Comparative Reports on Pleurotus Sajor-caju Cultivated on Local Wood Wastes in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

: Cultivation of Pleurotus species, an Oyster mushroom is now becoming well known due to its taste, medicinal and nutritional values. It is capable of degrading agricultural wastes efficiently and even grows at different temperature ranges. Relatively, Pleurotus species has shorter life span and the fruiting bodies are rarely attacked by pests and diseases unlike the other edible mushrooms. Therefore, the aim of this research is to access the influence of mineral constituents of five local wood wastes ( Anogeissus leiocarpa, Pouteria altissima, Vitellaria paradoxa, Cordia milleni and Triplochiton scleroxylon ) in Ibadan metropolis on the growth, fruiting body yield and proximate analysis of cultivated oyster mushroom ( P. sajor-caju ). Data of Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (11.10 – 11.60) found reveal composition of Magnesium (0.035 mg), Potassium (0.053 mEq/l), Manganese (0.0013 mg), Copper (0.00050 g/m3), Iron (0.00275 mol/L), Phosphorus (0.027 mmol/L), Organic carbon (32.10 mg/L C), Organic matter (55.3 t/ha) and total nitrogen (2.77 mg/L) contributed greatly to the high crude protein, fats and ash contents of mushroom cultivated on T. Scleroxylon. However, insignificant contents of sodium (0.2 mg), Calcium (0.2 mmol/L) and Magnesium (0.013 mg) in Pouteria altissima led to the general inadequate performance of ( P. sajor-caju ) in yields. The fresh mean weight of ( P. sajor-caju ) was from 8.00 g – 27.53 g. The heaviest weight was obtained from T. scleroxylon followed by V. paradoxa, C. milleni, while Anogeissus leiocarpa gave the lightest weight. Hence, T. scleroxylon will be suggested for cultivating P. sajor-caju because of its positive impact on the yield, crude fibre, and protein content of the experimented mushroom.

Oyster mushroom comprises the Pleurotus species belonging to Tricholomataceae family; it is known to be second generally cultivated mushroom globally after Agaricus bisporus (Sanchez, 2010;Hoa et al., 2015).Nevertheless, Obodai et al., (2003), described oyster mushroom to be third in rank commercially cultivated in the global market.Oyster mushrooms are common and universally cultivated in Europe, Asia and America due to their simple technology and low cost of production (Mane et al., 2007).Furthermore, Pleurotus species cultivation is becoming popular because of its medicinal properties, taste and nutrient constituents.Oyster mushroom has the ability to degrade agricultural wastes effectively and can grow at varied temperature ranges (Hoa et al., 2015).Comparatively, Pleurotus species fruiting bodies are not frequently attacked by pests and diseases like other edible mushrooms and more so, grow in a shorter time than them (Tesfaw, et al., 2015).Pleurotus species are by nature found in tropical and subtropical rainforest under a favourable growth condition.Nevertheless, they can be artificially cultivated by various agricultural wastes comprising ligin, cellulose and hemicellulose such as cotton seed, waste paper, sugarcane residue, wheat and rice straw, leaves and waste paper (Chirinang & Intarapichet. 2009).
Pleurotus spp cultivation has been described to having the ability of effective colonization and lignocellulosic bioconversion of agro industrial residues, complex organic compounds, thereby bringing down waste disposal problem and producing a safety environment (Hoa, et al., 2015).Although Oyster mushroom can grow on a broad substrate variety, its quality and yield is subjected to the nutritional and chemical composition of the substrates (Badu, et al., 2011).
Pleurotus species are potential source of protein and minerals that enriches diets human and can be a healthy alternative to meat (Guinard et al., 2016 andFamiloni et al., 2018).Nevertheless, edible mushrooms cultivation on a commercial scale is still lagging in Nigeria, despite massive quantities of agroindustrial products and lignocellulosic agricultural residues being generated on a daily basis.Some of these unexploited by-products are allowed to decay in the field or disposed by burning (Tesfaw et al., 2015).This happens due to shortage of mushroom farmers and researchers, little skills in mushroom cultivation, absence of some non-poisonous fungi spawns, inadequate familiarity of the variety of native mushroom species, lack of mushroom taxonomists and dearth of information in mushroom biotechnology (Okhuoya et al., 2010 andFamiloni et al., 2018).Thus, utilizing various indigenous lignocellulosic substrates in cultivation of oyster mushroom is part of the solutions to convert these wood wastes into an edible substance of high nutrient and commercial value (Osemwegie et al., 2014 andTesfaw et al., 2015).In genus Pleurotus, several species has been examined P.sajor-caju, P. cystidiosis, P. florida, P. flabellatus and P. eryngii.Pleurotus sajor-caju was considered to be an outstanding mushroom due to its ability to be cultivated between a broad array of temperatures on diverse natural materials and agronomic wastes (Rehana et al., 2007 andNurudeen et al., 2014).Therefore, this work aimed at assessing the influence of different indigenous wood dusts on the growing performance, yield and nutritional constituents of P. sajor -caju.Cropping and Harvesting: Mushroom bags were transported to the fruiting room instantly after the mycelia are fully ramified.The polythene bags' tip were unfastened after spawn run and were arranged on the shelves, exposed to 80-90% humid condition and were being sprayed with water on a regular basis.Primordial development was observed between 3-5 days after opening of the bags.Matured mushrooms were harvested persistently until the third flush.

Data collection and statistical analysis: Mycelia
Running Rate of substrate in the bag (cm) for each substrate was taken after the mycelia colonies spanned the shoulder of the bag.Linear length was taken at different sides of the bag (Sarker, 2004), with ruler and documented for three weeks.

MRR = L/N (cm/day).
Where L = Average length of mycelium running for different places (cm); N = Number of days

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The mycelia growth of P. sajor-caju displayed by the experimental wood dusts was examined for three weeks.yield in a very short period of time (Zied and Pardo-Giménez, 2011;Nurul, et. al., 2023).Miles and Chang (2014) reported that a C/N ratio of 32-150 is most suitable for the production of Pleurotus spp.However, in this study, the value obtained ranged from 11.10 -11.60.Higher composition of Na (0.83 %), Ca (0.83 %) K (0.046 %), Cu (0.00033 %), and lower composition of Mn (0.0004 %), Fe (0.00025 %), Zn (0018 %) and P (0.005 %) relative to other elements in The means mycelia growth (%) of P. sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis on weekly basis: P. altissima having the fastest mycelia ramification followed by C. milleni while A. leiocarpa having the slowest ramification in Table 2, might be as a result of variation in the density of the wood waste and their properties (Olasupo et al., 2019).Hence, P. altissima suggested the most promising and preferred out of all the wood wastes examined.
Impacts of wood dusts substrates kinds on the growth parameters of P. sajor-caju: The P. sajor-caju fresh mean weight found from this research (table 4), was from 8.07g -27.53g.Highest percentage value was obtained from T. scleroxylon followed by V. paradoxa while A. leiocarpa gave the least percentage.
The pileus diameter obtained in table 4, was from 3.92 cm -5.40 cm.The mushroom produced by C. milleni had the highest value followed by T. scleroxylon while A. leiocarpa had the least.This corroborates the report Chiejina and Osibe, (2015) who reported (3.01 -5.76) when L. squarrossulus was cultivated on different wood wastes.Moisture contents (%): As depicted in table 3, the least moisture content (4.67) of P. sajorcaju produced was observed in the P. altissima's substrate, while highest was observed in V. paradox (14.00).This implies that the shelf life of P. sajor-caju produced by P. altissima is low and the mushroom can be easily dried and stored as soon as possible.The values obtained are similar to (12.28 -13.33) presented by Chiejina and Osibe, 2015 but higher than (6.87% -8.75%) cultured on the same substrates as documented by Olasupo et. al., 2020.
Nevertheless, it is lower than 21.54% -23.28% reported by Miah et al., 2016).Low food fibre is good for infants and toddlers (Salamat, et al., 2017, Hojsak, et. al., 2022).Nevertheless, high food fibre aids food absorption in patients with cancer, diabetes and heart diseases due to its ability to clean and maintain intestinal tract and thereby reducing blood cholesterol (Ugbogu andAmadi, 2014, Hojsak, et. al., 2022).
Fats (%): Mushroom fats are hypocholestrolemic and possess unsaturated fatty acid (Bereda, 2022).The percentage of fats in this research was from 5.00% -13.00%.Highest value was recorded in V. paradoxa substrate while the least was recorded in P. altissima.This result is higher than Patil, (2013) who reported 2.40% -2.82% when P. sajor-caju was cultivated on different substrate.Diets with low fats/lipids contents are good for management of heart related diseases and obesity (Chawla, et. al., 2020).Ash contents (%): The ash content is the entire amount of mineral constituents in the mushroom (Muthu and Shanmugasundaram, 2016).Percentage ash contents in this study ranged from 2.38% -6.18%.T. scleroxylon produced the highest value followed by C. milleni while V. paradoxa produced the least.The values obtained are lower than (6.58% -8.41%) and (6.65% -7.30%) studied by Kulsum et al. (2009) and (Patil, 2013) respectively who cultured P. sajor-caju on different substrates.

Carbohydrates (%):
Carbohydrate is a good source of energy for breakfast and weaning food formulas (Stephen et. al., 2012).The carbohydrates value got from this work ranged from 44.37% -76.69%.It corroborates the result of Nurudeen et al., (2013) who reported that P. sajor-caju cultivated on different agricultural wastes ranged from 65.68% to 69.22%.Nevertheless, it is higher than Alam et al., (2007) who obtained carbohydrates with 39.82% -42.83% in pleurotus spp.Mushrooms with high carbohydrate contents can be used locally for soup thickening and binding (Odoh, et, al., (2017).

Conclusion:
The research established a comparative study of P. sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis and the effects of mineral constituents of the local wood wastes on the yield and proximate composition of P. sajor-caju.All the local wood wastes have the potential mineral elements of cultivating P. sajor-caju and any of the substrates could be used for mycelia growth of P. sajor-caju.Nonetheless, every farmer would always be interested in the wood wastes that would give high yield, rich in protein and availability in their environment.Hence, I would recommend T. scleroxylon in cultivating P. sajor-caju based on the yield, protein content and crude fibre of the analyzed mushroom.
Table 2 illustrated that P. altissima was ahead in the ramification rate accompanied by C. milleni, V.

Table 1 :
Elemental analysis of local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis Values in the same table having the same alphabet are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of significant

Table 2 .
Mean mycelia growth (%) of Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibited by different wood dusts on a weekly basis

Table 3 :
Proximate analysis of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on five local wood dusts

Table 4 :
Growth parameters of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis Carbon to Nitrogen ratio influences the rate at which organic matter decomposes.There must be an optimum C/N ratio in the culture substrate for the cultivation of mushroom in order to get the best OLASUPO, O. O; ASONIBARE, A. O; BABALOLA, Y. O; AKEREDOLU, O. A; BAMGBOYE, A. M; AKANNI, F. O.

Table 1
respectively, gave rise to the total lowly yield performance of P. sajor-caju.Therefore, C. milleni and A. leiocarpa would not be appropriate substrate for P. sajor-caju cultivation.

Table 5 :
ANOVA table of mean fresh weight (kg) of P. sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis

Table 6 :
ANOVA table of mean pileus diameter (cm) of P. sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis

Table 7 :
ANOVA table of mean stipe length (cm) of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis

Table 8 :
ANOVA table of mean stipe thickness (mm) of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on local wood wastes in Ibadan metropolis