Utilization of Poultry Waste as Feed and Supplementary Feed For Fish Growth

This research work was carried out to evaluate poultry waste as a potential feed for fish growth. The poultry droppings were collected for analysis. The parameter determined to ascertain the potential of this poultry waste were proximate analysis (Moisture, dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents) and mineral nutrient composition (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese). The proximate analysis determined estimated moisture content to be 9.62±0.02%, dry matter 90.38±0.03%, ash content: 28.83±0.29%, crude protein: 21.34±0.16%, fat content: 2.61±0.13%, crude fibre:16.09±0.04, and carbohydrate: 21.53±0.03. The minerals nutrient composition for metals analysed is as follows; calcium: 2349.9±56.57mg/kg, potassium: 6239±572.76mg/kg. Magnesium: 1075.0±141.42mg/kg, sodium: 292.3±10.61mg/kg, copper: 104.8±7.07mg/kg, zinc: 395.0±7.07mg/kg, iron: 519.7±7.07mg/kg and manganese: 257.5±10.61mg/kg. However, based on the result for proximate analysis of the poultry waste analysed and mineral nutrients estimated compared with the mineral nutrient requirement of fish the results were not adequate for direct use as feed for fish. Thus the poultry droppings could only serve as feed or supplement for the conventional fish feeds use for fish to give excellent growth rate. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i4.8 Copyright: Copyright © 2019 Usman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 27 February 2019; Revised: 29 March 2019; Accepted 18 April 2019

The use of poultry waste as manure and other farm animal manure as feed for fish is not a new method. Manuring of fish ponds is a means of increasing fish production was known in China in the fourth and fifth century B.C (Neess, 1949). Integration of fish culture with livestock and crop farming is an ancient practice in China. The importance of poultry waste in aquaculture is relatively recent and the current interest in manure as a feedstuff is mostly due to the problem of waste disposal from intensive livestock and poultry operation. Also apart from this problem it has been recognized that large amounts of nutrient are wasted which this work seeks to evaluate (Qureshi, 1965). The reuse of manure is one way of creating edible protein from waste material which is disposed off uneconomically and also creates a nuisance (FAO 1991(FAO -2002. However, poultry manure is a potential source of protein, it has attracted the attention of animal nutritionist all over the world because of its richness of protein, calcium (5.4%), phosphorus is K2O and magnesium as MgO (0.335%) other minerals (Ranjhan, 1980;SPFG, 1994). A range of poultry by products are produced and re use in livestock feeds, including feather meal, blood meal, poultry litter meal etc. (Moller, 1980) and poultry waste are also used as fertilizer and soil conditioners. Also manure supply nitrogen and phosphorus for utilization by algae and provide a substrate for zoo plankton production (Wohifarth andSchrocder, 1979, Colman andEdward 1993;Mims et al., 1995). Poultry manure has been used widely in both fresh and brackish water aquacultures. Furthermore, research has shown that fish cultured under the integrated chicken-fish farming system are fit for human consumption (Adewumi et al., 2010). Therefore the objective of this paper is to analyse poultry wastes as a potential feed supplement for fish growth. Garden, University of Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria to reduce the odour and also to prevent microbial contamination. After which the samples were pulverized in a cleaned pre-treated mortal. Thereafter, samples were sieved and packed in clean pre-treated polyethylene bags and were taken to the Department of Chemistry Laboratory, University of Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria for the proximate and mineral composition analysis.

Description of Study
Proximate Analysis: Proximate analysis (moisture, dry matter, ash, protein, carbohydrate, crude fibre and fat content) and mineral nutrient composition (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese) were carried out based on dry matter of Micro-Kjeldahl Method, at Chemistry Department Laboratory, Kogi State University Anyigba, Nigeria.

Determination of Moisture Content):
The weighing dishes were washes and dried in the moisture oven, then placed in the desicators to cool. The empty weighing where labelled, weighed and weight recorded as W1. Then approximately 2g poultry manure (dried) were placed in the empty dishes weighed and recorded as W2, then placed in the oven for 6 hours at 105 o C. Then removed from the oven and placed in the desiccators to cool and after cooling the dishes were weighed until constant weight was attained and recorded as W3. The moisture content was determined from the formula below: The moisture content was determined from the formula below:  , 2000). Then transferred into the desiccators to cool and weighed immediately and weight was recorded.
The Ash content was determined using %( w/w)= × 100 Determination of Crude Protein: The procedures involves three stages described below Digestion stage: 0.2g of dried sample was weighed into a 50ml Kjeldahl flask, 10ml Concentrated H2SO4 was added and 1g Selenium was added as catalyst to speed up the digestion stage. The resulting solution was then heated for 2 hours for the digestion to be complete. During this stage, the organic matter in the sample was converted to carbon (iv) oxide and water as shown in the equation below: After digestion was judged complete, the content of the flask were allowed to cool after which 10ml of distilled water was added slowly with swirling until undissolved materials were in suspension. The solution was then made up to mark with distilled water.
Distillation stage: In this stage, a 50ml receiver flask containing 5ml Boric acid-indicator solution was placed under the condenser of distillation apparatus such that the tips of the condenser was above the solution. 10ml of 40%ml NaOH solution was carefully poured down the side of Kjeldahl flask containing the digested and diluted sample to form a layer on its bottom. The Kjeldahl flask was then bought into the boiling and the distillated NH3 was captured into the Boric acid indicator solution. The presence of the ammonia in the boric acid solution was indicated by a change in colour from wine to green. During the distillation stage, (NH4)2SO4 formed in the distillation step was converted to NH4OH resulting in the release of NH3 gas.
The % Crude Protein was then obtained using formula below % crude protein = %N x 6.25 Where 6.25 is Jones factor.
Determination of Fat Content: 250cm pre-cleaned flask was dried in the oven at 105 0 c for about 30 minutes, then transferred to the desiccators to cool. 1g of sample was accurately placed into the labelled extraction was assembled and allowed to Soxhlet apparatus thimble and cooled 250cm3 flask was also labelled and weighed recorded as W1, the flask was filled with 300cm 3 of petroleum ether (boiling pint 40 0 c -60 0 c), the extraction thimble was plugged lightly with cotton wool, then the Soxhlet apparatus was assembled and allowed to reflux for about 6 hours. The thimble was removed carefully and the petroleum ether was collected in the top container of the setup and drained into another container for re-use. The flask was removed and dried again at 105 0 C for one hour, transferred into the desiccators from the oven and allowed to cool, and weighed then was recorded as W2. The % fat was derived using the formula below: % )*+ − -. − -! /012ℎ+ 45 6*7890 '100 W1 = Weight of empty flask; W2 = Weight of flask + Fat (g) Determination of Crude Fibre: 0.5g of sample (dried) was weighed into 500ml conical flask. 100ml of trichloroacetic acid digestion reagent was added to the conical flask. The mixture in the conical flask was boiled and refluxed for 40 minutes. After refluxing, the flasks was removed from the beater and cooled under cold running tap of water. The cooled mixture in the flask was filtered through whatman filter paper and residue washed six times with hot water and once with methylated spirit. The residue was then transferred into a crucible, dried in an oven an 105 0 C, cooled and weighed. The Crucible and content was transferred to a muffle furnace preheated at 600 0 C and ashed for about 4 hours. After ashing was judged completed, the crucible was cooled in desiccators and weighed after cooling and weigh recorded as W2. Thus the % fibre was then calculated using the formula below % :;<=0 51>;0 − -. − -! /012ℎ+ 45 6*7890 '100 W1 = Weight of Crucible + content before ashing, W2 = Weight of crucible after ashing.

Determination of Total Carbohydrates:
The total carbohydrates content in the sample was obtained by difference as follows. 100-(Weight in grams {protein + fat + water + ash} in 100g of sample).
Determination of Mineral Content (Na, K, Cu, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn): 5g of already pulverized sample of poultry manure was weighed into pre-cleaned crucible. Then a few drops of HNO3 were added as ashing aid.
The sample was then dry-ash in a muffle furnace by stepwise increment of temperature for 4 hours (Crosby, 1977). Dry ashing was carried out in the sample before analysis to destroy all or most of the organic matter present in the sample so as to reduce matrix interference and concentrated most of the metals in a ready available form for analysis. Furthermore after ashing ash sample was cooled in the desiccators and dissolved in 5ml 1M Nitric acid, then the digested sample was filtered into 25ml volumetric flask and the crucible further rinsed with distilled water into the flask to ensure quantitative transfer. The digest was then made to mark with distilled water and store in a polyethylene bag for ready for analysis. Blank was also determined by taking distilled water through the whole process but omitting the sample and taking for analysis too. Concentration of mineral nutrient is derived from the formula below.
Data Analysis: Data was analysed using analysis of variance, mean and Standard deviation.   Minerals are inorganic elements necessary in the diet for normal body functions. They can be divided into two groups (macro-minerals and micro-minerals) based on the quantity required in the diet and the amount present in fish. Common macro-minerals are sodium, chloride, potassium and phosphorous. These minerals regulate osmotic balance and aid in bone formation and integrity. Micro-minerals (trace minerals) are required in small amounts as components in enzyme and hormone systems. Common trace minerals are copper, chromium, iodine, zinc and selenium. Fish can absorb many minerals directly form the water through their gills and skin, allowing them to compensate to some extent for mineral deficiencies in their diet (Houlihan et al., 2011). The mineral composition (Ca, K, Cu, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Mn) of the poultry waste were estimated and found to be as follows for each mineral element determined.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Conclusion: This study offer insight into the nutritive value of poultry waste, which ordinary are disposed of thereby constituting environmental menace. However, form the evaluation of the poultry waste so far the nutrient level (Protein, Carbohydrate, fat content, crude fibre, ash content) are relatively satisfactory, also the mineral nutrients required by fish in traces were also satisfactory. Thus poultry waste with these level of nutrient value can serve as feedstuff supplemented with other conventional feeds to enhance fish growth.