Igbinedion University Okada Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Drug related problems in type 2 diabetic patients with tuberculosis: A prospective study

Foluke Adenike Ayeni, Yewande Patricia Ambeke, Bolajoko Ajoke Aina — Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Patients with both diseases are often required to take multiple medications which increases the risks of developing drug-related problems (DRPs). This study aimed to identify and resolve DRPs encountered by TB and DM patients under a collaborative care model.
Methods: A prospective, observational study involving 52 TB and DM patients in two secondary care chest clinics in Lagos State, South-west Nigeria was carried out. Identification and classification of DRPs were based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe classification version 7-0, and data statistically analysed. Number of DRPs were presented as frequencies and percentages. A bivariate logistic regression analysis identified determinants of DRPs at a statistical significance of P ⩽ 0.05.
Results: A total of 86 DRPs were reported in the study, averaging 1.5 DRP per patient. Adverse drug events (73.1%), untreated indications (46.2%) and suboptimal treatment (44.2%) were most commonly identified. Main causes were insufficient awareness of disease state (55.7%), new indications (46.2%), and wrong administration of medications (44.2%). Interventions carried out were accepted at patient (100%), prescriber (76.9%) and drug levels (46.2%). Sixty- three and half percent (63.5%) were accepted and fully implemented. DRPs were totally solved in 63.5% of instances. There were no significant association between patients’ sociodemographic data and occurrence of DRPs (P>0.05). Conclusion: The presence of DRPs in TB-DM patients is substantial. Early detection, patient education and prompt resolution will promote safe, effective and optimal treatment outcomes in TB-DM patients.

Preliminary phytochemical, GC-MS analysis and antiepileptic studies on the methanol leaf extract of Bixa orellana (bixaceae)

Raymond Ogbonna Offiah, Kenneth Obinna Okolo, Ani Njideka Ifeoma — Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Epilepsy is a public health challenge, affecting up to 50 million people worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa alone, 5.4 million people mainly 20-49 years are affected. Adverse effects and high cost limit use of conventional therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-epileptic properties of Bixa orellana and chemically characterize its constituents.

Methods: Twenty-five mice were divided into five groups (n = 5). Negative Control group I received 10 ml/kg tween 80 in addition to food and water ad libitum. Groups II, III and IV received oral doses of leaf methanol extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively) plus Isoniazid. Positive control group V received Sodium valproate (30 mg/kg b.w. per oral) plus Isoniazid. Animals were observed for myoclonic seizures, latency to convulsion and death. Phytochemical analyses and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis were carried out.

Results: B. orellana significantly (p < 0.001) increased mean onset of seizure in all treatment groups compared to negative control. Mean onset for control (3.35±1.00 minutes) was incomparable to extract-treated groups (19.00±1.22, 20.25±4.27, and 20.00±2.54 minutes), respectively. GC/MS analysis showed the presence of aliphatic compounds (35.16%), ester (21.50%), aldehydes (14.97%), fatty acids (13.61%) and polyphenolics (9.33%) which accounted for 95% of the compounds.

Conclusion: B. orellana increased the latency to onset of Isoniazid induced seizure and this effect is believed to be due to the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins present.

Topical anti-inflammatory effect and HPLC fingerprint of ethanol extract of the rhizome of Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K. Schum

Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Aqueous extract of Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K. Schum (Costaceae) has been used traditionally as remedy for arthritis and rheumatism.

Methods: Extract was screened for the different classes of phyto-constituents using standard methods. HPLC analysis was developed to establish the fingerprint of the extract, while the topical anti-inflammatory study was evaluated following xylene-induced ear oedema model in mice.

Results: Topical application of xylene to both surfaces of the ear caused inflammation as indicated by increased thickness of the ear and mass of the ear punches. Extract (5 mg/ml) significantly (p≤ 0.01) decreased mean increase in the ear thickness comparable to the standard anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin (0.5 mg/ml). Also, extract (5 mg/ml) and indomethacin (0.5 mg/ml) inhibited inflammation by 76% and 68%, respectively. Additionally, C. spectabilis extract conferred a dose-dependent decrease in mass of ear punches. Doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/ml elicited greater inhibition (p≤ 0.001) of the initial increase in mass of the ear punches in the control group than indomethacin. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were identified as flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes, with saponins being most abundant (457.2 mg/g). Furthermore, HPLC fingerprint profile of the extract was established.

Conclusion: Extract of C. spectabilis demonstrated topical anti-inflammatory effect in xylene-induced ear oedema model in mice and this could be due to one or some of the phytometabolites.

Uterotonic effect of methanol extract and fractions of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) stem bark on female white albino rats

Adebayo Anthony Gbolade, Oluwasegun Adekanmi Adedokun, Peace Evans — Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), commonly known as the guava tree, has many medicinal properties which include anti-microbial, and inflammatory and healing properties, in addition to its folkloric usage in facilitating childbirth.

Methods: This study evaluated the effect of methanol (MeOH) crude extract, aqueous (AQ) and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions of P. guajava stem bark on isolated uterus of non-pregnant estrogenized female rats at varying doses to determine on uterine contractility in the spontaneous, oxytocin-induced and high KCL-induced contractions models, and also in calcium-free physiological salt solution.

Results: Concentration-dependent increases in amplitude and frequency of contractions were observed for extract and AQ fraction in the spontaneous contraction experiment. For the oxytocin pre-contracted uterus, only the fractions gave concentration-dependent decreases in contraction. Moreover, only extract and AQ fraction potentiated KCL-induced contraction at 10 mg/mL. In addition, all three samples at 10 mg/mL, increased amplitude of uterine contraction in calcium-free PSS by 15.25-15.41%.

Conclusion: Although not as active as oxytocin, crude MeOH extract of P. guajava was more potent than the two fractions in eliciting oxytocic effects on isolated rat uterus by a different mechanism, thereby Justifying the folkloric usage of P. guajava stem bark in inducing labour.

Antibiotics prescribing pattern in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria

Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics is a global public health challenge and is commonly associated with antibiotic resistance. Due to this challenge, attempts are being made using the World Health Organization core indicators as models to correct the anomalies. The study therefore evaluates the prescribing patterns of clinicians in the general out-patient Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Ilorin, Kwara State.

Methods: Descriptive retrospective assessment of prescriptions was carried out at the out-patient Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Ilorin, Kwara State. Antibiotic prescriptions were randomly selected and assessed. The data were entered and computed in form of descriptive statistics presented as numbers, bar charts and percentages frequencies using Microsoft Excel Package and Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20.

Results: Out of the nine hundred and twenty-five (925) prescriptions assessed, 295 (31.9%) contained at least one antibiotic. The total number of antibiotics in these prescriptions were 379. The commonly prescribed antibiotics were Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 85 (22.4%), Metronidazole 72 (22.0%) and Ciprofloxacin 49 (12.9%). The least prescribed antibiotics were Clindamycin, Levofloxacin and Secnidazole. The total expenditure on antibiotics during the study period was N369,110. Pattern of core prescribing indicators were: number of drugs prescribed per encounter 3.20±0.75, drugs in generics 49.80%, drugs in the hospital formulary 99.00%, average cost 973.00±6.51, availability 94%, and most frequent duration 7 days.

Conclusion: The study has shown that the prescribing patterns were within the recommended core indicators. It is therefore recommended that there should be improved practice to achieve satisfactory therapy and prevent occurrence of resistance.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Cleome ciliata leaf Schumach & Thonn. in acute and chronic inflammatory models using rodents

Ighodaro Igbe, Onaiwu Oghosa, Osaze Edosuyi — Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Cleome ciliata is a medicinal plant with bioactive constituents used in ethnomedicine for inflammatory conditions. The study aimed to assess anti-inflammatory activity of C. ciliata.

Method: The dried leaves were subjected to hot-aqueous extraction and acute toxicity testing was done at doses of 500, 1000, 2,500 and 5000 mg/kg, p.o. The anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) was assessed in rats using the carrageenan assay, dextran assay and formalin-induced arthritis models.

Results: Acute toxicity tests revealed the aqueous extract to be safe at all tested doses. The extract evoked a dose- dependent reduction in paw thickness, with peak reduction at 600 mg/kg (0.9±0.0 vs 0.7±0.0 cm, p<0.01). Similarly, all doses also reduced dextran-induced paw thickness in a time-dependent and biphasic fashion. The 200 mg/kg dose elicited peak reduction at 2 h (0.7±0.0 vs 0.6±0.0 cm, p<0.05) while the 400 mg/kg elicited a late-onset effect at the 4th h (0.9±0.0 vs 0.7±0.0 cm, p<0.0). C. ciliata aqueous extract also exerted a phasic effect against formalin-induced arthritis, reducing paw size at 200 and 400 mg/kg, compared to control (p<0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggests that aqueous extract of C. ciliata leaf evoked an anti-inflammatory effect against dextran induced oedema and formalin-induced arthritis in rats.