Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Graft Copolymerization of Methylmethacrylate onto Ximeniaamericana Seed Oil-Based Polyurethanes using an initiator-accelerator couple system: Effect of initiation time on Mechanical, Swelling and Morphological Properties

2024-06-30T08:32:13+00:00

Graft copolymerization continuestoplay important role in the modification of wide range of polymer materials for industrial application. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of variedinitiation time of benzoyl peroxide-N,N-dimethyl- para -toludinecouple system by free radical solution polymerization on the mechanical, swelling and morphological properties of polyurethane-graft-polymethylmethacrylate copolymer using appropriate standard methods. The tensile and flexural properties for HDPU-1.02-g-PMMA and TDPU-1.02-g-PMMA increased within (20-30 min.) initiation time and decreased thereafter, these parameters for MDPU-1.02-g-PMMA, increased over the whole range of initiation time (20-40 min.). The copolymers showed maximum and minimum swelling in chloroform and propanol respectively, with exception of propanol, MDPU-1.02-g-PMMA copolymer presents the highest swelling in other solvents. HDPU-1.02-g-PMMA and TDPU-1.02-g-PMMA copolymers prepared at40 min. initiation time showed macrophase separation. In contrast, MDPU-1.02-g-PMMAprepared at identical condition, indicates an encapsulated polymethylmethacrylate chain within the MDPU-polymer matrix. The results showed that Ximeniaamericana seed oil was an effective precursorfor polyurethane-graft-polymethylmethacrylate copolymers with physico-mechanical properties characterized by structural orientation of the base polyurethane matrix and polymerization initiation time.

Chemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Assessment of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Seed Extract and in-silico Pharmacokinetic Exploration of the Prominent Compounds

2024-06-30T08:38:54+00:00

The objective of this paper was to characterize, screen antioxidant, antibacterial and in-silico activities of petroleum ether extract of the seeds of Syzygium aromaticum plant using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained reveals the presence of ten compounds which belong to different classes of organic compounds comprising terpenes and terpenoids (50.512 %), methoxyphenol (17.232 %), glycoside (15.426 %), phenol ester (7.806 %), benzoic acid (5.423 %) and hydrocarbon (3.602 %). The extract did not record appreciable antioxidant activity in comparison with vitamin C used as a standard. The antibacterial activity screening against three gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri) and two gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis) bacteria organisms showed that the extract possessed marked antibacterial activity against the test organisms more than the gentamicin used as a standard antibacterial agent. The greatest activity was shown against S. epidermidis while the least activity was shown against E. coli. The presence of high level of terpenes and terpenoids, phenolic compounds and glycoside in the extract may be responsible for the high antibacterial activity demonstrated by the extract thereby giving credence to the use of S. aromaticum seed extract in the treatment of infections in herbal medicine. In silico ADME/pharmacokinetics activity was assessed using SWISSADME online server. The compounds showed good pharmacokinetic properties, such as high blood-brain barrier (BBB), high human gastrointestinal absorption (HIA), oral bioavailability and non-inhibition of cytochromes P450 (CYP). The findings of this study significantly increased the relevance of these compounds as promising first targets for the treatment of drug-resistant bacteria. This may help pharmacologists and other medicinal chemists create and synthesize even more potent drug candidates.

Effects of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Irvingia gabonensis on Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Liver damage in Wistar rats

2024-06-30T08:44:06+00:00

The toxicity of drugs and other related agents attracts considerable attention from basic scientists to clinicians. Humankind has been passionate about the availability of cheap and readily available agent against organotoxicity. Therefore this paper investigated the effects of ethanolic leaves extract of Irvingia gabonensis on arsenic trioxide-induced liver damage in Wistar rats using appropriate standard methods. The results show administration of arsenic trioxide caused significant (P˂0.05) serum increase in the activities of alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase (ALT and ALP) of the Wistar rats. There was significant (p˃0.05) decrease in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferases (AST) after the administration of arsenic trioxide. There were also significant (p˂0.05) reduction in the serum level of total protein, albumin and globulin and statistically significant (p˃0.05) increase in serum level of total bilirubin after administration of arsenic trioxide to the rats. This suggests damage to liver by arsenic trioxide, which are further supported by the histopathological findings such as periportal infiltrates of inflammatory cells, vascular ulceration, ductal epitheliosis and focal necrosis. Administration of extract of Irvingia gabonensis ameliorated both the histopathological and biochemical manifestation in the liver. In conclusion, the results from the histopathological and biochemical analyses suggested damage caused by arsenic trioxide and the potential of extract of Irvingia gabonensis in ameliorating the liver damage.

Assessment to Identify the Role of Community Pharmacy Practices in Major Cities in Delta State, Nigeria

2024-06-30T08:49:40+00:00

Globally, millions of people seek their healthcare needs from community pharmacists because they are the most accessible health professionals. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify the role of community pharmacist practices in major cities in Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a standard self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey on the opinions of the activities of 145 pharmacists across community pharmacies in Delta State, Nigeria. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. All (100%) of the respondents checked for blood pressure. The majority (83.5%) offered routine activities (consultation services and counseling) to doctors and patients. Most (82.1%) assessed patients with diabetes; this was significantly influenced by gender (χ2 = 4.63; p = 0.044), ownership (χ2 = 50.669; p = 0.000), position (χ2 = 18.598; p = 0.000), and proximity to a private hospital (χ2 = 12.616; p = 0.000). A lot (73.1%) dressed wound of accident/surgery victims and was significantly associated with gender (χ2 = 20.30; p = 0.000), age (χ2 = 11.77; p = 0.008), marital status (χ2 = 47.126; p = 0.000) and ownership status (χ2 = 7.375; p = 0.025). Awareness of routine activities performed by community pharmacists was associated with gender (χ2 = 10.337; p = 0.006) and qualification (χ2 = 11.678; p = 0.009). Services rendered by community pharmacies in major cities in Delta State are diverse and range from consultation with doctors to patient assessment and counseling services.

Factors Influencing Poultry Farmers’ Participation in Agricultural Insurance in Calabar Municipal Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2024-06-30T08:54:28+00:00

This study analyzed factors influencing poultry farmers’ participation in agricultural insurance in Calabar Municipal Area of Cross River State, Nigeria using 136 poultry farmers in a multistage sampling strategy to choose respondents. Questionnaire administration and interview schedule were used to gather primary data. The study's findings indicate that 67% of the poultry farmers were men, with an average age of 43 years. Ninety (93) percent were married, with an average household size of five people. The survey also revealed that the mean stock size of the farmers was 1795 birds, 9 years of mean farming experience, and 50% of the farmers had postsecondary education. The results also indicate that 71% of respondents did not contact extension services, and 73% did not hold membership in any farmer's associations. The results also indicate that 79% of respondents had no access to loans for their farming business. Regarding knowledge of and participation in agricultural insurance programmes, 70% of respondents were aware that such programmes existed. However, only 31% of farmers took advantage by participating in the insurance scheme. According to the results of the logit regression, farmers' participation in agricultural insurance was found to be significantly influenced by age (-.0538), sex (-.7837), availability to credit (1.2366), and association membership (-1.2068). Among the difficulties poultry farmers encounter while attempting to enroll in agricultural insurance include; rigorous procedure in indemnity payment (79%), high cost of premium (74%), delay in assessment of losses (70.5), inadequate knowledge of insurance (40%), disbelieve in insurance companies (29%) and low compensation (26%). The study suggested that insurance schemes should ensure payment of indemnity (compensation) in a timely and efficient manner. In doing so, it will increase the trust and confidence of farmers who are unsure about the insurance plan.

Examination of the Impact of Value Engineering Implementation on the Overall Maintenance Performance of Gravel Roads Maintenance Projects in Tanzania

2024-06-30T09:01:05+00:00

Despite significant advancements in road infrastructure, the Tanzania gravel roads (GR) network continues to face challenges, with a staggering 65 percent of the network still remaining in poor condition. Hence, this paper examines the impact of value engineering (VE) implementation on the overall maintenance performance of gravel road maintenance projects in Tanzania using a partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling approach. The results revealed a strong positive relationship between VE principles implementation and the overall performance, accounting for 83.3% of the variance. In advancing the current state-of-the-practice in GR projects maintenance management, this study enhances understanding of VE phases, maintenance-related methods, and activities. These findings serve as a benchmark for decision-makers seeking to enhance projects performance in Tanzania, with potential applicability to regions facing similar climate and weather conditions worldwide.

Assessment of Phytochemical, Antimicrobial and Haematological Activity of Synergistic Ethanolic Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Psidium guajava against Selected Enteric Pathogens

2024-06-30T09:07:59+00:00

Azadirachta indica (neem) and Psidium guajava (guava) are well known therapeutic plants used to manage various diseases. Hence, this paper is an assessment of phytochemical, antimicrobial and haematological activity of synergistic ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Psidium guajava against selected enteric pathogens using standard procedures. Results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoid and phenols in the plants. The ethanolic extract of the leaves were active against the organisms, with Salmonella having the highest zone of inhibition and Staphylococcus aureus having the least zones of inhibition at all concentrations tested. There was no significant weight change (p>0.05), toxicity nor mortality recorded for the period. The results of the haematological parameters for the experimental rats showed increases in red blood cells and haemoglobin; and decrease in white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study established that the synergistic effect of ethanol extract of the plant leaves could be a possible source of novel broad spectrum medicine for treating diseases.

Evaluation of Bacterial Load in Four Commercially Sold Yoghurts in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

2024-07-08T14:54:20+00:00

The major ingredient in ice-cream a popular children favourite snack, commonly sold to them at their school gate during the dry season is yoghurt. Therefore this paper investigates the bacteria load in these yoghurt ice-creams are important as they determine the health of the consumers. The bacteria load of four commercially sold yoghurt samples in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria using standard methods. Results reveal the presence of Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus bulgaricus spp. The highest number of colonies were observed in CS1[NA, 232 and PC, 218] and CS2 [NA, 282 and PC, 91] while lower number of colonies were observed in HO [NA, 120 and PC, 90] and for NY [NA, 118 and PC, 112]. It was observed that Colony Forming Units for Nutrient Agar (NA) were consistently higher in all four brands of yoghurt than Colony Forming Units for Plate Count Agar. An average of 157 colonies were observed on both nutrient Agar and Plate count Agar. Colonies observed was similar in both Plate Count Agar and Nutrient Agar in the 4 brands of yoghurt. All the isolates were highly susceptible to Norfloxacin and resistant to Gentamicin, Drovid and Clindamycin. The results of the microbial quality indicate that the yoghurt are of acceptable food quality, with probiotic potential.

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro), Amaranthus cruentus (Spinach), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and Cabbage Vegetables from Agricultural Area of Boronji Jimeta, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2024-06-30T09:15:36+00:00

Although green leafy vegetables are a great source of micronutrients, they can also often include harmful heavy metals and pesticides. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the levels of heavy metals and pesticide residues in Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), Amaranthus cruentus (Spinach), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and Cabbage vegetable samples from Agricultural Area of Boronji Jimeta, Adamawa State, Nigeria using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) respectively. Result show that the detected heavy metals include Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu whereas pesticide residues include Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Chlorpyrifos Lambda.-Cyhalothrin and Imdacloprid. The concentration of Cd 0.62mg/kg, 0.47mg/kg, 0.56mg/kg and 1.93mg/kg in spinach, Roselle, okra and Cabbage. Pb 0.60mg/kg, 0.35mg/kg and 0.32mg/kg in spinach, Roselle, and okra and pesticide residues in Dimethoate in cabbage 0.202mg/kg and Lambda.-Cyhalothrin 0.067mg/kg and Chlorpyrifos 0.195mg/kg in okra were found to be above the establish permissible limit. Pesticide residues and heavy metal levels fluctuated, showing distinct patterns even though they were mostly below the established maximum permissible limit. These heavy metals and pesticide residues can be harmful to human health, especially if consumed in excess. They can come from both naturally occurring and man-made sources.

Utilising the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index for Assessing the Water Quality Status of Eruvbi River in Benin City, Nigeria

2024-06-30T09:20:22+00:00

This study assessed the quality status of the Eruvbi River in Benin City, Nigeria using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI). The physicochemical and microbiological parameters analysed were pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and total coliforms. All parameters were analysed using standard methods. For each parameter, the temporal and spatial range were pH (5.3 - 6.2), temperature (22.0 - 28.0 ^oC), turbidity (5.0 – 128.0 NTU), TDS (20.0 – 128.0 mg/L), phosphate (0.1 – 1.0 mg/L), nitrate (0.2 - 0.8 mg/L), BOD (3.4 - 6.2 mg/L), DO (5.0 - 11.2 mg/L), while the mean for total coliform count ranged from (416.9 - 295120.5 CFU/100 mL). The results were compared against national and international standards with the temperature, TDS, and nitrate values within set limits, while the non-conforming parameters were majorly total coliform, phosphate, turbidity, and pH. The overall NSFWQI results indicated moderate water quality, with WQI values ranging from 54.04 to 61.95 at all sampling locations. The middle stream had the lowest NSFWQI value caused by effluent discharge from a carbonated drink industry. The moderate water quality means that additional treatment is required before the water can be considered safe for drinking and domestic purposes. The NSFWQI protocol makes it easier to explain the water quality to the general public and decision-makers, and it can be a valuable tool for water management.

Post-Emergence Striga gesnerioides Damages and Determination of Phosphate Fertilizer Concentration at Low Inoculum Level in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L)Walp.)

2024-06-30T09:24:05+00:00

One of Nigerian’s preferred crops is cowpea(Vigna unguiculata(L)Walp) because it is recognized as a key food and nutritional security legume in Sub Saharan Africa.Striga gesnerioides(Willd.)Vatke is a primary biotic constraint of cowpea production in West Africa. There are currently limited sources of resistance in cowpea germplasm and there exists the potential for resistance breakdown . Hence,the objective of this paper was to evaluate post-emergence Striga gesnerioides damages and determination of phosphate fertilizer containment concentration at low inoculum level in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L)Walp.) using appropriate standard method with a bid to meet sustainable development (SD) Goal 2.0 (food security), Twenty five morphological traits comprising seventeen quantitative and eight qualitative traits were evaluated. In this research,assessments of cowpea varieties were carried out to determine phenotypic traits which make them Striga resistant/susceptible. Striga gesnerioides damage of cowpea was post-emergent and not pre-emergent as commonly reported. Zero Striga gesnerioides emergence point was 50 kg/ha TSP.

Evaluation of the Determinants of Transition in Economic Growth among Inclusive Growth and Non-Inclusive Growth in Farming Households in Nigeria

2024-06-30T09:37:23+00:00

This study evaluated the determinants of transition in economic growth among inclusive growth (IG) and non-inclusive growth (NIG) in farming households in Nigeria using secondary data from General Household Surveys for 2010, 2013 and 2016. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) and Markov chain. The result shows that mean age of the rural households were 41.8, 43.7, and 46.9 years for 2010, 2013 and 2016 respectively. Majority (65.0%, 65.4% and 65.5%) were male while 64.3%, 63.1% and 63.4% were married in 2010, 2013 and 2016 respectively. Markov probability transition matrix revealed that rural households (29.9%) remained in NIG in both periods 2010–2013 and 2013–2016 while 70.1% with NIG in period 2010–2013 moved out in 2013–2016. Rural households (46.6%) that are inclusive in period 2010–2013 transitioned into NIG in period 2013–2016. In the long run, rural households (40.2%) remained in NIG while 59.8% exited. It was concluded that with equitable resources, rural households have the probability to be inclusive and reduced non-inclusive growth.

Perception of Poultry Farmers’ on Effectiveness of Poultry Extension Service Delivery in Calabar Municipal Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2024-06-30T09:40:37+00:00

The objective of this paper was to analyze poultry farmer’s perception on the effectiveness of poultry extension service delivery in Calabar Municipal Area of Cross River State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods by selecting 120 registered poultry farmers to obtain Primary data by questionnaire. Result from the study shows that poultry farmers had a mean age of 43 years. Majority (66%) of the farmers were men and about 86% of them were married. The farmers had a mean household size of 5 persons with majority (68%) of them having tertiary education. On average, the farmers had nine years of farming experience and a mean stock size of 1,175 birds. The result revealed 43% of the farmers had contact with extension agents once in the last one year. Farmers’ perception of the delivery of extension and advisory services revealed that the farmers' perception was favourable and they expressed satisfaction with the delivery of four out of the nine poultry extension services available to them. They include; training on routine operations (4.0), advice on improved breeds of poultry (3.6), training on biosecurity measures (3.5) and training on diseases prevention and cure (3.3). The most important constraints as perceived by the respondents to limit effective extension services delivery among the poultry farmers includes; lack of funding of extension service (81%), inadequate number of extension agents (68%). The study recommends that the government should immediately boost its financing of the ADPs and recruit more extension agents to achieve effective coverage of more farmers.

Performances of Maize Grown as Intercrop with Cowpea under Different Planting Patterns

2024-06-30T09:46:59+00:00

A field experiment conducted in two different agro ecologies, Ibadan and Ilora in southwest Nigeria, explored the benefits of intercropping and the impact of varying plant populations on crop yield. The study focused on three different maize varieties (Quality protein maize, high protein maize, and the farmer's variety SUWAN-1-SR-Y) intercropped with Cowpea (Ife brown) under different cropping patterns (0.9x0.4 m and 1.0x0.5 m). The experiment was carried out in split design using randomized complete block design (RCBD) (r=4). The results of the experiment demonstrated that the performance of maize when intercropped with cowpea at wider spacing (1.0x0.5 m) outperformed maize planted at closer spacing (0.9x0.4 m) in both locations. This finding suggests that the wider spacing between crops had a positive impact on crop growth and yield in both agro ecologies. The study revealed that the farmer's variety, SUWAN-1-SR-Y, exhibited superior growth and grain yield compared to the other improved maize varieties when grown both as intercrops and as sole crops. This finding highlights the resilience and adaptability of the farmer's variety, which performed well in different cropping systems. The research noted variations in maize yield between the two locations, with Ibadan recording higher yields compared to Ilora. This difference in yield could be attributed to variations in climatic conditions between the two regions which significantly influence maize performance. The results obtained indicate that intercropping maize with cowpea at wider plant spacing (1.0x 0.5m) enhanced maize performance compared to closer spacing (0.9x 0.4m).

Evaluation of Serum Levels of Lipoprotein-A and Uric Acid and Their Correlation in Hypertensive Patients in Delta State, Nigeria

2024-06-30T09:54:43+00:00

Lipoprotein (a) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Also, elevated serum uric acid concentration is linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the serum levels of Lp (a) and uric acid and their correlation in hypertensive patients in Delta State, Nigeria. The study was conducted among 200 hypertensive and 100 normotensive individuals in a hospital-based cross-sectional investigation. Data obtained showed that one hundred and fifteen (57.5%) hypertensive and 15 (15%) normotensive controls had elevated plasma concentration of Lp (a). The lipoprotein (a) levels in the hypertensive had a mean of 32.8 ± 16.6 mg/dl. The controls had a mean of 16.9 ± 13.9 mg/dl. The difference in mean Lp (a) levels was statistically significant (p <0.001).Uric acid level in the hypertensive had a mean of 4.1 ± 1.8 mg/dL. In the controls, the mean value was 2.7 ± 1.2 mg/dL. The difference in mean was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Forty-two (21.0%) of the hypertensive compared to 5 (5.0%) of the controls had hyperuricaemia (p = 0.005). Among the hypertensive, Lp (a) was positively associated with uric acid (r = 0.238, p = 0.009). Lp (a) and uric acid levels in hypertensive patients were significantly higher than in the controls. Among the hypertensive population, Lp (a) was positively associated with uric acid. Thus, routine screening of hypertensive patients for Lp (a) can be used to demonstrate the presence of cardiovascular risk.

Biopreservative Potential of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Oil against Common Food Spoilage Fungi

2024-06-30T10:00:38+00:00

Food spoilage fungi are becoming a global challenge to food storage and food safety, hence tons of food are lost annually to the activities of these fungi while consumption of spoilt food are dangerous to human health. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess the antifungal activities of lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) against some food spoilage fungi using different standard techniques such as dilution plating technique, colonial and morphological characterization. Oil extraction was done using fractional distillation method and biocompounds evaluation with GC-MS, antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory (MI) and fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determine using standard methods. Results show that five fungi were identified as Aspergillus niger, Penicillum sp., Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavusand Aspergillus terreus. The GC-MS of the oil detectscitral, citronellol, neral, geranial, limonene and geranyl acetate, flavonoids, alcohol and terpenoids. The oil was cidal to 100 % of the fungi at stock concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus terreus was 0.781 μL/ml, Penicillumsp. 0.391μL/ml, and Aspergillus flavus, 6.25μL/ml. The MFC for Aspergillus nigerwas 1.563μL/ml, 0.781μL/ml for Penicillumsp and Aspergillus oryzae 6.25μL/ml for Aspergillus flavus and 1.563 μL/ml for Aspergillust erreus. Lemon grass oil extracted was active against common food spoilage fungi examined and could be a potential biopreservative and antifungal agent.

Evaluation of Biodegradability Potentials of Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq) P. Kumm. Cultivated on Solid Wastes Supplemented with Medicinal Plant Leaves

2024-06-30T10:04:52+00:00

Mushrooms can be considered as an ecological bioconversion tools to recycle agricultural and agro-industrial wastes. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the biodegradability potentials of Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq) P. Kumm cultivated on solid wastes supplemented with medicinal plant leaves using standard chemical and biological methods. The yield and biological efficiency of P. ostreatus revealed that oil palm fibre supplemented with M. oleifera had highest (124) and (82.66 %) while P. ostreatus cultivated on rags had least (66) and (44.00 %). Degradation of lignin had highest (67.77 %) at (spawn run) in P. ostreatus cultivated on rags, while cellulose and hemicellulose had highest (28.58 % and 33.01%) in P. ostreatus cultivated on plantain peels supplemented with M. oleifera and pampers supplemented with C. citratus respectively. Percent carbon content of rags had highest (43.34 %, 39.12 %, 35.76 % and 27.29 %) at first day, spawn run, fructification and spent compost (at harvest) respectively. The nitrogen content increases as the growth phase progresses, plantain peels supplemented with M. oliefera had highest (2.41 %, 2.83 %, 2.95 % and 3.01 %) and least of (0.21 %, 0.40 %, 0.73 % and 1.21 %) occurred on pampers supplemented with M. oliefera at first day, spawn run, fructification and spent compost (at harvest) respectively. Cultivation of P. ostreatus on solid wastes supplemented with medicinal plant leaves can be a good means of waste management and production of mushroom rich in nutraceutical properties.

Assessment of the Antimicrobial Potency of Unripe Plantain Fruits and Peelings Extracts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi

2024-06-30T10:09:36+00:00

The objective of this paper was to assess the antimicrobial potency of unripe plantain fruits and peelings extracts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion technique, with ciprofloxacin as control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) were determined using 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml concentrations of each extract. Phytochemicals detected in the extracts were flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and phenol. All isolates were susceptible to the extract at the highest concentration of 100 mg/ml. At the lowest concentration of 25 mg/ml, E. coli showed resistance, while Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus showed intermediate resistance to the extract. The MIC and MBC of the extract on the test organisms were 14 and 20 mg/ml for E. coli; 25 and 16 mg/ml for Salmonella typhi whereas it was 100 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli was more susceptible to the extract and Staphylococcus aureus was the least. The results revealed the presence of phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties against E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. and Salmonella sp. Thus, unripe plantain fruits and peelings could be harnessed for the control of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp., as natural antibiotics.

Comparative Analysis of Spatial Impact of 2012 and 2022 Flood Disaster along Lower Niger Basin in Nigeria

2024-06-30T10:20:18+00:00

In recent times there have been excess flooding due to climate change, which leads to disaster and destruction. Hence the aim of this paper is to investigate spatial impact of the two flood episodes that occurred in 2012 and 2022 along Lower Niger Basin in Nigeria using remote sensing data in GIS environment. Data used include administrative map of Nigeria, time series 30m resolution Landsat imageries captured before and during the peak of the flood episodes, SRTM DEM of 30m resolution and data generated from ground truthing. The pre- flood image was used as reference to determine the extent of flood in the disaster imageries. SRTM data was used for preparation of digital elevation model so as to investigate the influence of topography on spatial spread. This study revealed that 5622.13square kilometers of the study area (7.92%) was covered by flood in 2012 while 7428.771 square kilometers of land (10.47%) was inundated in 2022. This means that additional 1806.641 square kilometers (2.55%) of land surface has been exposed to flood in the study area within a time space of 10years. Upon field verification it was found that this was partly attributed to anthropogenic activities and urban expansion. It was therefore recommended that strict land use planning be enforced within the study area and public enlightenment programs should be initiated.

Phytochemical, Proximate and Anti-Microbial Screening of Methanol Extract of Populus grandidentata (big-tooth aspen) collected from Uvwie Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria

2024-06-30T10:25:52+00:00

Throughout antiquity till the modern age, medicinal plants have been used worldwide in traditional and ethnomedical medicine. Hence, the objective of this paper is to present the phytochemical, proximate and anti- microbial screening of methanol extract of Populus grandidentata (big-tooth aspen) collected from Uvwie Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria using. Proximate analysis, antimicrobial analysis, and phytochemical screening were performed on the obtained extract. The findings demonstrate the presence of saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and steroids in the phytochemical screening of the investigated plant. The elemental analysis revealed the following percentages to be present: nitrogen (5.64%), carbon (37.46%), hydrogen (3.50%), and sulfur (0.68%). The proximate analysis resulted in low moisture content of 1.9%, low lipid content of 20.9%, and low ash content of 15.6%. Antimicrobial efficacy of Populus grandidentata leaf was examined using standard laboratory bacterial isolates. With a zone of inhibition ranging between 22 and 27 mm as compared with standard dugs, the isolates of bacteria and fungi include Methicillin Resistant Staphaureus, Vanomycin Resistant Enterococci, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pyroli, Campylobacter jejuni, Proteus mirabilis, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. All of the microbes had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25 ug/ml and minimum fungicidal and bactericidal concentrations of 50 ug/ml, respectively.

Optimization of Mechanical Characteristics of Low-priced Breadfruit Peel Waste by Impregnating Low Density Polyethylene for Production Printer Components

2024-07-02T10:52:06+00:00

The objective of this paper is the optimization of mechanical characteristics of low-priced breadfruit peel (BRP) waste by impregnating low density polyethylene (LPDE) for production printer components using appropriate standard procedure. The BRP at particle size (A) and fiber content (B) without modification was combined with LDPE melted and molded by injection molding machine. The characteristics of the BRP-LDPE composite that were evaluated are tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TSM), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), Brinell’s hardness (BH), impact strength (IM) and water absorption resistance (W_AR). The data obtained for the factors, A, B and the responses; TS, TSM, FS, FSM, BH, IS, and W_ARof BRP-LDPE composite, respectively were inserted into design of experiment software using central composite design (CCD) package of response surface methodology (RSM) models. The outcomes obtained at critical optimal situation noticeable to be; A, B, TS, TSM, FS, FSM, BH, IS, and W_ARwere 180 µm (80 mesh), 14.39 wt%, 6.036284 MPa, 0.315798 GPa, 18.62651 MPa, 0.31388 GPa, 151.8932 Pa, 43.04614 KJ/m² and 4.830519 %, respectively.With deviation of errors between experimental and CCD models differs by 2.232%. The R²>98.3, Ad.R²>96.9 and Pr.R²>98.3 with errors of the entire process to be below 10 %. This is a confirmed indication that RSM models are very good for prediction of the characteristics of BRP-LDPE composite for primer components.

Making the Case for Development of Forensic Science in a Developing Country with Emphasis on Forensic Pharmacology: The Nigerian Perspective

2024-07-02T10:56:50+00:00

Forensic evidence has for long been accepted globally and is widely considered infallible in the investigation of crime and the procurement of justice; however its utilization and development still appear to lag behind in developing countries such as Nigeria. Online sources published between 2003 and 2023. Data obtained show that forensic pharmacology is at best rudimentary in Nigeria. The need for advancement of forensic science and by extension forensic pharmacology cannot be over-emphasized in Nigeria. Legislation, technology, infrastructure, training and capacity building are necessary tools for the advancement of forensic pharmacology.

Geodatabase and Health Risk Assessment of Avenue Trees on Selected Roads in a Tertiary Institution in Ibadan, Nigeria

2024-07-02T11:03:58+00:00

Campuses of Nigerian universities, especially the older ones, are home to aged trees that were originally planted for environmental beautification and aesthetics. However, due to the current global climate change and increased vulnerability to abiotic and biotic stressors, the old trees could pose threats to pedestrians, structures, and roads within the university campus environments. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to develop a geodatabase and evaluate the health risk assessment of avenue trees on selected roads in a tertiary institution in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results obtained reported a total of 121 individual avenue trees belonging to 14 species along the study roads. The geospatial distribution analysis revealed that Emotan road had a lower density of avenue trees compared to Benue and Oduduwa roads. Furthermore, the health risk assessment indicated that 17.35% of the individual avenue trees had defects, posing potential hazards and risks of tree failure, and potential damage to pedestrians, vehicles, and neighboring utilities. The developed geodatabase is user-friendly and allows for easy data storage and quick information retrieval on the avenue trees, enhancing their maintenance and risk management. Furthermore, this study shows that systematic replacement, replanting, and management of avenue tree species could be a proactive initiative for the expansion of the geodatabase and to reduce negative health impacts.

Detection of Change in Forest and Trees Outside Forest Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Techniques in Adamawa Central, Adamawa State Nigeria

2024-07-02T11:10:37+00:00

The importance of trees in every environment is crucial given the fact that they make some provisional and supportive services such as food inform of fruits, shelter, shade, aesthetics, as well as carbon sequestration among others.Hence the objective of this paper is to use Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) techniques to determine quantitatively the changes in forest and trees outside forest from 1990-2021 in Adamawa central. The result revealed that changes occurred in trees inside forest, between 2013 and 2021; Rocks and baresurface increased by17.49%. Shrubs and grassland increased by 34.13% while healthy forest reduced to –48.38% within the same period. However, result of TOF shows similar trend between 2013 and 2021 in the study area. Rocks and bare surface increases to 58.15%, shrubs and grassland reduced to –37.46%, while dense forest decreased to –4.39%. The results revealed further a decline in the concentration of both trees inside forest and trees outside forest in the area. The study recommended a change of policy to mitigate the negative impact of degradation through various forest rehabilitation mechanisms such as afforestation and reforestation programs in the study area.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Concerning Cervical Cancer Screening among Reproductive Age Group Women in Low-Resource Settings in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2024-07-02T11:18:27+00:00

Nigeria has one of the highest rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and cervical screening are effective prevention strategies against both HPV infection and cervical cancer. Lack of awareness, limited knowledge, limited decision-making agency, lack of spousal support and stigma are barriers to uptake of these preventive measures. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice concerning cervical cancer screening among reproductive age group women in low-resource settings in Okaka and Agudama Communities of Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria using Pap smear screening of 406 women and a structured questionnaire. Results showed that women who participated in the study were aware of cervical cancer (78.3%; n=318) but many (70.4%; n= 286) were unaware of Pap smears as the screening tests for cervical cancer. Although few of them (45.6%; n =185) knew about a screening center, out of which 17.6% (n= 32) reported that the screening center was less than 2km away from their residences. There is need for health care professionals, to intensify efforts to increase awareness about cervical cancer screening, and encourage women through the different clinics to use these services. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer should be emphasized to enhance the utilization of cervical cancer screening services.

Determination of Heavy Metals and Bacterial Contaminations from Different Water Sources in Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

2024-07-02T11:24:13+00:00

The occurrence of high levels of heavy metals in drinking water is a significant health concern due to the accompanying health concerns. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial species and concentration of heavy metals in certain drinking water sources in Ikwo, Ebonyi State. Nigeria. The analysis of metal concentration revealed that the levels of lead, iron, and mercury in the water exceeded the established limits for drinking water quality set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Nigeria standard for drinking water quality (NSDWQ). However, the concentrations of copper, zinc, calcium, and sodium in the water were not statistically significant (P >0.05). The bacteriological count results indicated that the average Total Bacterial Count (TBC) in water samples collected from ponds, rivers, and wells were 5.10 x 10-⁴, 6.10 x 10-³, and 4.10 x 10-⁴, respectively. During the experiment, there was a notable disparity (p <0.05) in the bacterial quantities seen in all of the samples. Escherichia coli was the predominant strain, representing 70% of all isolates, as indicated by prevalence surveys. Salmonella and Klebsiella species accounted for 25% and 39% of isolates, respectively. Research on antibiotics discovered that Salmonella, Klebsiella species, and E. coli exhibited significant resistance to popular antibiotics, albeit showing some vulnerability to some ones. The presence of antibiotic resistant microbes in drinking water samples from the research region is a significant public health concern due to the high probability of contracting waterborne illnesses and the associated health hazards. This is particularly worrisome for the immune-compromised residents of the area.

Factors Influencing Circular Economy Practices in Building Construction Projects In Ondo State, Nigeria

2024-07-02T11:32:55+00:00

The primary consumer of natural resources is the construction industry. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess the factors influencing circular economy practices in building construction projects in Ondo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained reveals that economic factors, such as cost-effectiveness (mean = 3.61) and financial viability (mean = 4.11), emerged as primary drivers for adopting CE practices. However, regulatory frameworks were found lacking in promoting CE principles (mean = 1.95). While technological factors like advanced technology usage scored low (mean = 2.29), the employment of innovative technologies for material repurposing was higher (mean = 3.92). Organizational commitment to integrating CE principles received a moderate score (mean = 3.23). The study recommended the need for improved regulatory support, stronger economic incentives, enhanced technological integration, and increased organizational and community engagement to effectively foster CE practices in the construction sector.

Evaluation of Seasonal Variations of Lead Concentration and Proximate Composition of Amaranthus hybridus Grown and Consumed in Ilorin, Kwara State, Northern-Nigeria

2024-07-02T11:38:06+00:00

This paper evaluates the seasonal variations in Pb concentrations and proximate composition of Amaranthus vegetable (Amaranthus hybridus) grown and consumed in Ilorin, Kwara State, Northern-Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques in order to ascertain its suitability for consumption. The results obtained varied with the sampling locations with the mean concentration of the Pb in soil, water and plant ranged from (1.58- 82.00mg/kg) soil, (0.11-19.37mg/l) water and (0.00-5.93 mg/kg shoots; 0.67-5.33 mg/kg roots). The values for proximate content showed that moisture content ranged from (6.38-9.99 %), ash content (2.46-6.44 %), crude protein (10.59-18.60%), crude fibre (1.63-2.39%), crude fat (3.09-4.83%) and carbohydrate (64.30-75.30%). The result obtained reveal significant level of contamination of irrigation water and Amaranthus hybridusas most values obtained were above the permissible limits, hence, the vegetable may constitute health hazard for the consumers. The study hence suggests that growing of the edible crops around locations that are Pb polluted should be discouraged. As for the proximate content, the values obtained are indication that all the samples had lower values of protein, fibre, and carbohydrates than the WHO recommended values for suitable dietary intake, though, with a high probability of storage due to their significant low moisture content. This underscores the nutritive value as a viable option for plant base nutrients for consumption, but as option for Pb remediation.

Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Care in relation to Socio-demographic Profile, Trimester, Parity and Gravidae in Parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria

2024-07-02T12:00:34+00:00

Malaria infection remains one of the potent health hazards to the human, particularly pregnant women. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate malaria infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care in relation to socio-demographic profile, trimester, parity and gravidae in parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained reveals that the highest prevalence of malaria among the age-group 20-34 years (87.0%), those who attained secondary level education (34.3%), full housewives (36.0%), married and living together (77.8%), monogamous family type (72.2%). There was equal prevalence of 50.0% among those residing within towns and villages. The result showed no statistical significant difference amongst malaria infection and socio-demographic variables. Trimester, parity and gravidity showed no statistical difference (P˃0.05) with the highest prevalence of 50.0% (second trimester), 37.0% (parity two) and 36.1% (primigravidae). Parity was shown to be an independent risk factor associated with malaria infection (AOR = 11.410, CI = 1.118 – 116.451, P=0.040). Malaria prevalence decreases with advancing age, and higher gravidity was linked with a disproportionate decrease in malaria infection. Fourt parity was the only independent risk factor significantly associated with malaria infection in this study.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Cucumeropsis Manni (Melon) Oil and Its Effect on Organs to Body Weight Ratio

2024-07-03T12:16:18+00:00

It has been earlier reported that Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and minerals and cholesterol-free, and has a lot of medicinal and nutritional benefits. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Cucumeropsis manni (Melon) oil and its effect on organs to body weight ratio of male albino rats using various standard methods. The results revealed that Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil possesses antioxidant potential and did not cause any change in the internal organ weight, suggesting that the consumption of C. mannii seed oil is safe and will also prevent cellular damage.

Medicinal Properties and Toxic Effects of the Seeds of Abrus precatorius, Datura metel, Physostigma venenosum and Ricinus communis used in Ethnomedicine in Nigeria: A Review

2024-07-03T12:22:26+00:00

Plants with medicinal properties are used all over the world for disease treatment. Poisonous phytochemicals (toxins) in some or all parts of these medicinal plants are the causeof the toxic effects exerted by some medicinal plants. The objective of this paper is to provide a review on themedicinal effects and toxic properties of the seeds of some medicinal plants (Abrus precatorius, Datura metel, Physostigma venenosum and Ricinus communis) used in ethnomedicine in Nigeria by harvesting secondary data from standard online sources. This review gives collective reports on the medicinal properties of Abrus precatorius, Datura metel, Physostigma venenosum andRicinus communis. The uses of the toxins isolated from the seeds of these plants in medicine are also reported in this review. Significant amount of information has been provided.

Gender and Environmental Management: Exploring Spousal Roles Decision-Making Patterns in Owner-Occupied Homes in Mahuta and Mando Communities, Kaduna State, Nigeria

2024-07-03T12:25:47+00:00

The objective of this paper is to examine how spousal roles influence environmental decision-making patterns within owner-occupied housing in Mahuta and Mando communities, Kaduna State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques with a survey of 600 residents. Findings reveal generally, collaborative decision-making dynamics between spouses, with statistically significant variations in specific areas like house design and fixture selection. This collaborative approach offers the potential to promote sustainable choices, particularly in material selection, maintenance, and modifications. The research emphasizes the importance of integrating spousal roles into environmental management strategies. Educational programs and capacity-building initiatives can empower husbands and wives to make informed choices for a more sustainable lifestyle. Additionally, stakeholders in the construction industry can play a crucial role by promoting sustainable practices and offering eco-friendly materials. Future research with a larger, geographically diverse sample incorporating observational data can provide a more comprehensive understanding of spousal decision-making in environmental management within owner-occupied housing.

Analysis of Water Losses and the Management of Non-Revenue Water by Plateau State Water Board in Jos, Nigeria

2024-07-04T15:40:36+00:00

Water is essential for all human activities and for sustenance of human life. Adequate water supply to households remains a mirage due to poor water management leading to water wastages emanating from both the production and distribution process and the activities of water thieves and carelessness from inability of the SWAs to promptly resolve all reported cases of leaks and bursts in the distribution and production channels. This study has analyzed the ways through which water is lost from Water Distribution Production System and network and how it affects the revenue of PSWB. It utilized the authors’ observations, key stakeholder interview and documented reports of leaks and bursts, illegal connections, administrative leakages and other non-revenue water obtained from Plateau State Water Board Jos. The study has established among other things that of all the leakages are as result of administrative and physical leakages, followed by vanadalisation and illegal connections which are more prevalent in Jos Central and Gada Biyu in Jos North and Bukuru/Rahol kanang area in Jos South Local Government Area, it also found that water losses impacts negatively on the revenue profile of the Board. The study concludes that water supply assets such as assessment pipelines networks to identify aged pipes where water leakages is common, prepaid water meters should be deployed to all areas to ascertain the actual volume of water delivered in the Water Distribution System (WDS) and water use for ease of determining the Non-Revenue Water (NRW).

Parasitological Examination of Slender Amaranth Vegetable (Amaranthus viridis) and Bush-Okra (Corchorus olitorius) from Farms and Markets in Communities around Edu Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria

2024-07-04T15:44:06+00:00

This paper examined a total of two hundred and fifty (250) samples of slender amaranth vegetable (Amaranthus viridis) and bush-okra (Corchorus olitorius) from farms and markets in the communities around Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State of Nigeria between January and July 2023 for evaluation of parasites that infect humans using the sedimentation method. Parasites isolated from vegetable samples from the farm showed that Ascaris lumbricoides (17.6%) was the most encountered followed by Entamoeba histolytica (11.2%) and the least was Enterobius vermicularis (3.2%). In the market samples, Ascaris (11.2%) was the most prevalent parasites encountered while Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis and E. vermicularis (1.6%) were the least prevalent. One hundred and fourteen (45.6%) samples were contaminated with various parasites. Of the total contaminated vegetable, 74/125 (59.2%) were found in the farm vegetables while 40/125 (32.0%) were encountered in the market vegetables. Corchorus olitorius were found to be more contaminated in both the farms 39/110 (35.5%) and market 23/110 (20.9%). From the study, it was seen that the rate of contamination was highest in the month of July, while the month of January had the least rate of contamination for both farm and market vegetable samples. The difference in the contamination rate in both farm and market samples were seen to be significant (P < 0.05). This study recommends proper washing of vegetables prior to consumption and proper sewage treatment before usage as fertilizer.

Cultivation, Molecular Identification and Productivity Assessment of a commercial strain and two Wild Strains of Ganoderma mushroom Harvested from Tree Stumps in a Rainforest at Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria

2024-07-07T05:56:44+00:00

Ganoderma mushroom is one of the most important medicinal mushrooms that has been used especially in the Orients for the treatment of diverse chronic disease conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study is cultivation, molecular identification and productivity assessment of a commercial strain (W1) and two wild strains (W2 & W3) of Ganoderma mushroom harvested from tree stumps in a rainforest at Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The molecular study revealed that all the three strains were indeed Ganoderma lucidum, though, results show that there were significant differences among the strains. Irrespective of the inoculum size, the number of days to maturity of the fruiting bodies was about 30 days for strain W3, 18 -22 days for strain W2 and 10-11 days for strain W1. Overall, it took 6-11 days for primordial formation and 10-30 days for maturity of the fruiting bodies. The biological efficiency (BE) of the strain ranged from 0.7 -2.4%. The results show that biological efficiency of the strains was poor, perhaps due to the infancy of Ganoderma cultivation in the country caused by poor substrates and supplements selection, colonization and fruiting conditions. Notwithstanding, the productivity of the strains could be improved through breeding.

Physiochemical Properties of Soil from Waste Dumpsites within Choba, Alakahia and Rumuosi Communities in Akpor, Rivers State, Nigeria

2024-07-07T06:06:38+00:00

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of soil from solid waste dumpsites within Choba, Alakahia and Rumuosi in Akpor, Rivers State, Nigeria using a standard analytical methods. Date obtained show that the values of pH; Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g); Phosphorus (mg/kg); Potassium (mg/kg) and Nitrogen (%) were 6.5; 2.8; 1.6; and 0.4 in Choba; 6.7; 2.4; 2.5; 9 and 0.48 in Alakahia, 8.2; 1.9; 3.4; 31.0 and 0.7 in Rumuosi respectively. Furthermore; Results showed that there was an increase in the pH, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen content value at each dumpsite than their corresponding control. Potassium level was higher at Rumuosi dumpsites than other sites. The mean soil porosity indicated higher porosity in the control sites (0.2 ±0.001 – 0.32 ±0.0012). The soil particle size distribution indicated an average of 82% sand, 8.2% clay and 3% silt for dumpsite and 75% sand, 8.5% clay and 5% silt for control site. Indeed, based on the study findings, it can be concluded that solid waste dumps alter the soil nutrient contents with no-impact on the physical characteristics of the soil, such as its particle size distribution and texture. Therefore, continued monitoring and management of solid waste dumps are necessary to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of soils and surrounding ecosystems.

Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in European Hake Fish (Merluccius merluccius) smoked by Mangrove Wood and Timber Wood

2024-07-07T10:19:52+00:00

Wood is a classic choice for smoking meat and fish because it has a strong, smoky flavour that can add depth and richness to the meat or fish if smoked sparingly, however, smoking fish could transfer such a strong flavour that can easily overpower the delicate taste of fish and also impact the fish with various volatile organic substances. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in European hake fish (Merluccius merluccius) smoked by mangrove wood and timber wood using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The results of our study showed that Hake fish smoked with timber wood and Mangrove wood contains naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorine, Phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo (a,h)anthracene, indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene and benzo(ghi)pyrene While there were variations in the levels of PAHs in hake fish smoked with different types of wood, many of these differences were not statistically significant. However, some specific PAHs showed significant variations, which could have implications for food safety and health considerations. Overall, the PAHs levels in fish smoked with timber wood (4.77±4.18) were significantly higher than those of Mangrove wood (3.515±0.64). The study shows that using both timber and mangrove wood for smoking hake fish may lead to higher levels of Carcinogenic PAHs compared to non-carcinogenic PAHs, raising concerns about the health implications for consumers. The study indicated that the levels of Carcinogenic PAHs exceeded permissible limits, emphasizing the potential health risks associated with consuming smoked hake fish. While more research is needed in this area, these findings provide a basis for making informed decisions that can reduce the health risks associated with the consumption of smoked fish products.

Plasma Electrolyte Patterns among Pregnant Women with Hypertensive Heart Disorder in Benin City, Nigeria

2024-07-07T20:26:23+00:00

Pregnancy characterizes noticeable physiological and hormonal changes, which could impact on plasma volume and electrolyte balance, influencing various aspects of maternal and fetal health. Hence, the objective of this is to examine the plasma electrolyte patterns AMONG pregnant women with hypertensive heart disorders in Benin City, Nigeria, using appropriate standard methods to focus on preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and normotensive controls. Analysis of the plasma levels of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride revealed no significant changes between the groups when all trimesters were taken into account. As investigated per trimester, preeclamptic patients showed significantly lower plasma levels of sodium in the second and third trimesters as compared to controls. Conversely, PIH individuals exhibited elevated calcium levels during these trimesters. Severity of preeclampsia did not significantly influence plasma sodium, potassium, or chloride levels, and the influence of body mass index (BMI) toward the distribution of electrolytes among preeclamptic patients was negligible. The findings suggest that while plasma electrolyte levels are generally consistent across groups, certain patterns emerge when considering the trimester and type of hypertensive heart disorder. Further studies could elucidate the implications of these variations and contribute to improved clinical management for pregnant women with hypertensive heart disorders.

Spatial Variability of Soil Chemical Properties of an Undulating Site within a University Farm at Okha, near Benin City in Nigeria

2024-07-07T21:09:38+00:00

Assessment of spatial variability of soil properties due to inherent factors is critical for optimum crop production and environment protection. Hence, the objectives of this study was to evaluate the influence of climate, topography and land management on spatial variability of the soil chemical properties and fertility status of an undulating farmland at Okha, near Benin City. Twelve soil samples were collected from the depth of 0-20 cm at an interval of 30 m × 30 m on a regular grid design with a global positioning system and assessed using standard methods. Results revealed that the coefficient of variability (CV) was low for sand and clay (<15 %), moderate for silt (15 – 50 %), low for pH, moderate for organic C, N, K and ECEC but high for P (>50%). The soil texture was sandy loam and pH displayed very strongly, strongly as well as medium acid conditions. Concentrations of organic C were generally low, N and P were low, while K was very low. Low concentrations of ECEC were spread over the site with highest concentrations on the concave part of the landscape. Generated maps revealed a substantial influence of topography and land use on spatial variability of soil chemical properties even within a small part of a farmland which is quite useful for site-specific nutrient management.

Use of Artificial Neural Network to Evaluate and Forecast Selected Welding Parameters on Mild Steel Welded Joints Soldered by Tungsten Inert Gas

2024-07-08T17:34:09+00:00

Welded yield strength is designed to be large enough to handle all forces and pressures on the joint and is designed to be as strong as the tube itself. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the use of artificial neural network (ANN) to evaluate and forecast selected welding parameters on mild steel welded joints soldered by tungsten inert gas (TIG) using sixty (60) experimental data generated by replicating the design matrix from the Central composite Design (CCD) used for the ANN modelling. The welding current, welding voltage and gas flow rate were selected as process parameters and yield strength chosen as Response. Data obtained show that the R-value (coefficient of correlation) for training shows of 95.8% closeness, 99.2% for validation and 93.1% for testing respectively. The overall R-value obtained is 95.1% which showed that the developed model can accurately predict the value of strength. Results also showed that ANN is a highly effective tool for prediction of the Yield strength in TIG Mild steel weld.