Groundwater Flow Direction Mapping, Aquifer Characteristics and Risk Prediction in Ugbowo and Environs, Edo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Groundwater occurring in the interstices of unconsolidated soils and fractured rocks is increasingly susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to assess the groundwater flow direction mapping and aquifer characteristics in Ugbowo and environs, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Measurements obtained from Seven (7) boreholes across different locations using a dip meter. Result of measurements revealed static water level ranged from 64.01m to 67.07m with an average drill depth of. Hydraulic head ranged from 31.83m to 44.46m. The potentiometric surface map revealed a non-uniform groundwater flow pattern, generally trending from the north-central region (UBTH/Ugbowo axis) toward the south and southeast (Uselu and Okhoro areas). This flow pattern indicates that the north-central part of the study area serves as the recharge zone, while the southern and southeastern sections act as discharge zones, possibly draining into the Okhoro River. The variation in equipotential line spacing suggests heterogeneous subsurface conditions, with steeper gradients and higher flow velocities in the Ugbowo–Uselu axis. These areas may therefore be more susceptible to contaminant migration due to both natural hydraulic gradients and anthropogenic inputs (pressures). The findings indicated that the Southern region of the study area are more likely to be prone to contamination. Hence, residents are advised to take cognizance of when siting dumpsites, landfills and septic tanks. The study provides essential baseline data for groundwater management, aquifer protection, and environmentally sustainable land-use planning in the area.