Anti-termite efficacy of Capparis decidua and its combinatorial mixtures for the control of Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus ( Isoptera : Odontotermitidae ) in Indian soil

Capparis deciduas and its combinatorial mixtures were evaluated to observe the anti-termite efficacy against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus. These have shown very high termiticidal activity and wood protection in the soil. It is proved by very low LD50 values i.e. 0.0218mg/g and 0.021mg/g obtained in stem fractions CDS3 and CDS7 respectively. When other ingredients, were used to prepare combined mixtures with C. decidua these have shown synergistic action and caused very high termite mortality in termites. Besides this, both tag binding and wood seasoning experiments significantly cut down (p<0.05 and 0.01 level) in termite infestation in garden saplings and in seasoned dry wood planted in the garden soil. Above treatments have successfully obstructed the ascending and descending movements of termites and prohibited mud plastering and tunnel formation in workers. It was found statistically significant at the level 0.05. @JASEM Termites are highly destructive polyphagous insect pests, which largely damage house hold materials, finished goods, plants and agricultural crops such as sugarcane, millet, barley and paddy. Termite colonies also heavily attack fodder crops and make tunnels in subtropical and tropical soil. For termite control in the field various synthetic chemicals such as cyclodiene (Sim et al., 1998), cypermethrin (Valles and Woodson, 2002), hydroquinone and indoxocarb (Hu, 2006) have been used. But these pesticides were found cost effective, detrimental to environment and kill non-target organisms. Due to their longer residual persistence and very high toxicity, many synthetic pesticides are banned. Hence, their new alternatives have been discovered in form of natural or plant origin pesticides. These plant-origin pesticides are found much safer and easily biodegradable in the soil in comparison to synthetic pesticides. In the past for termite control few plant species such as Pseudotusuga menziesii, Lysitoma seemnii, Tabebina guaycan, Diospyros sylvatica (Ganapaty et al., 2004), Curcuma aromatica and Euphorbia kansuii (Shi et al., 2008), have been explored for their anti-feedant and insecticidal activities. These extracts heavily deter termite feeding and reduce their survival (Boue and Raina, 2003). Besides crude extracts, few active anti-termite compounds have also been isolated from plants (Kinyanjui et al., 2000) and their diverse biological activities such as anti-feedent, repellent and toxic activities have been established in field termites (Motohashi et al., 2000; Blaske and Hertel, 2001; Blaske et al., 2003). However, to enhance the lethality and target specificity of natural pesticides few synergists are also used. These synergists in form of poison baits more efficiently exploit feeding and tunneling behavior in termites. In the present study, anti-termite efficacy of various solvent fractions of C decidua was determined. For this purpose various toxicity, repellency, wood seasoning and tag binding bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Termite O. obesus were collected from infested logs found at the University of Gorakhpur U.P. India and near by forest area of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Termites removed from plant biomass and logs were maintained in glass jars (height-24”, diameter 10”) in complete dark conditions at 28±2 0 C, 75±5 RH. Termites were fed on green leaves. Stem, leaves, flowers and fruits of Capparis were chopped in small pieces, milled to make powder, and extracted sequentially with acetone, methanol, chloroform and water. Solvent was evaporated to prepare residues. The extracts were filtered with Whatman paper No. 1 and were concentrated under vacuum (30 0 C) to make about one third of original volume or until most of the solvent is removed. The remaining aqueous solution was partitioned with chloroform to remove non-polar compounds. The aqueous extracts were combined and concentrated under vacuum and freeze-dried. Preliminary trials were made in the laboratory to test the anti-termite efficacy of C. decidua. For toxicity bioassay, various serial concentrations of different extracts were loaded on Whatmann paper strips (1x1 cm 2 ) and air dried to remove the solvent. These pre-coated solvent free strips were placed in the center separate Petri dishes (42mm diameter) as tests and uncoated as control. Twenty-five worker termites were released in the Petri dish to observe the mortality and feeding behavior. Besides this, in field experiments solid wood sticks ( 3 ft length X 3.2’ diameter) seasoned in various mixtures for 48 hrs were planted in garden soil in separate pits of 2.75 feet depth. Separate pits Anti-termite efficacy of Capparis deciduas..... RAVI KANT UPADHYAY; GAYATRI JAISWAL; SHOEB AHMAD were used for different concentration at a distance of 3 feet. Six control and 54 tests wood sticks were applied in these experiments. These treated wood sticks were dug out after each one-month duration. Experiments were run up to 180 days for observation of termite infestation on wood sticks. Weight loss/infestation, exposure period and concentration of ingredients were considered for determination of anti-termite activity in garden soil. Besides this, cotton threads pre-soaked in C. decidua aqueous extracts were tagged around the tree trunk at a high at of 5-6 feet above the ground. For tests 8 different rows of sagwan trees (Tectona grandis) having 24 plants were chosen and each was tagged with the cotton threads. In control, the same thread was tagged at the same height without coating any active fraction. These garden saplings were also sprayed with C. decidua aqueous extract. The LD50 after 24 hrs of exposure to each was calculated by using Probit analysis tested using the method of Finney (1971). Table-1 Anti-termite efficacy of solvent extracts of C. decidua against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus * Values are mean + SE of 6 replicates. * Three different concentrations i.e.T1 6gm/l; T2 9-gm/l; and T3 contain 12gm/l Capparis decidua extract.CD S* denotes fraction prepared from stem.,UCL-LCL* Upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit Statistical analysis: Standard deviations chi-square, tsignificance, correlation, and ANOVA were calculated from the means by using Sokal and Rohlf method (1973). In the experiments analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done whenever two means were obtained at a multiple test range and p<0.05 probability level. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, toxicity bioassays of C. decidua solvent fractions CDS3, CDS6, CDS2 and CDS7 were found to be highly toxic to the termites (Odontotermes obesus). It is proved by very low LD50 values obtained i.e. 0.218-0.021 mg/gm (Table1). Besides this, combinatorial mixtures have shown synergistic activity as high mortality was observed in Fraction/Extract LD50 (mg/gm) body wt UCL-LCL* Slope function CD S1 (Stem) 0.0812 3.45-1.95 2.213 CD S2 (Stem) 0.0193 2.54-0.19 3.885 CD S3 (Stem) 0.0218 0.278-0.205 4.01 CD S4 (Stem) 0.017 2.10-0.20 3.89 CD S5 (Stem) 0.18 2.22-0.19 3.66 CD S6 (Stem) 0.00652 0.78-0.087 2.66 CD S7 (Stem) 0.021 1.94-0.45 2.07 CD S8 (Stem) 0.025 2.6-0.30 3.41 Acetone extract (root) 0.028 0.24-0.02 1.455 Acetone extract (fruit) 0.031 0.30-0.030 3.10 Acetone extract (flower) 0.040 0.31-0.03 2.40 Combinatorial mixtures C. deciduas T1 27.0 7.78-2.60 1.87 C. decidua T2 5.5 2.20-0.547 2.22 C. decidua T3 22.68 3.73-1.69 1.57 Borate T1 18.56 3.79-1.14 1.75 Borate T2 53.6 13.65-4.45 1.89 Borate T3 13.0 20.0-0.430 1.64 Copper T1 1.88 1.78-0.495 2.08 Copper T2 0.84 0.980-0.179 2.65 Copper T3 1.56 1.18-0.521 1.62 Pure cow urine 19.20 1.45-0.631 1.66 Cow urine T1 35.2 2.65-0.347 3.19 Cow urine T2 50.7 9.55-1.58 2.79 Cow urine T3 15.68 6.04-0.829 3.16 Malathion 11.50 13.42-9.85 1.86 Fipronil 7.75 8.52-7.05 1.46 Thiomethoxam 9.0 10.36-7.82 1.77 102 Anti-termite efficacy of Capparis deciduas..... RAVI KANT UPADHYAY; GAYATRI JAISWAL; SHOEB AHMAD each combination (Table-3 & 4). LD50 values noted in them were very low between 0.84-27.0 mg/g-body weights of termites. Both C. decidua and C-CoT1, T2 and T3 mixtures have shown significantly much lower LD50 values in comparison to other mixtures (Table-1). Further, C. decidua active ingredients coated on tags were tied over tree trunks. It has shown significant reduction in search operations made by termites for feeding. Moreover, toxic and repellent action of combined mixtures has successfully checked the deposition of mud plastering and tunnel formation. It has also obstructed the ascending and descending movements of termites. It was found statistically significant at the level 0.05 and 0.01 as F-value shows that experiments are quite successful for random control of termites in the groups. [F0.05= 2.895, F0.01=4.455], F is significant for X value while for Y values it is non-significant and Fxy=5.38. It was also tried to adjust the values by computation for adjustment of SS for Y that shows termite killing was significant (Table-2) [df= 31, t0.05 =2.04, t0.01 =2.75]. Besides this, in another experiment, tag binging was done and plants were treated with C. decidua aqueous extract by spraying. In this experiment the number of termites, % infestation and % tunneling activity were significantly (p<0.01) reduced up to 14.07%, 11.68% and 19.82% respectively in trees both sprayed and tagged (Table-2). Table-2 Termite management after employment of tag binding and spray on infested garden plants. Different rows of early saplings of sagaun were treated with active fractions, Observations were made at every 15 days time interval, Significant at p<0.01 levels. After one month total termite infestation was subsided and mud plastering get shed off from the infested trees by tag binding and spray treatment. In seasoned wood sticks C. decidua mixtures T1, T2 and T3 have shown long term protection of wood. As combined mixtures have shown significant correlation between tests and control, as the values of corre

Termites are highly destructive polyphagous insect pests, which largely damage house hold materials, finished goods, plants and agricultural crops such as sugarcane, millet, barley and paddy.Termite colonies also heavily attack fodder crops and make tunnels in subtropical and tropical soil.For termite control in the field various synthetic chemicals such as cyclodiene (Sim et al., 1998), cypermethrin (Valles and Woodson, 2002), hydroquinone and indoxocarb (Hu, 2006) have been used.But these pesticides were found cost effective, detrimental to environment and kill non-target organisms.Due to their longer residual persistence and very high toxicity, many synthetic pesticides are banned.Hence, their new alternatives have been discovered in form of natural or plant origin pesticides.These plant-origin pesticides are found much safer and easily biodegradable in the soil in comparison to synthetic pesticides.In the past for termite control few plant species such as Pseudotusuga menziesii, Lysitoma seemnii, Tabebina guaycan, Diospyros sylvatica (Ganapaty et al., 2004), Curcuma aromatica and Euphorbia kansuii (Shi et al., 2008), have been explored for their anti-feedant and insecticidal activities.These extracts heavily deter termite feeding and reduce their survival (Boue and Raina, 2003).Besides crude extracts, few active anti-termite compounds have also been isolated from plants (Kinyanjui et al., 2000) and their diverse biological activities such as anti-feedent, repellent and toxic activities have been established in field termites (Motohashi et al., 2000;Blaske and Hertel, 2001;Blaske et al., 2003).However, to enhance the lethality and target specificity of natural pesticides few synergists are also used.These synergists in form of poison baits more efficiently exploit feeding and tunneling behavior in termites.In the present study, anti-termite efficacy of various solvent fractions of C decidua was determined.For this purpose various toxicity, repellency, wood seasoning and tag binding bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and field.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Termite O. obesus were collected from infested logs found at the University of Gorakhpur U.P. India and near by forest area of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.Termites removed from plant biomass and logs were maintained in glass jars (height-24", diameter 10") in complete dark conditions at 28±2 0 C, 75±5 RH.Termites were fed on green leaves.Stem, leaves, flowers and fruits of Capparis were chopped in small pieces, milled to make powder, and extracted sequentially with acetone, methanol, chloroform and water.Solvent was evaporated to prepare residues.The extracts were filtered with Whatman paper No. 1 and were concentrated under vacuum (30 0 C) to make about one third of original volume or until most of the solvent is removed.The remaining aqueous solution was partitioned with chloroform to remove non-polar compounds.The aqueous extracts were combined and concentrated under vacuum and freeze-dried.Preliminary trials were made in the laboratory to test the anti-termite efficacy of C. decidua.For toxicity bioassay, various serial concentrations of different extracts were loaded on Whatmann paper strips (1x1 cm 2 ) and air dried to remove the solvent.These pre-coated solvent free strips were placed in the center separate Petri dishes (42mm diameter) as tests and uncoated as control.Twenty-five worker termites were released in the Petri dish to observe the mortality and feeding behavior.Besides this, in field experiments solid wood sticks ( 3 ft length X 3.2' diameter) seasoned in various mixtures for 48 hrs were planted in garden soil in separate pits of 2.75 feet depth.Separate pits were used for different concentration at a distance of 3 feet.Six control and 54 tests wood sticks were applied in these experiments.These treated wood sticks were dug out after each one-month duration.Experiments were run up to 180 days for observation of termite infestation on wood sticks.Weight loss/infestation, exposure period and concentration of ingredients were considered for determination of anti-termite activity in garden soil.Besides this, cotton threads pre-soaked in C. decidua aqueous extracts were tagged around the tree trunk at a high at of 5-6 feet above the ground.For tests 8 different rows of sagwan trees (Tectona grandis) having 24 plants were chosen and each was tagged with the cotton threads.In control, the same thread was tagged at the same height without coating any active fraction.These garden saplings were also sprayed with C. decidua aqueous extract.The LD 50 after 24 hrs of exposure to each was calculated by using Probit analysis tested using the method of Finney (1971).

Table-1
Anti-termite efficacy of solvent extracts of C. decidua against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus * Values are mean + SE of 6 replicates.* Three different concentrations i.e.T1 6gm/l; T2 9-gm/l; and T3 contain 12gm/l Capparis decidua extract.CD S* denotes fraction prepared from stem.,UCL-LCL*Upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit Statistical analysis: Standard deviations chi-square, tsignificance, correlation, and ANOVA were calculated from the means by using Sokal and Rohlf method (1973).In the experiments analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done whenever two means were obtained at a multiple test range and p<0.05 probability level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, toxicity bioassays of C. decidua solvent fractions CDS3, CDS6, CDS2 and CDS7 were found to be highly toxic to the termites (Odontotermes obesus).It is proved by very low LD 50 values obtained i.e. 0.218-0.021mg/gm (  After one month total termite infestation was subsided and mud plastering get shed off from the infested trees by tag binding and spray treatment.In seasoned wood sticks C. decidua mixtures T1, T2 and T3 have shown long term protection of wood.As combined mixtures have shown significant correlation between tests and control, as the values of correlation were found positive in the weight loss and infestation, while it was found negative for malathion treatment (0.716 to 0.322).Similarly both fipronil and thiomethoxam treated wood sticks have shown greater weight loss than treated with combinatorial mixtures (Table -3).In few wood sticks weight loss was not due to termite attack but due to soil activity.
There was observed a significant very low termite count in seasoned wood sticks in comparison to unseasoned or controls.. Contrary to this, more number of termites was found in malathion treated wood sticks in comparison to bioorganic fraction treatment.It indicates that C. decidua and it various combinations are more protective to seasoned wood sticks in comparison to un-seasoned.Similar results were obtained in Borate (T3) and copper (T3) mixtures which have shown wood protection upto six months.Besides this, solid wood sticks treated with inorganic fraction cause mild percent weight loss and % infestation made the termite were between 2.97% to 26.61%.Similar results were obtained in pure cow urine seasoned wood sticks as they effectively control % weight loss i.e. 16.63 to 75.23% up to six month.While cow urine mixed with C. decidua infestation and minimum weight loss obtained and protect seasoned wood sticks from infestation was 29.20% up to five month in T1 fraction.
From the experiments, it was noticed that % infestation is directly related to % weight loss (Table -3).It is highly noticeable that C. decidua fractions remain active for longer duration, significantly deter termites, and cause high lethality.It shows that active components present in mixtures of C decidua significantly repelled more number of termites from treated trees and no further infestation was observed on these treated saplings even after six months.It remarkably shows that wood seasoning is effective method to control termite damage.The index of toxicity estimation indicate that the mean value was with in the limit at all probabilities (90, 95 and 99%) as it is less than 0.05 values of t-ratio greater (p<0.05).Besides this regression was also found significant.The steep slope values indicate that even small increase in the dose cause high mortality.Values of the heterogeneity less than 1.0 denotes that in the replicate test of random sample, the dose response time would fall with in 95% confidence limit and thus the model fits the data adequately.
Results confirms that C. decidua combinatorial mixtures have successfully obstructed tunneling, feeding and penetration of termites in the garden soil (Boue and Raina, 2003;Blaske and Hertel, 2001).
Similarly Diospyros sylvatica, (Ganapaty et al., 2004), Polygonum hydropiper (L) and Pogostemon paviflorus (Benth) (Rehman et al., 2005) Aleurits fordii (Tung tree) extracts (Hutchins, 2006) garlic Allium sativum and Euphorbia kansuii (Shi et al., 2008) have shown antitermite activity.Similar termiticidal activity occurs in Cajput oil (Melunuca cajputi) against Coptotermes formosanus due to presence of monoterpene, diterpenes sesquiterpene and hydrocarbons (Cornelius andGrace, 1997, Kim et al., 2006).Similarly, both Heartwood and sapwood of Taiwania cryptomerioides were found highly effective against C. formosanus at 10 mg/g (Chang et al., 2001).Similar results were obtained by wood seasoning against Anacanthotermes ochreceus (Kaakeh, 2005).It was assessed from the results that present plant species may have few active compounds with diverse biological activity, which could be successfully used for termite control.Active compounds from this plant certainly deter feeding, orientation and tunneling behavior in termites.However, for elimination of field termite's natural pesticides are applied in form of baits, fumigants and soil treatment toxicants use of natural pesticides strengthen the cost benefit model developed for agro economic fields.Such methods are more feasible for sustainable agricultural development and are much able to check the environmental deterioration.

Table - 1
).Besides this, combinatorial mixtures have shown synergistic activity as high mortality was observed in

Table - 2
Termite management after employment of tag binding and spray on infested garden plants.Different rows of early saplings of sagaun were treated with active fractions, Observations were made at every 15 days time interval, Significant at p<0.01 levels.