Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Carbon Content and Carbon Dioxide Sequestered by Potential Carbon Sequestration Trees in an Educational Institution at Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India

B. S. Karunai — 2025-06-02

Carbon sequestration, the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in natural reservoirs, helps reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Trees, as carbon sinks, play a crucial role in pulling CO₂out of the atmosphere. To assess the carbon sequestration potential of different tree species, a total of 205 trees were randomly selected from the campus. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the carbon content and carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestered by potential carbon sequestration trees in an Educational Institution at Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India. The above-ground biomass, total green weight, total dry weight, and carbon storage were calculated based on each tree’s height and trunk diameter. Albizia lebbeck had a trunk diameter of 35 inches and a height of 62 feet, while Ficus benghalensis had a trunk diameter of 50 inches and a height of 62 feet. Albizia lebbeck sequestered 5.467 tons of carbon per tree, while Ficus benghalensis sequestered 18.791 tons per tree. A significant positive correlation of 0.8595 was found between trunk diameter and carbon sequestration, indicating that as trunk diameter increases, the amount of carbon sequestered also increases. Planting more trees enhances carbon sequestration by absorbing CO₂ from the atmosphere and storing it in biomass and soil. This natural process helps mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas concentrations.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals Levels of Rainwater Harvested from Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Oyigbo, Etche, Ikwerre, Ahoada West, Obio/Akpo and Akuku Toru LGAs in Rivers State, Nigeria

K. R. Ogbuagu — 2025-06-02

Rainwater harvesting is an alternative source of drinking water, however, harvesting rainwater in the oil and gas producing area of Niger Delta region could lead to poor quality water source as rainwater could pick up several contaminants in the atmosphere and at the rooftops. Therefore, the objective of the paper was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals levels of rainwater harvested from Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Oyigbo, Etche, Ikwerre, Ahoada West, Obio/Akpo and Akuku Toru Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Results obtained show that the physio-chemical properties of the harvested rainwater in the study area was pH [5.33-5.80; 5.57 ± 0.056], EC [30.60-102.10; 44.31 ± 9.67], TSS 6.60-13.50; 8.85 ± 0.89], TDS [9.57-13.90; 11.30 ± 0.55], Cl [16.40-42.10; 24.76 ± 3.38], CaCO₃ [13.40-46.50; 27.46 ± 3.72], NO₃ [18.40-47.20; 37.00 ± 3.44], SO₄ [2.52-42.90; 8.83 ± 5.68], NH₄ [0.07-0.32; 0.25 ± 0.032] and metals levels (m/L), Na [1.55-12.40; 3.90 ± 1.45], Mg [0.60-56.60; 9.18 ± 7.91], Mn [0.18-2.55; 1.72 ± 0.30], Fe [0.21-0.48; 0.39 ± 0.037], Pb [0.01-0.74; 0.52 ± 0.095], Zn [0.27-3.82; 0.99 ± 0.47], Cu [0.04 1.87; 0.35 ± 0.26], Cd [0.03-0.05; 0.039 ± 0.0034], Cr [0.00-0.10; 0.027 ± 0.013] respectively. These data compared with regulatory (WHO and NSDWQ) standards reveal the harvested rainwater from the study area as a poor water quality source and could be at considerable risk for consumers. The study highlights the need for regular monitoring and treatment of harvested rainwater to ensure its safety for domestic use.

Spatiotemporal Variability of Air Pollutants and Meteorological Influences in Selected Parts across Six Local Government Areas in Rivers State, Nigeria

K. R. Ogbuagu — 2025-06-02

Air pollution remains a critical environmental and public health concern, particularly in regions affected by industrial activities and urbanization. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to assess the spatiotemporal variability of air pollutants and meteorological influences in selected parts across six Local Government Areas viz-a-viz Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni; Oyigbo, Etche, Ikwerre, Obio/Akpor, and Ahoada West in Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods to analyze the levels of CO, SO₂, NO₂, PM2.5, PM10, H₂S and VOCs respectively. Results indicated that pollutant concentrations exhibited clear seasonal variations, with higher levels during the dry season (January and April) compared to the wet season (July and October). CO levels ranged from 3.5 ppm (Ahoada West, July) to 6.4 ppm (Obio/Akpor, January and April), remaining within NESREA‘s 10 ppm limit. However, SO₂ levels consistently exceeded the 0.1 ppm regulatory limit, peaking at 3.7 ppm in Etche (January). NO₂ concentrations varied, with the highest recorded in Oyigbo (2.81 ppm, January), surpassing the NESREA limit of 0.064 ppm. Particulate matter concentrations were significantly above safe thresholds, with PM2.5 peaking at 2.6 ppm (Obio/Akpor, January and April) and PM10 reaching 6.7 ppm (Ahoada West, January). H₂S concentrations exceeded the 0.03 ppm limit, with the highest value of 3.1 ppm (Ahoada West, January). VOC levels followed a similar trend, reaching 6.5 ppm (Ahoada West, January). The seasonal trends suggest that increased emissions from industrial activities, vehicular traffic, gas flaring, and reduced atmospheric dispersion contribute to air pollution in the dry season, while precipitation and improved dispersion lower concentrations in the wet season. These findings underscore the urgent need for air quality management policies, stricter emission controls, and sustainable industrial practices to mitigate the health and environmental impacts of air pollution in the study areas.

Marine Litter, Marine Mega-Fauna Species and Communities’ Knowledge to Identify Marine Species and Ecological Roles along Ilaje Coastal Communities in Ondo State, Nigeria

J. A. Ogunjobi — 2025-06-02

Maintaining coastline hygiene is important for marine ecosystem conservation strategy. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to investigate the marine litter, marine mega-fauna species and communities’ knowledge to identify marine species and ecological roles along Ilaje Coastal Communities in Ondo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. The field survey yielded 6,047 with mean litter density of 2.02±1.58 item/m². A significant relationship existed between the types of marine litter (x² =144447.778, df = 17, p < 0.05) and study sites. Ten marine mega-fauna: Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates), Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris), Hump-backed dolphin (Sousa teuszii), Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriace), Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), Scalloped Hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) and Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) were reported. Out of 339 respondents sampled, 193 had poor knowledge of marine mega-fauna identification while about 86% had no idea of ecological roles of these species. The predictors of knowledge of marine mega-fauna identification among Ilaje coastal communities were age (β = 0.24, p < 0.05) and years of residency (β = 0.25, p < 0.05) while educational background is the predictor of knowledge marine mega-fauna ecological roles (β = 0.02, p < 0.05). The study showed that there were positive and significant relationships between respondents educational background and their knowledge of marine mega-fauna ecological roles (r = 0.02, p < 0.01). This study recommends among other things, designating the Ilaje coastline in Ondo State, Nigeria as marine mega-fauna conservation site.

Assessment of Antifungal Efficacy of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of M. tinctoria Leaves against Selected Fungal Pathogens

P. Ukange — 2025-06-02

Dermatophyte infections from Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, and Epidermophyton floccosum are difficult to manage from a public health standpoint, especially with the current resistance to antifungal medication. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Morinda tinctoria leaves to assess its antifungal activity since the plant is known for its antifungal properties in folk medicine. The leaves of the plants were gathered and then air dried. After this, the extraction processes were done using water and 40% ethanol. Through the screen tests conducted, certain bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids were found. The highest concentrations detected in the ethanolic extract were particularly alkaloids and phenols at 10.835±0.015 g/100g and 7.355±0.005 g/100g respectively. To test for the antifungal properties, disc diffusion method was conducted alongside measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The higher efficacy in antifungal activity was noted in the ethanolic extract whereby M. canis had the highest zone of inhibition at 24.00 ± 2.00 mm and the lowest MIC values of 6.25 ± 0.00 mg/mL for M. canis and E. floccosum. On the other hand, moderate activity was recorded with the aqueous extract, which had higher MIC and MFC values. Therefore, it was concluded that the ethanol-based extract of M. tinctoria has significant antifungal potential comparable to clotrimazole. Conduct further in vivo studies and compound isolation to advance its development as a plant-based antifungal therapy is recommended. This study contributes to the growing scientific evidence supporting the use of traditional medicinal plants in combating fungal infections, especially in low-resource settings.

Community-Based Biodiversity Inventory, Conservation Awareness and Threat Assessment in Ozuzu, Choba, Okrika, and Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria

S. E. Amam — 2025-06-02

Biodiversity in countries like Nigeria are usually hindered by factors, such as population growth, habitat fragmentation, high poverty index perception, overexploitation, and pollution. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to assess community-based biodiversity inventory, conservation awareness and threat assessment in Ozuzu, Choba, Okrika, and Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Results revealed low to moderate conservation awareness (31.5–52.6% understood "biodiversity" terminology), with Okrika showing the highest awareness due to marine resource dependence. Key threats included habitat loss (deforestation, bush burning), hydrocarbon pollution (notably in Okrika/Oyigbo), and unregulated hunting. Sacred Forests in Ozuzu emerged as de facto conservation zones but lacked legal protection. The study highlights urgent needs to: (a) integrate community knowledge into conservation policies, (b) enforce regulations against overexploitation, and (c) expand environmental education. Findings provide a baseline for targeted interventions to protect Rivers State’s biodiversity amid anthropogenic pressures.

Optimizing Germination Parameters of Telfaria occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) Through Matrix Priming

E. Itedjere — 2025-06-02

Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment that allows controlled hydration of seeds to absorb water and go through the first stage of germination but does not allow radical protrusion through the seed coat. Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) is a vital crop in many tropical regions. However, its cultivation is often hindered by poor germination rates and inadequate seedling establishment. Hence, the objective of this paper was to optimize the germination parameters of T. occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) through matrix priming techniques using peat-based matrix, a coconut coir-based matrix, and a matrix derived from groundnut shell residues. The results showed that seeds subjected to the peat-based matrix for 120 hours achieved a full germination rate of 100%, while those exposed for 72 hours attained a germination rate of 58.3%. Conversely, seeds treated with the coconut coir-based matrix presented an emergence time of 192 hours, whereas those subjected to the groundnut shell residues-based matrix exhibited an emergence time of 147 hours. The fastest emergence was recorded for seeds treated with the peat-based matrix for 120 hours, resulting in an emergence time of 108 hours. Plant height, leaf area, and root diameter were also significantly enhanced in seeds treated with the peat-based matrix. These findings indicate that matrix priming can be a valuable technique for improving the germination and early growth of T. occidentalis. The results of the study have important implications for the cultivation of T. occidentalis, particularly in tropical regions where the crop is commonly grown. By optimizing germination parameters through matrix priming, crop yields can be improved, seed wastage reduced, and sustainable agricultural practices promoted. Further research into tailored matrix priming methodologies for T. occidentalis may offer additional insights into optimizing its cultivation.

Potentials of Bacteria and Fungi Isolated from Oil-polluted Soil in Biodegradation of Perfluorononanoic Acid

B. A. Ezeonuegbu — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of bacteria and fungi isolated from oil-polluted soil in the biodegradation of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) using appropriate standard techniques. Data obtained show that significant quantities of the physical and chemical characteristics needed for microbial growth were present in the soil. The soil samples had the highest mean total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts of 10.9×10⁵ cfu/g and 7.18×10⁵ sfu/g, respectively. The bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas putida, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Vibrio spp. and Burkholderia species. The fungal isolates identified were Penicillium, Rhodotorula, yeasts, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma, and Fusarium species. Among the bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas putida had the highest occurrence of 22.6%, while Micrococcus sp. and Vibrio sp. were the least with equal occurrence of 6.5%. For fungal isolates, Aspergillus niger had the highest occurrence of 28.6%, while Rhodotorula sp. and yeasts were the least with equal occurrence of 10.7%. Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger had the highest tolerance indices at all concentrations of PFNA (100, 150, and 200 ppm). The biodegradation of PFNA by Pseudomonas putida and Aspergillus niger revealed that Bacillus cereus grew at all concentrations at 24 hours, 48 hours, and reduced at 168 hours, while Aspergillus niger had the highest plate count at 100 ppm, followed by 150 ppm, after degradation. Hence, these findings indicate that the species isolated can resist high amounts of toxic chemicals and can withstand any harsh environment, hence their ability to serve as potential agents for the bioremediation of PFNA and other PFAS compounds at a cheap cost.

Viability and Challenges of Apiculture for Honey Production at Wildlife Management Institute at New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria

S. M. Ayeni — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the viability and challenges of apiculture for honey production at Wildlife Management Institute at New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria using primary and secondary data sources with the aid of questionnaire and personal observation. . The results of the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area shows that majority (83.3%) of the respondents were male. The age group of the respondents reveals that most of respondents (58.3%) falls between the ages of 31-40 years. The marital status of the respondents indicated that majority were married (87.5%) while 12.5% were single. The results of the method used indicated that (91.7%) used modern hive while 8.3% indicated tree trunk. The purpose of beekeeping revealed that majority (11) responses for student practical, 7 responses for income purposes, 4 responses for consumption purpose while 2 responses for medicinal purpose. The challenges of beekeeping in the study area showed that majority (54.2%) of the respondents indicate inadequate fund as the major challenges, followed by fire with 33.3% while swarming recorded the least with 4.2%. The possible solution as suggested by the respondents are adequate funding (37.5%), follows by provision of beekeeping equipment

Evaluation of Bone Marrow Response in Different Degrees of Malaria Parasitemia in Children

C. A. Nwaka — 2025-06-02

Malaria remains a significant public health concern, particularly in endemic regions, where it poses a severe risk to children and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the haematological parameters and reticulocyte counts in children in fifty (50) children aged 5 to 12 years with various malaria parasitemia attending a tertiary teaching hospital at Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The study revealed a significant increase in mean reticulocyte counts in the test group (3.1 ± 1.12%) compared to the control group (2.0 ± 0.82%), indicating a robust bone marrow response to malaria infection. Results also provide evidence that malaria parasitemia is closely linked to changes in the TWBC and showed significant differences in other haematological parameters, with p-values < 0.05 for reticulocyte counts and other key metrics, suggesting a strong correlation between malaria parasitemia and bone marrow activity. The results of this study show how important the bone marrow is in fighting malaria infections in children. The big rise in reticulocyte counts shows how the body tries to cope with anaemia caused by malaria.

Screening and Identification of Keratin-degrading Microorganisms Isolated from Different Chicken-feather Waste Dumpsite Soils in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

F. O. Otuyelu — 2025-06-02

The eradication of keratin waste substrate in environment is of great concern, hence the need to look for an ecofriendly way of getting rid of them. Hence, the objective of this paper was to isolate, screen and identify keratin degrading microorganisms from soil samples collected from different chicken feather dumpsites in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. A total of thirteen (13) microorganisms were purified and screened for proteolytic activity, seven (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, F1 and F3) showed appreciable zone of clearance and were further used in keratinase activity determination over 21days, after which percentage chicken feather weight loss was determined. B1 showed highest keratinase activity of 42.48 U/ml at day 7, B2 40.88 U/ml at day 9, B3 24.32 U/ml at day 11, B4 49.36 U/ml at day 9, B5 19.36 U/ml at day 7, F1 45.52 U/ml at day 11 and F3 45.04 U/ml at day 13. All isolate except B5 had the least activity at day 1. Percentage chicken feather weight loss after 21 days revealed that B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, F1 and F3 had 49, 38, 6, 64, 9, 39 and 57 respectively. Molecular identification of best keratinase producers (B1, B2 B4 F1 and F3) revealed the isolates to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus aculeatus respectively. These organisms have shown they are good keratinase producers and should consider in the large-scale degradation of chicken feather pollutant.

Cyanide Levels In Soil And Two Cassava Varieties (TMS 98/0581 and TMS 98/0505) Cultivated In Katagum Local Government, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

A. A. Shehu — 2025-06-02

Cyanide consumption is said to be harmful to humans and animals. Cassava is a naturally cyanide containing tuber. The objective of this paper was to investigate cyanide levels in soil and two cassava varieties (TMS 98/0581 and TMS 98/0505) cultivated in Katagum Local Government, Bauchi State, Nigeria using various standard methods. Cyanide content was quantified in raw and boiled cassava's parenchyma, cortex, and periderm, alongside soil used to cultivate the cassava. Data obtained found that soil was found to have cyanide content at the ranges of 2.440±0.037mg/kg for TMS 98/0505y to 8.279±0.038 mg/kg for TMS 98/0505b. For both varieties, the highest level of cyanide was found in cortex of TMS 98/0505b from Busuri. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows no significant difference at p˃0.05 between the mean values of the cyanide contents of these samples. These values are above the permissible limit set by WHO/FAO 10mg/kg except that of boiled TMS 98/0505y from Yayu village. This highlights the need for proper boiling/processing of cassava tubers to mitigate cyanide poisoning risks.

Significance of Road Transportation as a Panacea for Sustainable Community Economic Development in Isoko North Communities in Delta State, Nigeria

J. C. Uche — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper is to investigate the significance of road transportation as a panacea for sustainable community economic development in Isoko North Communities in Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures after collecting primary and secondary data in the study area. Data obtained from participants and respondents showed that 92.2% believe the revenue generated from transport is not effectively and efficiently utilized towards the development of the roads and 87.7% submits that the development in Isoko North is not equivalent to the revenue generated in the state through transport. The first question about the effective utilization of revenue for road development has the highest mean (4.31) and low standard deviation (0.785), reflecting consensus. The second question on reducing transporters' ticket fees has a slightly lower mean (4.07) and higher standard deviation (0.86), suggesting more varied opinions. The third question on whether development matches revenue generated has a mean of 4.25 and a standard deviation of 0.87, again reflecting agreement but with slight variability. The skewness values for all items are negative, indicating a leftward skew, as kurtosis values are positive, reflecting a peaked distribution. Overall, respondents perceive inefficiencies in revenue utilization and express strong opinions on reducing ticket fees and development alignment.

Application of Bivariate Conditional Rayleigh Distribution in Cardiovascular (Blood Pressure and Heart Rate) Data Examination

O. P. Otaru — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper is to apply bivariate conditional Rayleigh distribution in cardiovascular (blood pressure and heart rate) data examination, where the conditional dependence of the two variables is suspected. The goodness–of–fit of the model was tested using various standard methods, result revealed model adequacy for blood pressure given heart rate and heart rate given blood pressure. This suggests that the proposed model is compatible with the data and efficient. Thus, the proposed model is recommended when there is a need to account for a conditional structure characterized by underlining uncertainties in a bivariate variable.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals Levels Of Surface Water And Sub-Soil In Dumpsite, Around Idogbo Community, Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

A. Ogbamikhumi — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper is to assess the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals levels of surface water and sub-soil in dumpsite, around Idogbo Community, Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results showed that the levels of heavy metals were lowest at the control site for both soil and water samples. The pH level for SW9 exceeded both the lower and upper limits, while the control site was a little above the WHO acceptable pH limit. Additionally, heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in the topsoil compared to the subsoil for Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, and Pb. In water samples, heavy metal levels varied across sampling locations, showing no consistent proportionality to the distance from the control point source. Nevertheless, the elevated concentrations of heavy metals in these sites raise concerns, emphasizing the need for effective mitigation measures to prevent unintended health consequences for the ecosystem.

Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics and subtidal benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Luubara Creek and New Calabar River, situated in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

B. H. Nwibani — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper was to assess the Physicochemical Characteristics and subtidal benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Luubara Creek and New Calabar River, situated in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. In Luubara Creek, the physicochemical values ranged from 25.1±0.1 to 29.2±0.15 ºC for temperature, 5.26±0.02 to 6.65±0.02 for pH, 3.95±0.06 to 5.02±0.02 mg/l for dissolved oxygen, 0.44±0.01 to 1.23±0.02 mg/l for salinity, 16.5±0.07 to 20.7±0.03 μS/cm for electrical conductivity, 0.23±0.01 to 1.61±0.06 mg/l for nitrate, 0.21±0.02 to 0.75±0.03 mg/l for phosphate and 122.8±1.21 to 210.9±1.03 mg/l for total dissolved solids values. Similarly, in New Calabar River the physicochemical values ranged from 26.9±0.15 to 33.4±1.85 ºC for temperature, 6.79±0.02 to 7.33±0.04 for pH, 3.91±0.03 to 4.53±0.38 mg/l for dissolved oxygen, 0.51±0.02 to 1.14±0.01 mg/l for salinity, 19.8±0.12 to 26.9±0.06 μS/cm for electrical conductivity, 1.62±0.04 to 3.62±0.04 mg/l for nitrate, 0.36±0.02 to 0.58±0.02 mg/l for phosphate and 126.7±1.13 to 236.5±2.52 mg/l for total dissolved solids values. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Luubara Creek were dominated by Thiaridae, Sesarmidae, and Chironomidae, while New Calabar River showed dominance by Nerididae, Capitellidae, and Spionidae. These findings suggest relatively low diversity in these water bodies, which is consistent with observations in the Niger Delta region. This study shows importance of assessing water quality using biological indicators.

Heavy Metals Levels and Physicochemical Characteristics of Abattoir Effluent from Bangaie and New Market Regions in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria

T. T. Ayisa — 2025-06-02

Solidwastes and waste water resulting from abattoir operations are referred to as abattoir effluent. The number of animals slaughtered determines the amount of effluent generated. The objective of this paper was to determine the heavy metals levels and physicochemical properties of abattoir effluent located at Bangaie and New market areas of Bida, Niger state, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results obtained from both abattoirs indicated high levels of pollutants especially heavy metals such as Cadmium (0.58 mg/l), Lead (0.42 mg/l), Copper (1.36 mg/l), Chromium (0.25 mg/l) and Zinc (37.30 mg/l) respectively. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was 87.30mg/l and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 844 mg/l levels were high above the acceptable limits indicating a high level of pollution. The presence of these pollutants especially the heavy metals poses a significant threat to public health of residents of Bida town who patronize these abattoirs and also the inhabitants predominantly farmers who live close to the abattoir as these effluents are channeled towards the nearby aquatic environment which is a source of water for irrigation and domestic activities. Moreso, there is a need for stricter regulations and enforcement of laws on proper waste management to safeguard the public from the outbreak of epidemics.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics and Organic Amendments of Oil Contaminated Site of an Abandoned Artisanal Refinery in Obi-Ayagha of Ughelli South, Delta State, Nigeria

F. B. Okorhi-Damisa — 2025-06-02

Soil, a vital non-renewable natural resource, plays a fundamental role in supporting plant growth, providing essential nutrients, and detoxifying environmental pollutants. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, and organic amendments of the oil-contaminated site of an abandoned artisanal refinery in Obi-Ayagha of Ughelli South, Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained reveals that he pH of the soil sample (Control and Impacted) ranged between 6.7 and 7.4. EDX result showed 69.10% of Carbon that could be credited to the plant extract, total heterotrophic bacterial count revealed notable variations across different treatments over the study period (1–84 days). For natural attenuation (control), the THBC ranged from 31.33±1.53 to 119.00±9.64. In the biostimulation setup using carbon dots, the initial concentrations showed the following results: it was observed that CFU/g counts were generally higher in polluted soils compared to unpolluted ones. The compost, with a pH of 8.00, was stable and alkaline, whereas the NPK amendment was acidic, with a pH of 6.25. Conductivity measurements showed values of 13,830 µS/cm for compost and 20,800 µS/cm NPK. The temperature of both amendments was in a similar range (27.9°C–27.0°C). Nitrate content (mg/kg), compost exhibited 309.93, while NPK showed only 17.73. Total organic carbon was significantly higher in compost (118.08 mg/kg) compared to NPK (16.73 mg/kg). Moisture content for compost was 1.70, while for NPK, it was 9.60. Macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), alongside micronutrients such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), are indispensable for plant growth, contributing to biochemical processes and structural development.

Degradative Ability of Yeast Isolates and Bioethanol Production from Ripe Fruit Peels of Pawpaw, Banana, Watermelon, Pineapple and Lime

U. C. Nebo — 2025-06-02

Fruit peels are major components of agricultural wastes. As fruits peels undergo yeast-mediated degradation to produce bioethanol, they contribute to remediate the environment with potential industrial advantage. Hence, the objective of paper was to investigate the degradative ability of yeast isolates from ripe fruit peels of pawpaw, pineapple, banana, watermelon and lime for bioethanol production using appropriate standard methods. The medium for biodegradation of the fruit peels increased in turbidity after 6 weeks of the test. Pawpaw peels produced the highest amount of ethanol 36% (v/v) upon biodegradation with Pichia kudriavzevii NWB5-1, while the lowest ethanol yield was from watermelon peel (3%). Saccharomyces cerevisiae performed better than other isolates and attained a cumulative weight loss of 14%. Measured parameters for bioethanol produced including colour, relative density, melting point, boiling point, viscosity, refractive index and flash point are comparable with values from commercially available ethanol. This study underscores the economic value of fruit peels and prospective role of yeast as excellent biodegraders with potential industrial importance.

Soil Physicochemical Properties of Rhizosphere of Zea mays on selected Farms in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria

S. A. Takur — 2025-06-02

The rhizosphere plays an important role in regulating soil physical and chemical properties and improving crop production performance. The objective of this paper was to Assess Soil Physicochemical Properties of Rhizosphere of Zea mays on some selected Farms in Bida Niger State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Results of analysis of the soil samples showed that the soil samples were all acidic having a pH range of 4.7-5.0% with total nitrogen ranging from 0.21-0.28% while total organic carbon and total organic matter were 3.1-3.8 and 5.8-6.5% respectively. Findings from the study indicated that these parameters were supportive of enhanced agricultural activities. With little enrichment, these soils will not only provide a suitable environment for the activities of beneficial microorganisms but will also support the growth and development of maize and other plants.

Estimation and Optimization of Tensile Strain in Mild Steel

A. O. Igbinake — 2025-06-02

Tensile strain is the relative length of deformation exhibited by a specimen subjected to a tensile force. The objective of this paper was to estimate and optimize tensile strain mild steel weldment using response surface methodology. 100 welded specimens of mild steel, measuring 60mm x 40mm x10mm were prepared and Universal Pull Tester used to determine the tensile strain of the welded specimen. The results of the various impacts withstood by the samples were fed into design expert 13, where the analysis and optimization were conducted in other to determine the optimal value for tensile strain for mild steel using Tungsten inert gas (TIG). The research produced an optimum process parameter of 180amps, 19volts and 16l/min for tensile strain of mild steel weldment with a second order quadratic model developed from the response surface methodology (RSM).

Analysis of Genotype by Environment Interaction in Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L) For Breeding High-Yielding Varieties under Rain-Fed Conditions at Miango And Vom In Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

A. Z. Dama — 2025-06-02

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal and food security crop in Nigeria. The current national breeding program aims to select wheat genotypes adapted to rain-fed environment for the release of improved varieties. A critical step to achieve this, is by assessing the Genotype x Environment interaction. In the present study, performance of 50 elite wheat genotypes over 2 locations across the rainy season of 2023 was investigated using GGE biplot analysis in a 5 × 10 Alpha lattice design replicated twice. Data was collected on phenotypic and yield traits, and were subjected to combined analysis of variance. Superior genotypes were identified for grain yield using biplot graphical approach effectively. The difference in environments and genotypes for most of the traits investigated were not statistically significant (P≤ 0.05). The Polygon view of the biplot identified entries G403, G430 and G422 as vertex genotypes in Vom, and entry G415 in Miango signifying them the highest yielding genotypes. The Mean vs Stability biplot revealed entries G433 and G440 as the low yielding genotypes and the entries G430 and G403 were the high yielding genotypes in the studied environments due to the projections of genotypes markers on the A line. The discriminative vs representativeness GGE biplot revealed Miango as the ideal location with the most discriminative ability. The identified high-yielding and stable lines; G403, G415 and G430 could serve as strong candidates for breeding high-yielding wheat lines for climate-resilient wheat breeding.

Evaluation of Household Air Pollution of Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations during Dry and Wet Seasons in a Mud Building that Uses Biomass Solid Fuel for Cooking in the Rural Area of Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria

O. M. Awoyele — 2025-06-02

The use of biomass solid fuel (BSF) for cooking has an adverse effect on indoor air quality in homes. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to evaluate household air pollution (HAP) of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations during dry and wet seasons in a mud building that uses biomass solid fuel (BSF) for cooking in a rural area of Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria, using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained shows that the mean of CO and NO₂ in the indoor spaces are 47.13 ppm and 1.94 ppm, respectively, with standard deviation (SD) of 28.77 ppm and 0.19 ppm, respectively. The results revealed significant differences in pollutant concentration levels between the two seasons. Indoor CO levels showed higher concentrations during dispersal from the kitchen, with lower levels observed during the wet season compared to the dry season. In contrast, indoor NO₂ concentration levels in the kitchen were markedly lower during the dry season than in the wet season. The lowest pollutant concentration levels were recorded in the bedroom; however, these minimum values still exceeded the maximum concentration levels recommended for humans by the WHO, ASHRAE, and other IAQ regulatory bodies. Thus, this study provides insight into the variation in pollutant dispersion across seasons in mud houses. The findings will support the formulation of policies to improve indoor air quality and enhance building designs for rural dwellers.

Mycotoxicological Characterization and Ochratoxin A Level in Garri Obtained From Bida Markets, Niger State, Nigeria

A. M. Abdullahi — 2025-06-02

In Nigeria, garri is a staple dish that is widely consumed, particularly by Northern, Eastern, and Southern Nigerians. The study's objective was to assess the Mycotoxicological Characteristics and Levels of Ochratoxin A (OTA) linked to garri that was purchased from Bida Markets in Niger State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The ElabScience ELISA kits were used to detect the level of OTA in the samples. The findings of study revealed the presence of Aspergillus niger (33.3%), Aspergillus flavus and Emmosia crescens (25%), Crypotococcosis sp (12.5%) as the major fungal species associated with the garri samples. The OTA concentration ranged from 3.740ppb in YMKT, to 3.280ppb in SMKT, then NMKT 2.995ppb, the study concluded that OTA levels fell less than the recommended limit set by Codex Alimentarius Commission which is 5-10ppb, it has significant implication for food safety, public health, trade and production practice. Proper fermentation processes should be adopted, uncontaminated equipment and storage facilities, sufficient drying methods should be provided to prevent mycotoxins infestation.

Microplastic Contamination in the Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Linnaeus 1758) from Selected Markets in Benin City, Nigeria

O. M. Wangboje — 2025-06-02

There is paucity of ecotoxicological data on microplastics (Mps) in marine fish in Nigeria. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate microplastic contamination in the Atlantic Horse Mackerel fish (Trachurus trachurus, Linnaeus 1758) from selected markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The mean level of Mps in T. trachurus (Total mean length, 31.23 ± 1.82 cm; mean weight, 879 ± 1.38 g) ranged from 0.04 in November at New Benin market to 2.38 in October at Oba market with significant differences (p<0.05) in the mean levels of Mps in fish between months across the markets while the mean plastic load in T. trachurus ranged from 0.005 in November at Oba market to 0.79 in October, also at Oba market with a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean plastic load in fish between months at Oba market. The classification of plastic based on morphological characteristics revealed the presence of fragments and filaments while the Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscope analysis confirmed the presence of Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP). The estimated daily intake (EDI) figures (No/Person/Day) for Mps ranged from 0.0002005 at Ekiosa market to 0.0005361 at Oba market. In order to avoid unwholesome health impacts over time, T. trachurus must therefore be consumed with caution as it was contaminated with particles of PE and PP.

Assessment of Microplastics Found in Two Fish Species of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus From River Niger, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

G. U. Amana — 2025-06-02

Recent studies show that microplastics are prevalent in various products, leading to environmental deposition, especially in riverine areas. The River Niger, crucial for fishing, farming, and transportation, serves as a vital resource in Nigeria. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess microplastics found in two fish species of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus from River Niger Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. Fish organs were analyzed after digestion with 10% KOH, followed by density flotation using NaCl and filtration. Microplastics were identified using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and quantified with Openspecy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance evaluated by One-way ANOVA. Findings revealed 10 microplastic polymers: Polyethylene (PE), Polystyrene (PS), Polypropylene (PP), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Cellulose Acetate (C), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyamides (PA), Polydienes (PD), and Other Plastics (OP). PS microplastics were most prevalent in gills 4.67 to 7.00 (MP/3 g) in Oreochromis niloticus and 5.67 to 7.00 (MP/3 g) in Clarias gariepinus), while cellulose acetate (C) dominated in intestines 5.33 to 6.00 (MP/3 g) in Oreochromis niloticus and 5.67 to 6.67 (MP/3 g) in Clarias gariepinus) and livers 6.00 to 6.67 (MP/3 g) in both species. These findings show significant long-term risks to the River Niger ecosystem, threatening aquatic life and communities reliant on these resources.

Assessment of the Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

B. Yautama — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper is to compile an inventory of healthcare facilities, personnel, service delivery, distribution, and accessibility in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures including using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Data obtained identified 87 healthcare facilities, including 64 primary and 23 secondary care centers, revealing a distribution where 42.5% are privately owned and 57.5% are government operated. A multi-criteria decision analysis was carried out which identified approximately 42 square kilometers of land as highly suitable for the provision of new secondary healthcare facilities. The Population-to-facility ratios were found to comply with WHO guidelines for primary healthcare, but all wards, except Usuma, failed to meet the standard ratio of one physician per 1,000 residents, and none fulfilled the nurse/midwife ratio of one per 250 residents. Additionally, only Usuma and Bwari central achieved the global average of 2.3 hospital beds per 1,000 individuals. This research highlights the need for improved healthcare accessibility in Bwari Area Council and recommended the establishment of more low-cost secondary healthcare facilities, considering population needs, and hiring more qualified healthcare personnel to enhance service delivery.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals Levels in Soil and Plants from Dumpsites in Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria

T. O. Olagbemiro — 2025-06-02

Leachate from uncontrolled dumpsites can contaminate groundwater with heavy metals, posing significant health risks. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, Fe, Cu) levels in soil and plants (Colocasia esculenta, Sorghum bicolor, Anthaenata villosa and Stachytarpheta sp.) from dumpsites in Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria over a period of 12 months between May 2022 and May 2023. Bioaccumulation factors revealed that some plant species Stachytarpheta sp., with BAF values exceeding 1 for Cd and Cr, had the potential to accumulate these heavy metals. The results from this study for nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate in soil ranged from 0.62 – 2.29 mg/kg, 1.77 -5.73 mg/kg and 3.55 – 9.33 mg/kg respectively. Lead, iron, cadmium, manganese, chromium ranged from 0.24 - 2.76 mg/kg, 82.46 - 150.26 mg/kg, <0.01 - 3.83 mg/kg, 0.04 - 3.47 mg/kg, 0.25 – 3.86 mg/kg respectively and mercury was below detection limits in all soil samples. The acidic soil conditions and presence of heavy metals in both soil and plants underscore the need for effective waste management practices to mitigate environmental pollution and protect human health. This study underscores the urgent need for proper waste management practices to mitigate environmental pollution and protect public health in the region.

Critical Review on Dispersion of Gaseous Pollutants from Indoor Cooking Facilities

O. M. Awoyele — 2025-06-02

Pollutant emissions from indoor activities are an area of concern for human health worldwide. People spend about 90% of their time in indoor environments, and exposure to pollutants has a significant impact on their health and productivity. The objective of this paper is to provide a critical review of the dispersion of gaseous pollutants from indoor cooking using numerous scientific studies harvested from online and library sources. Data obtained reveal that there is evidence of health hazards of pollutants arising from several studies highlighting the danger of actual personal exposure. The current database of pollutant emissions from cooking processes offers limited information on the composition of harmful gaseous and particulate contaminants, as well as the methods by which they spread. Comprehensive evaluations of IAQ studies that explore the relationship between indoor cooking activities and pollutant emission rates are minimal. An analysis of the literature highlights the trends and gaps in cooking emissions in different countries/regions to enhance the understanding of their progress and limitations. This review has the potential to benefit individuals, policymakers, and institutions regarding the hazards of cooking-generated emissions.

Optimization of Saponin-Based Biosurfactants from Banana and Lemon Peels

E. A. Oyedoh — 2025-06-02

As concerns over synthetic surfactants grow, there is increasing interest in sustainable alternatives like biosurfactants. Surfactants are widely used for their ability to reduce surface tension. This paper investigates the optimization of saponin-based biosurfactants extraction from banana and lemon peels using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate factors such as temperature, pH, and solvent-to-solid ratio on biosurfactant yield. The optimal conditions were found to be 80°C, pH 6.5, and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 15:1, yielding 41.75%, with a desirability value of 1.000. The biosurfactant displayed strong surface-active properties, including foamability, emulsification (E24 of 33.53%), and reduced surface tension. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, ester, and carboxyl groups. These results suggest that banana and lemon peels are sustainable, cost-effective sources for biosurfactants, with potential applications in bioremediation and industrial processes.

Self-Attenuation Correction of Gamma-Ray from 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Salt, Soil, Crayfish Powder, Milk Powder, and Pulverized Grass

T. O. Aluko — 2025-06-02

Humans are inseparable from the environment, and radionuclides are everywhere in the environment; therefore, materials/samples from the environment need to be subjected to identification and quantification of radionuclides for radiological and other purposes. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to investigate the Self-attenuation correction of gamma-ray from ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³²Th in Salt, Soil, Crayfish powder, Milk powder, and Pulverized Grass using Gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS). Data obtained show that the Self-attenuation coefficients of the environmental samples with varying densities for ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³²Th per cm, respectively are: Salt (0.236, 0.230, 0.213), Soil (0.252, 0.240, 0.206), Crayfish powder (0.231,0.222, 0.196), Milk powder (0.243, 0.231, 0.197), and Pulverized Grass (0.187, 0.172, 0.129). The Self-attenuation coefficients with increasing density from 0.11gcm^-3 (grass) to 1.29gcm^-3 (salt) for gamma-ray energies of the interval 352 keV and 2614 keV per cm are 0.2421 to 0.3870 (353 keV), 0.2306 to 0.3708 (583 keV), 0.2293 to 0.3690 (609 keV), 0.2142 to 0.3478 (911 keV), 0.2037 to 0.3332 (1120 keV), 0.1867 to 0.3094 (1460 keV), 0.1764 to 0.2881(2614 keV), and 0.1290 to 0.2286 (2614 keV). The correction factors were higher at lower gamma energies and lower at higher gamma energies in all the samples. These factors are integral in determining the unknown efficiencies of samples with no available standards.

Assesment of the Contribution of Homestead Farming in the Conservation of Plant Species at Dunukofia Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria

A. L. Ogunyebi — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper was to assess the contribution of homestead farming in the conservation of species diversity at Dunukofia Local Government Area (LGA) of Anambra State, Nigeria, using a semistructured questionnaires administered to 30 homestead farmers. Data obtained reveals that, a total of 40 dominant plant species belonging to 27 families comprising of 26 tree species. 9 herbs and 5 shrubs were identified. Trees diversity were more abundant with 65% tree species which includes; Irvingia gabonensis in which the seeds is used for ‘Ogbono soup’, and Moringa oleifera used for medicinal purposes. Also, the percentage of shrubs species assed was (12.5%) Manihot esculenta which serve as food crop. Amaranthus hybrids (herbs) used as vegetables represent about 22.5% of the species. The study revealed that proper documentation and inventory of the species diversities in the area is necessary to preserve and conserve indigenous species, culture and communal history of the area.

Physicochemical Properties of Surface Water, Heavy Metals Levels in Sediments and Macrobenthic Invertebrates Community of Ikpoba River, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

C. Adubor — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper was to investigate the physicochemical properties of surface water, heavy metals levels in sediments and macrobenthic invertebrate community of the Ikpoba River, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that the pH in the surface water ranged between 4.30 and 8.90 with a mean of 5.23. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the physicochemical properties of surface water across the three stations. The mean values of heavy metals for iron, zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in sediments ranged from 22.30 - 45.30, 8.46 - 27.10, 1.80 - 12.40, 0.01 - 4.75 and 0.00 - 1.15 mg/l with a mean of 32.71±2, 17.62±1, 7.24±1, 1.29±01 and 0.17±0.1 mg/l respectively. However, metals such as iron, zinc, copper and lead were above the recommended limit for freshwater ecosystems. A total of 482 individual macrobenthic organisms were recorded in the study. The benthic organisms were dominated by the orders Ephemeroptera (23.03%), Diptera (22.61%), Hemiptera (18.26%) and Odonata (17.01%) with Baetis sp (6.02%), Velia sp (5.60%), Heptagenia sp (5.39%) and Lestes sp (4.36%) as the major representative species. For the biological indices, station 1 had the highest diversity, species richness and evenness. Station 3 had the lowest diversity and richness while the lowest species evenness was recorded in station 2. A weak correlation between the physicochemical parameters and the macroinvertebrate fauna was recorded. The calculated EPT Index for the macrobenthic fauna was 31.67 % indicating a fairly polluted river.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Concentrations of Petroleum hydrocarbon and some metals in Surface water of Ajoki River, Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

V. O. Akpojivi — 2025-06-02

The increasing volume of waste generated by industries and households significantly contributes to the degradation of water quality in aquatic ecosystems. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the Physicochemical Characteristics and Concentrations of Petroleum hydrocarbon and some metals in Surface water of Ajoki River, Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The results indicated that pH values averaged 7.30 ± 0.22 in the wet season and 7.17 ± 0.20 in the dry season. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had mean concentrations of 0.01 ± 0.002 mg/L in the wet season but were not detected in the dry season. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values were 20.08 ± 6.06 mg/L and 21.37 ± 5.03 mg/L in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Cadmium concentrations were 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L in the wet season and 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/L in the dry season, while lead levels were 0.02 ± 0.001 mg/L and 0.10 ± 0.02 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated that the Ajoki River was unpolluted during the wet season but became polluted in the dry season. Cluster analysis suggested that the pollutants affecting water quality originated from both natural and anthropogenic sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for sustainable wastewater management practices, stricter environmental regulations, and continuous monitoring to safeguard water quality and protect aquatic life

Effect of Bio-Stimulants Extracted from Moringa, Neem, Papaya and Bitter Leaves on the Nutritional and Bio-Active Composition of Aerial Yam (Dioscorea Bulbifera) Mini-Setts

E. C. Teke — 2025-06-02

The use of chemical agents or plant extracts on the exposed surfaces of the minisett to retard fungal, nematode and insect attack is a common practice amongst farmers. As a result, it is important to investigate the effects of these extract on the nutritional composition of yam crop, as they can negatively impact it. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of bio-stimulants extracted from Moringa (MT), Neem (NT), papaya (PT) and bitter leaves (BT) on the nutritional and bio-active composition of aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) mini-setts using appropriate standard techniques. Data obtained show that some of the bioactive components in the Dioscorea bulbifera mature leaves grown with different treatments at 12 weeks were amino acids (essential): histidine 2.34- 6.26,% valine 2.63- 7.04% isoleucine 2.76- 7.3%, (non-essential): serine 1.26-3.36%, glycine 1.82-4.87%, alanine 3.62- 9.68%, vitamins: vitamin A 8.92- 27.59ppm, vitamin B12 0.46-1.44ppm, vitamin C 0.16-0.52ppm, minerals (macro): Phosphorus 0.37-5.92ppm, Calcium 0.31-5-09ppm, Magnesium 0.41-1.28ppm, (micro): Iron 8.47-135.02ppm/g, Zinc 5.21-83.09ppm/g, Manganese 5.65-90.01ppm/g and proximate composition; carbohydrate 56.67-85.82%, protein 6.80-21.05%, ash 2.28-7.06%, fibre 4.56-14.12%, fats 0.91-2.82% respectively. Results reveal that control plants had higher amino acid content and vitamin content whereas Neem extract treated plants had the highest mineral content. Pawpaw treatment was observed to selectively increase carbohydrate content of treated plants but did not increase other proximate constituents.

Synthesis and Modification of Alkyd Resin from Velvet Tamarind Oil Extract for Potential Use as Binders and Surface Coatings

F. O. Offor — 2025-06-02

Due to environmental problems and depletion of the world oil pool, seed oil has been employed as an alternative in the production of a variety of a polymeric resin. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the synthesis and modification of alkyd resin from velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense) seed oil extract for potential use as binders in paints, varnishes, and wood products in the construction, timber, and manufacturing sectors using Soxhlet extraction method and other standard procedures of extraction was adopted to extract oil from velvet tamarind seed with hexane as the solvent, the yield was 1.73%. The oil's physicochemical qualities were investigated and with its Iodine value of 76.6 mg I₂/g, it was classified as non-drying oil. The fatty acid profile of the oil was determined using GC-MS and FID while the FT-IR showed the various functional groups present. The oil was employed in the synthesis of Alkyd using the monoglyceride method. The synthesized resin was characterized with ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR and FT-IR spectroscopies. The velvet tamarind oil-based resin was modified with epoxy resin and hardener and the film was air-dried within 48 hours. The polyester physio-chemical characteristics were investigated; the resin showed good solubility to different test solvents. It also showed good resistance to water, 6MHCl, 0.1MNaCl and poor resistance to 0.1MNaOH solutions. Hardness and excellent adhesion are indications that the synthesized resin is promising in coating industries. However, the low oil yield showed that velvet tamarind alkyd resin would be economically unsustainable.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Sensitivity of Leaf Extract of Chromolaena odorata infused into Herbal Emulgel Formulations

C. A. Alalor — 2025-06-02

Emulgel is a topical drug delivery technology that combines the advantages of gel and emulsion, giving it the ability to manage drug release in two ways. Its benefits include being emollient, non-staining, water-soluble, thixotropic, greaseless, readily spreadable on the skin, quickly removed, bio-friendly, and a good ability to penetrate the skin. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the phytochemical screening and antibacterial sensitivity of leaf extract of chromolaena odorata infused into herbal emulgel formulations using appropriate standard procedures. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata reveals the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Tannins were the most predominant phytochemical. The findings showed that the emulgels had pH between 7.9 and 8.2, exhibiting excellent homogeneity, spreadability, and extrudability. The research demonstrated that the crude extract of Chromolaena odorata exhibited antibacterial activity in vitro against the tested bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Chromolaena odorata was enhanced when formulated into emulgel with a 1.5 fold increase in inhibition against S. epidermis, 2 fold increase in activity against K. pneumonia and 2.6 fold increase in activity against E. coli at a concentration of 800 mg/mL. There was no change in activity of the emulgel against S. aureus. The emulgel as a delivery system could possibly be used to deliver Chromolaena odorata extract for improved activity in the treatment of skin conditions caused by the selected pathogens.

Assessment of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Aerosols in Lokoja, Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria (2019–2024)

C. F. Amaechi — 2025-06-02

Air pollution is an escalating environmental and public health concern in rapidly urbanizing cities like Lokoja, Nigeria. This study examines the spatial and temporal variations in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and aerosol concentrations in Lokoja from 2019 to 2024 using Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) satellite data. Results reveal that though CO levels fluctuated over the years, it showed an increasing trend which peaked in 2024, with the highest concentrations recorded in traffic-dense and industrial areas. NO2 concentrations peaked in 2021 before declining steadily through 2024. Aerosol concentrations remained relatively low from 2019 - 2021 but surged in 2022, followed by a slight decrease in 2023 and stabilization in 2024. A paired sample t-test revealed a significant increase in NO2 levels between 2020 and 2021 (p = 0.003), reflecting higher emissions during post-COVID-19 economic recovery. Similarly, a significant difference in aerosol concentrations was observed between 2021 and 2022 (p = 0.012), aligning with increased industrial and vehicular activity. No significant variations in CO levels were detected across the years. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers and environmental agencies in Nigeria, emphasizing the need for targeted air quality management strategies in mid-sized urban centers like Lokoja.

A Critical Review Involving Socio-Cultural Imperatives and Behavioural Psychology as Part of Global Plastic Pollution Mitigating Models in Marine Ecosystem

L. C. Osuji — 2025-06-02

A world without plastics, or synthetic organic polymers, seems unimaginable today, yet their large-scale production and use have brought in its wake massive environmental pollution. A holistic approach is needed to address this multifaceted, wide-spread and complex issue of plastic pollution. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to undertake a critical review of socio-cultural imperatives and behavioural psychology as part of global plastic pollution mitigating models in the marine ecosystem using data and information from several sources including online and off-library sources. Data gathered reveals that the marine ecosystem (the world's oceans, rivers, lakes, coral reefs estuaries, and beaches) receives equivalence of 2,000 garbage trucks full of plastic dumped daily into the marine ecosystem and science-based ecological strategies, like waste management, end-of-life recycling options and replacement with bioplastics alone, are unable to provide the needed mitigation measures. Hence, the proposed. mitigating models shift with interdisciplinary solutions involving socio-cultural imperatives and behavioural psychology. Positive conservation behavioural models, such as the Beat-the-Bead policy and Citizen Science programme, have been highlighted in this review. Effective prevention is a long-term process that must begin at the ground level with smarter consumer choices, industrial consciousness and responsibility, and an overarching local to global governance framework. This kind of regulatory framework would expedite adaptation and make the socio-ecological system it oversees more resistant to long-term, multi-scale changes in human behaviour.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Methanogenic Bacteria Consortium involved in Biogas Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes from Selected Markets in Kaduna, Nigeria

E. A. Metuaghan — 2025-06-02

The objective of this paper was to isolate and molecularly characterize methanogenic bacteria consortium involved in biogas production from fruit and vegetable wastes from selected markets in Kaduna, Nigeria using conventional microbiological methods like Enrichment culture, Gram staining, biochemical tests, colony morphology analysis, selective medium, and motility testing techniques were used for separating and characterizing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria successfully isolated and identified, including species such as Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Bordetella spp, Lysinibacillus spp, Methanobacterium spp, and Methanobrevibacter spp. Molecular analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Methanobacterium formicicum, isolated from Digester C, showed 98% genetic similarity with known strains, supporting its role in biogas production. The anaerobic digesters were loaded with a 1:1 mixture of fruit and vegetable waste combined with cow dung, which acted as an inoculum. This combination enhanced biogas production efficiency by providing a stable substrate for methanogenic activity. Gas analysis revealed that methane () concentrations in Digesters A, B, and C were 72.7%, 73.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. Higher methane concentrations in Digester C resulted in elevated calorific values, reaching 25.15 MJ/m³. The biogas produced was tested for combustion efficiency, with methane content directly correlating to the energy output of the biogas. Digester C, which had the highest methane concentration, also exhibited the greatest energy potential, producing clean-burning biogas suitable for rural energy applications. The study further demonstrated that the combination of fruit and vegetable waste with cow dung accelerates methane production, contributing to more efficient anaerobic digestion. The results provide a foundation for scaling up biogas production using organic waste in developing countries, with potential applications in sustainable waste management, renewable energy generation, and agricultural development.