that 44.4% of pregnant women
tested positive for malaria. Multiparity, lack of preventive
treatment and irregular use of insecticide-treated bed nets are
significant factors associated with high malaria prevalence.
Furthermore, low educational attainment and inadequate
antenatal care were identified as increased risks.
Conclusion: Malaria remains a serious threat to the health of
pregnant women in this region. Measures such as improving
access to preventive treatment and promoting the use of
insecticide-treated bed nets are essential to reduce the
prevalence of malaria.

Revolutionizing International Trade: Blockchain and Beyond - Elaborating the Paradigm Shift

2026-08-14T11:56:59+00:00

In recent years, we have noticed the significant changes that blockchain technology has brought to various industries. Initially revolutionizing finance, blockchain has now found its way into other disciplines, such as international trade. By improving transparency, security, and efficiency throughout global supply chains, this technology is transforming traditional trade practices. This article explores how blockchain and other disruptive technologies are reshaping the landscape of international trade, despite the challenges faced by global supply chains in terms of documentation, costs, and physical flows. The study demonstrates how these technologies can simplify operations, reduce expenses, and manage risks in international trade. Through a thorough analysis, the article highlights both academic authors and major multinational corporations that have implemented these disruptive technologies. Furthermore, we will discuss the
acceptance of this technological revolution among industry actors, examining it through the lens of paradigm shift theory.

Dynamic Gravity and International Inequality

2026-08-14T12:21:03+00:00

After modifying and extending the Olivero and Yotov (2012) dynamic gravity model, I derive key novel theoretical findings: the balance condition and the barrier-flow dynamic gravity relationship. The balance condition shows that growth of a country’s market share and trade ease puts downward pressure on the market share and trade ease of other countries, highlighting the link between international inequality and trade frictions. The barrier-flow dynamic gravity relationship shows that relative trade flows growth rate is inversely proportional to relative trade barriers growth rate.

Education and Entrepreneurship in Mali

2026-08-14T12:30:54+00:00

The article examines the link between the education system and entrepreneurship in Mali, in a context where the mismatch between education and employment has become a major challenge. It analyses the dynamics of human capital and the factors influencing career intentions. Faced with severe pressures and the mass entry of young people into the labour market, Mali needs to transform its investment in education into a genuine capacity for value creation. The study addresses the following question: How does the development of human capital influence the intentions and entrepreneurial actions of young graduates, particularly when the labour market remains heavily dominated by informality? The article highlights a paradox: despite high expectations regarding schooling (as a stepping stone to the civil service), graduates face difficulties in entering the labour market (unemployment and a shift towards subsistence-based informal work rather than entrepreneurship with growth potential). Conceptually, the article links two dimensions:
human capital theory, which suggests that education increases productivity and therefore the ability to engage in entrepreneurial activities; and the empirical realities in Mali, which show that education can also act as a constraint if it fails to sufficiently foster initiative and an entrepreneurial culture, and if institutional constraints increase risk aversion. To explore this relationship, the article formulates five hypotheses concerning: the influence of education on attitudes towards entrepreneurship; the role of subjective norms (family/social support); the effect of self-efficacy and entrepreneurship training; the existence of disparities related to gender and field of study; and the potentially ambiguous impact of current awareness modules, especially if they are not supported by practical guidance. Finally, the methodology employs a mixed approach: a descriptive analysis using macroeconomic and social data (EMOP/INSTAT), followed by an econometric analysis using multinomial logistic regression. This model compares employment choices across three categories: entrepreneurship (starting a business), employment in the private sector or NGOs, and entry into the civil service

From the Observatory for Monitoring Corruption and Professional Ethics in the Democratic Republic of Congo: the secular arm of the rule of law

2026-08-14T12:36:02+00:00

This article analyses the legal and institutional role of the Observatory for Monitoring Corruption and Professional Ethics (OSCEP) in consolidating the rule of law in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Initially established as a public service responsible for promoting the Code of Conduct for Public Officials, the OSCEP was transformed into a technical public institution in order to strengthen its prerogatives, particularly in the prevention, detection and punishment of corruption and anti-values in socioprofessional circles. The study highlights a persistent gap between the formal scope of the OSCEP's statutory powers and its actual operational effectiveness. Through a teleological and systemic analysis of the applicable legal texts, supplemented by direct observation and interviews with the institution's agents, the
article identifies the structural and functional causes of this dysfunction, which include weak institutional autonomy, insufficient internal scientific research, shortcomings in meritbased recruitment mechanisms, and the inertia of the judicial police function recognised by the OSCEP.

In conclusion, the author argues that revitalising the OSCEP requires targeted legal and institutional reforms, including effectively attaching it to the Prime Minister's Office, strengthening its financial autonomy, establishing binding ethical consultation mechanisms, and adapting the national procedural framework to international standards on combating corruption. The OSCEP is thus seen as a strategic instrument that is still under-exploited for strengthening ethical governance and the rule of law in the DRC.

Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship in Africa

2026-08-14T12:43:50+00:00

This study examines the complex relationship between the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), the education system, and the entrepreneurial intentions of young graduates in Africa, with a particular focus on the Malian context (a multidimensional economic analysis). In an environment characterised by strong demographic pressure and a labour market dominated by informality, the ability of African economies to convert educational investments into real economic value is a major challenge. Drawing on human capital theory and Lazear’s “balanced skills” model, the article analyses how AI redefines the returns to education and reshapes professional trade-offs. Using econometric modelling via multinomial logistic regression and analysing recent data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2025/2026) and UNESCO, the results highlight the emergence of a dual gap: the “AI Readiness Gap” and the “Survival Gap”.
The study shows that whilst AI offers opportunities for personalised learning and productivity gains, its effectiveness depends on the quality of digital infrastructure and the adaptation of pedagogical frameworks. The findings call for a transition from theoretical awareness to practical and technological support in order to transform the demographic dividend into a lever for inclusive growth.

Investment Promotion and Regional Economic Intelligence: An Analysis of the Dakhla Oued Eddahab Regional Development Program

2026-08-14T13:49:39+00:00

In the context of the implementation of advanced regionalisation in Morocco, particularly in the southern provinces, and the adoption of new territorial development measures tailored to regional specificities, the analysis of Regional Development Programmes (RDPs) is essential. These programmes constitute strategic instruments aimed at enhancing the economic attractiveness of territories, whilst addressing the challenges of competitiveness, equity and sustainability. In this context, territorial economic intelligence (TEI) emerges as a key lever for supporting and optimising regional development policies. Applied to the Dakhla Oued Eddahab region, it helps to strengthen territorial competitiveness by promoting better use of local resources and facilitating the identification of investment opportunities. TEI is based on structured processes for the collection, analysis and dissemination of strategic information, enabling informed decision-making and the coordination of actions by various public and private stakeholders. By integrating this approach into the RDP, the Dakhla Oued Eddahab region benefits from a more coherent regional governance framework, based on synergy between
institutions, businesses and local stakeholders. This approach promotes investment, stimulates innovation and supports the development of productive activities, thereby contributing to sustainable and inclusive economic growth, as well as to the reduction of territorial disparities. The aim of this research is to highlight the role of territorial economic intelligence (TEI) in the strategic positioning and promotion of the attractiveness of the Dakhla Oued Eddahab region. To this end, a forward-looking approach is employed to analyse the region’s socio-economic characteristics and evaluate the RDP as a tool for strategic territorial planning. By 2030, territorial economic intelligence will be at the heart of economic diplomacy and territorial development policies, with an enhanced role for investment support institutions, notably the Regional Investment Centres.

Contributions from theories of organisational justice: A narrative and critical literature review

2026-08-18T06:17:46+00:00

Organisational justice is a prolific field of research in management sciences and work psychology. This article provides a narrative and critical review of the literature on the theoretical and empirical contributions of this multidimensional construct. Drawing on a body of work selected through a transparent protocol (including seminal meta-analyses, empirical studies conducted across diverse geographical and sectoral contexts (Morocco, Japan, Hong Kong, Ghana, Tunisia, Turkey), and foundational integrative models), we examine the conceptual foundations of organisational justice, the explanatory mechanisms identified (social exchange theory, affective perspective, social identity), the main attitudinal and behavioural consequences documented, and contemporary extensions of the concept, particularly in the context of digital transformation. The crosssectional analysis reveals consensus on the validity of the four-dimensional model and the significant effects of perceived justice on commitment, satisfaction, and turnover intention, whilst identifying recurring methodological limitations and persistent theoretical gaps. An integrative conceptual framework is proposed, articulating the antecedents, dimensions, mediating mechanisms, and consequences of organisational justice. Priority directions for future research are formulated.

Biochemical and Clinical Evaluation of Novel Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Molecular Docking and Biomarker Correlation Study

2026-08-18T06:37:24+00:00

The research assesses four new chemical substances which are Compound A through D which consist of quinazoline and pyrimidine and indole and quinoline derivatives for their ability to function as tyrosine kinase blockers in breast cancer treatment using molecular docking methods and laboratory tests. The molecular docking study which utilized AutoDock Vina demonstrated that Compound A which is a quinazoline derivative showed the highest binding affinity for EGFR at - 10.34 kcal/mol and HER2 at -9.12 kcal/mol when compared
to erlotinib and gefitinib. The in vitro MTT assays showed that Compound A had greater potency with IC50 values of 0.012 µM for MCF-7 and 0.034 µM for MDA-MB-231 which represented 7-fold and 4.5-fold increases above erlotinib. The Western blot analysis showed that p-EGFR and p-HER2 and downstream AKT/ERK1/2 signalling experienced major reductions. The study showed that Compound A caused
apoptosis in 57.2% of MCF-7 cells and 53.8% of MDA-MB231 cells which exceeded the erlotinib apoptosis rates. The ADMET profiling results showed that the drug exhibited good pharmacokinetic characteristics. The study found that Compound A's effectiveness depends on the EGFR and HER2 expression levels which were observed together with Ki-67 and Bax and Bcl-2 alterations thus confirming its value as a preclinical candidate for targeted breast cancer treatment.

Evaluation of the efficacy of cylinder oxygen therapy in patients admitted to Wangata General Referral Hospital: recovered and deceased patients (DRC): a retrospective cohort study

2026-08-18T06:40:52+00:00

Introduction: Oxygen is an essential medicine, but in rural and peri-urban hospitals in Central Africa, access to oxygen via concentrators is limited. In Wangata (DRC), oxygen therapy relies almost exclusively on cylinders. The aim was to assess the clinical effectiveness of this practice and to identify factors associated with failure.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study including 300 hospitalised patients who received oxygen via cylinders (January–December 2025). Criteria: SpO₂ ≤ 90% on room air, duration ≥ 6 hours. Univariate, bivariate (χ²) and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results: 58% of patients had an initial SpO₂ ≤ 85%. The median time to obtain a full cylinder was 4 hours (IQR: 2–7 h). Failure of oxygen therapy (death or SpO₂ < 90% at 48 h) occurred in 32.7% (n=98). In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of failure were: time to obtain oxygen > 4 hours (OR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.7–10.1), regulator leak (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–8.8), cylinder failure before 12 hours (OR =
3.8; 95% CI: 1.7–8.5), baseline SpO₂ ≤ 85% (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4–6.2) and absence of a functional pulse oximeter (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1–4.9).

Conclusion: Oxygen therapy using oxygen cylinders at Wangata is ineffective in one third of cases, due to logistical delays, equipment leaks and cylinder failures. Simple nursing interventions (checking for leaks, pulse oximeters, spare cylinders) could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.

Strengthening the Participatory and Community-Based Approach in the Fight Against Social Inequalities in Mbandaka, DRC: A Quantitative Analysis of 200 Households

2026-08-18T08:14:03+00:00

Background: In secondary cities of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, social inequalities persist despite the
participatory mechanisms promoted by donors. This study
examines the association between community participation
and the perception of reduced inequalities in Mbandaka, the
capital of Équateur Province.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200
heads of households selected using two-stage stratified
random sampling. Data were collected using a structured
questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square
test) and binary logistic regression were performed.
Results: The population is predominantly young (70% are
under 36 years of age) and economically vulnerable (68% live
below the poverty line). Nine significant associations were
identified. Logistic regression shows that strong community
participation increases the probability of perceiving a
reduction in inequalities by a factor of 5.87 (p < 0.001), after
adjusting for gender, age, education, income and occupation.
Conclusion: Community participation is a powerful lever but
requires supporting policies to avoid reproducing existing
inequalities.

A Comparative Analysis of Perceptions of the Outcome-Based Approach and the Competence-Based Approach in Nursing Education in Mbandaka, DRC: An Analysis of the Determinants of Teacher Adherence

2026-08-18T08:42:27+00:00

Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo has recently adopted the Bachelor’s-Master’s-Doctorate (LMD) system, requiring a pedagogical transition from the ObjectiveBased Approach (OBA) to the Competence-Based Approach (CBA). This transition faces severe structural constraints in peripheral medical training institutions.

Objective: To compare the perceived effectiveness of the OBA and the CBA for patient safety and to identify factors associated with staff adherence to the reform.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical survey was conducted among 50 teachers (84% men, 62% lecturers) at ISTMMbandaka. A 4-point Likert scale questionnaire measured perceptions. Analyses included logistic and linear regression, hierarchical clustering (Ward) and correspondence analysis.

Results: 72% of respondents preferred APC for patient safety. LMD training increased the probability of adopting APC by a factor of 3.5 (OR=3.49; 95% CI [1.21–10.05]; p=0.02). The lack of laboratories (mean=3.44), overcrowded placements (mean=3.48) and unreliable internet connection (β=-0.31; p=0.019) are the main obstacles. Seniority exerts a negative moderating effect (β = −0.26; p = 0.049). An oppositional typology distinguishes a pro-APO cluster (untrained seniors) from a pro-APC cluster (trained young people).

Conclusion: Despite strong support in principle for the competency-based approach, infrastructure and digital deficits hinder its effective implementation. A strategic plan incorporating compulsory training, low-threshold laboratories and hybrid connectivity is recommended.

Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevention of post-operative infections: a cross-sectional study at Wangata General Referral Hospital, DRC

2026-08-18T08:59:43+00:00

Introduction: Postoperative infections (POIs) constitute a major patient safety issue in resource-limited countries. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of nurses at the Wangata General Referral Hospital (DRC) regarding the prevention of POIs.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 102 nurses working in surgery, the operating theatre and intensive care. A structured questionnaire comprising 35 items was administered. Univariate, bivariate (Chi²) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were performed using SPSS 25.
Results: The mean age was 42.3 years (± 8.7); 56.9% were women. Whilst 100% were familiar with preoperative preparation, 68.6% were unaware of the pathogens responsible for postoperative infections. Knowledge of postoperative complications was lacking in 37.3%. Technical vigilance was cited by only 15.3% of respondents, compared with 30.8% for empathy. Seniority of ≥ 20 years (OR = 3.2;
95% CI: 1.5–6.8) and knowledge of pathogens (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–8.9) were the main predictors of good practice.
Conclusion: Critical gaps persist in microbiological knowledge and technical vigilance. Targeted continuing education on nosocomial pathogens and aseptic bundles is required.

Perceptions of Climate Change Among Market Gardeners in N’djili Brasserie, Mikondo Neighbourhood, in the City-Province of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo

2026-08-18T09:06:43+00:00

The Mikondo district was a village under the authority of traditional chiefs. From 1926 onwards, it was home to Kinshasa’s first brewery, formerly known as the ‘Brasserie de Léopoldville’, which earned it the nickname ‘N’djiliBrasserie’. In 1968, a presidential decree issued by President Mobutu officially incorporated Mikondo as a district of the commune of N’Sele, transferring its administration from the traditional authorities to state bodies, located south of the city-province of Kinshasa (DRC), an agricultural experiment that enables
them to observe and interpret climate change with precision. The results show that the perception of climate change is widely shared: market gardeners note a shift in the seasons and frequent flooding.