Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Modeling and Prediction of the Impact of Climate Change on Flooding in Aguata Agricultural Zone, Anambra State, Nigeria

H. I. Ifeanyichukwu — 2025-04-19

Climate change has significantly influenced flooding events, particularly in agricultural zones where extreme weather conditions lead to increased runoff and water accumulation. Hence, the objective of this paper was to model and predict the impact of climate change on flooding in the Aguata Agricultural Zone of Anambra State, Nigeria using Utilizing Digital Elevation Models (DEM), land use data, and climate records, employing Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques to generate flood risk maps. Key hydrological factors, including rainfall intensity, topography, soil infiltration rates, and vegetation cover, were analyzed. The study shows a total flow accumulation of 2,823,864.50 m² and average flow accumulation of 13.81 m², a current mean flood risk of 10.98 mm and total flood risk of 2,244,474.11 mm, and a predicted mean flood risk of 22.12 mm and a total flood risk of 4,523,622.06 mm for the next ten years due to intensified rainfall patterns. The findings emphasize the need for sustainable flood mitigation strategies, improved drainage systems, and climate adaptation policies to minimize the adverse effects of flooding on agricultural productivity in the region.

Evaluation Of Annual Soil Temperature Cycles At Different Pedology And Times Over A Period Of One Year In Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

E. S. Umoh — 2025-04-19

A pedological evaluation is essential in understanding all aspect of soil science. Temperatures at different depths in the soil have great influence on seed germination and growth of crops and plants, which is very essential in agricultural and botanical fields. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the annual soil temperature cycles at different depths [0cm (top soil), 10cm, 30cm and 50cm] and times over a period of one year in parts of Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. The daily soil temperature ranges from 29.7 ^oC – 42.9^oC for months covering dry season with a simple mean of 36.3^oC; 21.2^oC – 29^oC for months covering rainy season with a simple mean of 25.1. The mean temperature for all season is 30.7^oC, indicating that these locations are favourable for farming. The model, which encompasses transient heat flow principle, was used and certain assumptions were made. For example: the heat flow in soil was one-dimensional and thermal diffusivity was taken as constant. This can be successfully applied to find the temperature of the soil under the ground at any day of the year if the average climatic conditions do not vary drastically throughout the year. It was found that in dry season, the soil temperature increases with depth and in wet season, it first decreases up to certain depth and then starts to increase with depth. This is due to the effects of solar thermal energy and ground thermal energy.

Optimization of Biodiesel Yield Synthesized by Calcium Oxide Nano-catalyst Trans-esterified Jatropha curcas Oil

O. Eyide — 2025-04-19

Biodiesel is a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel that is made with the use of a catalyst to increase yield under ideal operating circumstances. Concerns about pollution and energy supply can be effectively addressed by using this renewable energy source. Hence, the objective of this paper was to optimize biodiesel yield synthesized by calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst trans-esterified Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through central composite design. These runs evaluated four process variables: the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (from 1:4 to 12:1), catalyst concentration (from 0.5 to 2.5 wt. %), reaction temperature (from 35 to 75 °C), and reaction time (from 40 to 80 minutes). With an 8:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 1.5 wt.% catalyst concentration, 55 °C reaction temperature, and 60 minutes reaction time, the findings showed a peak biodiesel production of 96.51%. An R² of 0.9626, R² adj value of 0.9277, and predicted R² of 0.8505 were all output by the RSM quadratic model. As an added bonus, the biodiesel's primary physicochemical properties are in line with those of EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.

Phytochemicals and Effect of Blanching Time on Oxalate and Phytate Content in Leaves of Some Non-conventional Vegetables in Gombi Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

A. H. Boda — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the phytochemicals and effect of blanching time on oxalate and phytate content in leaves of some non-conventional vegetables in Gombi Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained reveals the presence of flavonoids, phenols, steroids and alkaloids in the vegetables. Saponins were found in bitter leaf, kenaf leaf and roselle leaf but absent in moringa and cassia tora leaf. The highest amount of oxalate was present in roselle leaves (17.10±2.30 mg/100 g), followed by moringa leaves (12.30±1.30 mg/100 g), and spinach (10.00±0.85 mg/100 g) of the unblanched samples. The greatest decrease in oxalate concentrations was observed in vegetable samples that were blanched for six minutes. As the blanching time increased, the phytate contents of the vegetables under study decreased. High levels of phytate were detected in unblanched samples of spinach (22.20±1.10 mg/100 g), kenaf leaves (22.00±1.10 mg/100 g), and roselle leaves (22.00±1.80 mg/100 g). In terms of phytate and oxalate content, the concentrations in the examined veggies were found to be within the allowable limit of 25 mg/100 g. All six vegetable samples had flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and alkaloids, according to the phytochemical screening. The hazards of exposure to oxalate and phytate contents can be decreased by changing dietary practices, and the blanching duration of vegetables that are frequently consumed should be continuously monitored for oxalate and phytate content.

Growth and Yield Performance of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss Seedlings in a Spent Engine Oil Contaminated Soil at Jericho, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

O. K. Ojelabi — 2025-04-19

Soil contamination is a growing concern in many African countries including Nigeria, leading to nutrient deficiencies and toxicities that impact crop growth and reduced yield. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the growth and yield performance of Azadirachta indica A. Juss seedlings in a spent engine oil contaminated soil at Jericho, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results obtained for growth parameters indicate that collar diameters were significant at 3Weeks after Transplanting (WAT), number of leaves was significant at 2-6 WAT while plant height reveals that 3-6WAT were also significant when compared the control (No treatment). Total biomass results showed no significant difference between the root and the stem and the heavy metals in the spent engine oil are low ranging from slight to severe contamination (Fe < Pb < Cd < Cu < Zn). In conclusion, Azadirachta indica A. Juss's seedlings responses reveals that the plant can be used to monitor and manage contaminated locations while taking the toxicity stress of engine oil suspension concentration into consideration.

Socio-Cultural Impact of Herdsmen and Armed Banditry Attacks in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria

A. O. Edafitohwo — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper is to access the socio cultural impact of herdsmen and armed banditary attacks in Abraka, Delta state, Nigeria using appropriate standard structured questionnaires to harvest data from community. Data obtained show that 1% affirmed that attacks had occurred, among those affected, 76% experienced 1–3 attacks, 9% 4–6 attacks, and 15% more than 6 attacks, with 90% indicating that most incidents occurred during 2018–2019. Socio-economically, only 3% and 6% of respondents rated the effect on business as very high and high respectively, whereas 60% reported a very low impact. Most (80%) estimated financial losses in the range of 10,000–999,000 naira over five years, and only 7% reported the loss of a family member. Property losses were notably high for farm assets (46%) and animals (29%). Although 98% noted that security agents did respond, 72% experienced response times exceeding one hour. Ninety-nine percent of respondents recommended deploying more government security agents. These findings highlight the need for enhanced security and revised land-use policies to mitigate long-term socio-economic disruptions.

Physicochemical, Microbiological and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Okpaka Section of Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria

C. L. Diejomaoh — 2025-04-19

Environmental pollution remains a critical global concern, contributing to increased rates of mortality and morbidity, while threatening both human health and ecosystems. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the physicochemical, microbiological, and ecological risks assessment of heavy metals in the Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. The findings indicated that pH values ranged from 5.00 to 6.50, with an average of 6.20; dissolved oxygen levels varied between 4.60 and 4.81 NTU, averaging 4.21 NTU. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ranged from 9.02 to 11.90 mg/L, with an average of 9.40 mg/L. Copper concentrations varied from 0.03 to 0.62 mg/L, with an average of 0.43 mg/L, while lead (Pb) concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.09 mg/L, with an average of 0.07 mg/L. Cadmium (Cd) levels ranged from 0.04 to 1.05 mg/L, with an average of 0.08 mg/L. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) ranged from 1.69 × 10³ to 3.21 × 10³ CFU/mL, with an average of 2.51 × 10³ CFU/mL. Total coliform counts ranged from 3.8 to 9.6, with an average of 8.2. Both lead and cadmium concentrations exceeded regulatory safety thresholds. The microbiological analysis revealed high counts of total heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms, suggesting potential fecal contamination and an increased risk of waterborne diseases. Furthermore, the ecological risk assessment highlighted cadmium as the most hazardous heavy metal present in the river. These results underscore the urgent need for effective pollution control strategies and sustainable water management practices to protect both public health and environmental integrity.

Impact of Informal Electronic Waste Recycling and Dumping Activities on Soil Ecosystems: A review from 2000 to 2024

N. H. T. Ly — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper was to examine the impact of informal electronic waste recycling and dumping activities on soil ecosystems: a review from 2000 to 2024 using domestic and foreign studies related to electronic waste issues on soil ecosystems from various scientific databases. The results showed that toxic metals and other pollutants in e-waste are released into the environment from improper disposal and informal e-waste recycling and treatment. These toxic substances eventually penetrate into soil, water, air and sediments leading to adverse effects on organisms in soil and water, causing toxicity to plants, and accumulating in the tissues of organisms and gradually amplifying along the food chain. It also seriously affects human health through exposure routes such as eating, breathing and absorbing through the skin. The findings of this review provided an overview of the toxic substances in e-waste affecting different components in the soil, water and air environment.

Mathematical Properties of the Binomial-Poisson Distribution

A. A. Ayenigba — 2025-04-19

This study conducts a thorough analytical exploration of the Binomial-Poisson distribution, a compound probability model where the number of Binomial trials follows a Poisson distribution. Through application of the compound distribution methodology and law of total probability, we derive its probability mass function (PMF) and demonstrate its simplification to a Poisson distribution with parameter. Key properties, including the cumulative distribution function (CDF), hazard function, moment generating function (MGF), probability generating function (PGF), and moments (mean, variance, Skewness, and kurtosis), are systematically established. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is applied for parameter inference, and a comparative analysis with the Binomial and Poisson distributions highlights its distinct tendency to concentrate around smaller values of the random variable. The findings confirm the Binomial-Poisson distribution as a flexible and robust model for discrete event patterns, offering valuable applications in stochastic frequency analysis.

Aspect Factor and Soil Erosion Vulnerability on Rural Livelihoods in Mubi North and Mubi South Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria

K. A. Nnanguma — 2025-04-19

Aspect factor, which determines slope orientation, significantly influences soil moisture retention, vegetation cover, and erosion vulnerability. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the aspect factor and soil erosion vulnerability on rural livelihoods in Mubi North and Mubi South Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria using a mixed-method approach was employed, integrating GIS-based analysis, remote sensing, field surveys, and socio-economic assessments. Data were collected from 1,000 respondents across 26 communities and analyzed using spatial mapping and statistical techniques. Findings indicate that south-facing slopes, such as those in Wuro Harde, Lokuwa, and Barama, experience higher erosion due to increased solar radiation and moisture loss, while shaded slopes in Gipalma and Kabang exhibit reduced vulnerability. Soil erosion significantly affects livelihoods by diminishing agricultural productivity, reducing pasture lands, and limiting commercial activities. The study contributes to knowledge by identifying high-risk erosion zones and providing insights for sustainable land management strategies. Recommendations include afforestation, improved agricultural practices, and policy interventions to mitigate erosion effects.

Mathematical Analysis of Solute Transport with Linear Sorption and Sedimentation in Porous Media via Olayiwola’s Generalized Polynomial Approximation Method

A. D. Abubakar — 2025-04-19

Solute transport plays a significant role in biogeochemical cycling and many other processes and can be dominated by advection, diffusion, or dispersion, or by any combination. Solutes are dissolved matters in an ecological media. Hence, the objective of this paper is to present a solution for Advection-dispersion equation (ADE) to analyses solute transport with linear sorption and sedimentation in porous media via the Olayiwola‟s generalized polynomial approximation method (OGPAM). The results obtained were presented graphically and discussed. It was observed that increase in sedimentation decrease the solute concentration. Also, the dispersion coefficient indicates that solute concentration which is the amount of particle in the water decreases from the initial point and later becomes uniform a long distance and increases at later time. The profile pattern of the present work closely agreed with the analytical solution obtained from the existing literatures.

Endocrine-disruptive Potential and Biochemical Effects of Cobalt on Juvenile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from Aquaculture Facility in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

G. A. Ogunwole — 2025-04-19

Aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by heavy metal pollution, with cobalt (Co) emerging as a dual-character element, essential as a micronutrient yet toxic at elevated levels. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the endocrine-disruptive potential and biochemical effects of cobalt concentrations of 1.8, 18, and 36 μg/L over 30 days on juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from an Aquaculture Facility in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of key endocrine and stress-related markers. Cortisol (CORT) significantly upregulated only in fish exposed to 36 μg/L (111.69) compared to those in 1.8 μg/L (87.63), 18 μg/L (108.47), and the control group (96.15); hepatic vitellogenin (HVTG) significantly upregulated only in fish exposed to 36 μg/L (113.18) compared to those in 1.8 μg/L (88.71), 18 μg/L (104.45), and the control group (86.43); cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1B) significantly upregulated in the groups exposed to 18 μg/L (106.85) and 36 μg/L (107.31) compared to the control group (86.12); and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) significantly upregulated in the groups exposed to 1.8 μg/L (114.67), 18 μg/L (124.41), and 36 μg/L (112.74) compared to the control group (107.47), particularly at relatively higher cobalt concentrations. These changes suggest Co acts as an endocrine agonist, disrupting hormonal pathways through oxidative stress and estrogenic signaling. Biochemical analyses demonstrated non-monotonic dose-response effects on liver function enzymes. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the 1.8 μg/L group (20.00 U/L) were significantly lower than those observed in the 18 μg/L (31.33 U/L), 36 μg/L (36.00 U/L), and control groups (35.33 U/L); aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the 1.8 μg/L group (19.33 U/L) were significantly reduced compared to the 18 μg/L (30.67 U/L), 36 μg/L (31.33 U/L), and control groups (31.33 U/L); and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the 1.8 μg/L group (16.33) were significantly lower than those in the 18 μg/L (21.00), 36 μg/L (26.33 U/L), and control groups (30.67 U/L), respectively. Notably, lower Co concentrations elicited distinct metabolic responses compared to higher exposures. These findings highlight cobalt's capacity to alter hormonal regulation, metabolic processes, and liver function, even at trace concentrations, underlining its ecological and regulatory significance. This study provides crucial information of cobalt’s complex role as an environmental contaminant, emphasizing the need for stricter monitoring and management of heavy metal pollution in freshwater systems.

Dominance and Diversity of Anopheles gambiae s.l (Female Mosquitoes) Collected from Six Local Government Areas in Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria

L. M. Augustine — 2025-04-19

Malaria continues to pose a formidable health challenge, particularly in regions where Anopheles mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for disease transmission. Hence the objective of the paper was to assess the dominance and diversity of Anopheles gambiae s.l (adult female mosquitoes) collected from six Local Government Areas in Adamawa State, North-eastern Nigeria using Coetzee’s identification key. The morphological identification revealed that Anopheles gambiae s.l was significantly the dominant species across all the areas studied, ranging from 97.3% in Hong to 99.7% in Gombi of all identified species, with 1.67% Anopheles pretoriensis identified in Hong LGA only. The presence of Anopheles pretoriensis in Hong LGA and its absence in other LGAs indicates geographical variations in species distribution. Molecularly, Anopheles coluzzii was the dominant sibling species observed across all Local Government Areas (LGAs), with its presence ranging from 66.7% in Mubi South to 83.3% in Mubi North, Gombi, Jada, and Mayo-Belwa of all identified Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l). While a few samples of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis were identified, these were not found in all LGAs. Therefore, Anopheles gambiae s.l emerged as the dominant species identified morphologically, while molecularly, Anopheles coluzzii was the most prevalent sibling species for Anopheles gambiae s.l found in all six (6) LGAs. To mitigate the transmission risk of malaria, it is imperative to implement a multifaceted vector control strategy that effectively targets both exophilic and endophilic mosquito species.

Solidus Temperature in Optimization and Prediction of Alloy Mild Steel in Tungsten Inert Gas Weldment

A. O. Igbinake — 2025-04-19

Solidus temperature indicates the temperature at which an alloy is completely solid it is considered as an important parameters of alloy in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the solidus temperature in the optimization and prediction of alloy mild steel in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) weldment using response surface methodology and other appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that The result from the response surface methodology shows that a combination of current of 180A, voltage 19V, gas flow rate 13L/min, l produce optimal solidus temperature of 1278.00oC and a desirability of 91.5%. The developed model would minimize solidus temperature.

Epidemiology, Pathology, and Diagnosis of Urinary Schistosomiasis: An In-Depth Review

A. T. Ogundipe — 2025-04-19

Urinary schistosomiasis is a formidable public health problem, particularly among children bearing the most burden of the disease as they are more liable to play in infected water with women also at higher risk due to daily chores that involve water contact, such as washing clothes and fetching water, other high-risk groups are farmers, fishermen, and people using shistosome infected water. Hence the objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth review of the epidemiology, pathology, and diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis through a rigorous search on Scopus, Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Research Gate an overview on Urinary schistosomiasis and crucial insights on targeted interventions tailored to meet the needs of affected people with limited access to healthcare services. Based on our knowledge, eliminating schistosomiasis in poor countries with constrained health services would be a difficult task. In this context, addressing the underscored issues will escalate the journey toward the goal of schistosomiasis elimination.

Knowledge and Risk Factors of Intraepithelial Lesion amongst Women of Childbearing Age in Jos, Nigeria

Y. Selji — 2025-04-19

Cervical cancer is a major public health issue worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Persistent infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) has been implicated in causing cervical cancer through sexual contact. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the Knowledge and Risk Factors of Intraepithelial Lesion amongst Women of Childbearing Age in Jos, Nigeria using one hundred women in a detailed questionnaire administration. Data obtained show that 35% of women had cervical intraepithelial lesions, with 57.2% classified as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 31.4% as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 11.4% as other non-premalignant lesions. Only 30% of women were knowledgeable about cervical cancer and its risk factors. The study reveals a rather high HSIL prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions among these women had inadequate knowledge of cervical cancer, indicating a need for increased awareness efforts to reduce the burden of cervical cancer. Implementing comprehensive prevention and control measures, including HPV vaccination, and access to timely treatment, is crucial to reducing the burden of cervical cancer and improving women's health worldwide.

Characterization, Prediction and Analysis of Cytosine Phospho Guanine Islands Genes Related to African Swine Fever Resistance in Pigs

O. O. Oluwole — 2025-04-19

African swine fever (ASF) has devastating effects on pig populations and the farming economy. Cytosine phospho Guanine islands (CGIs) are short, unmethylated CpG-rich sequences of many vertebrate genes. They could be linked to ASF disease resistance. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to characterize, predict and analyze Cytosine phospho Guanine islands (CpGIs) genes related to African Swine Fever (ASF) resistance in pigs. Eight genes related to African Swine Fever (ASF) resistance in pigs were analyzed for CGI presence, promoter sites, and phylogenetic relationships with other species. Eight genes involved in ASF disease resistance were selected and downloaded from online databases. Their promoters and CpG islands in their upstream regions were predicted and analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Their genetic distances and phylogenetic trees were also constructed. Bioinformatic tools revealed that the CGIs of these genes were well-conserved, with more exons correlating with a higher number of CGIs and promoters. Phylogenetic analysis showed that warthogs and camels were most closely related to pigs for most genes, except for RFXANK, where goats were the closest. The findings emphasize the role of CGIs in ASF resistance and their potential for epigenetic modifications, aiding in the selection of ASF-resistant pigs to improve production, health, and welfare. The presence of CGIs in these genes associated with resistance to ASF disease highlights the potential for epigenetic modifications to induce beneficial phenotypic changes. The knowledge of these genes are predisposed to such modifications is crucial for researchers, breeding companies, and commercial farmers aiming to select ASF-resistant animals for optimal pig production, health, and welfare.

Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Levels in Water from Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells from Selected Communities in Kuje Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

H. A. Ari — 2025-04-19

Access to potable clean water is essential in promoting good health of man. Consequently, the objective of this research was to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and levels of Zn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Ni in water from boreholes and hand-dug wells from selected communities in Kuje Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. The physicochemical parameters were determined using appropriate standard methods, and heavy metals were analysed using AAS after wet digestion with Aqua regia. All analysis were done in triplicates. Data obtained show that the mean level of physicochemical parameters in all the boreholes except for alkalinity were significantly different from the values observed for the wells at p≤0.05. The values recorded for most of the water samples for all the parameters and heavy metals were within WHO permissible limits. Nitrate levels was also high in the hand-dug wells. The Fe and Mn mean levels were higher than other elements analysed, and were above permissible limits in most of the boreholes. A survey on the perception of the residents of KAC indicated 57.06% of the populace having skin irritation, water related sicknesses, coloration of storage vessels and deposition of dark coloured sediments which could be due to Mn and Fe levels in the water source. Generally, the water sources are suitable for domestic use and could be made fit for drinking after certain treatment to reduce the levels of nitrate, Fe and Mn in the affected communities.

Effect of Incubation Period and Temperature on the Bioethanol Yield Produced from Cassava Peel by Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Submerged Fermentation Process

A. E. Ajiboye — 2025-04-19

Various agrowastes have been found to be useful in bioethanol production. Microbial activity during the fermentation cycle results in the bioconversion of simple sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Large-scale ethanol production has been achieved worldwide using cassava starch. Thus, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of incubation period and temperature on bioethanol yield from cassava peel by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 204508/S288c and Aspergillus niger KC 329626 in submerged fermentation process. The physicochemical parameters which include the pH, TTA and specific gravity were assayed to determine the optimal condition for the bioethanol yield at different temperature and incubation period. At a substrate concentration of 30 mg/100 ml, Saccharomyces cerevisiae recorded the highest value of bioethanol yield (29.56 ± 0.05) and Aspergillus niger (26.52 ± 0.07) at day 4, while the lowest yields were obtained on day 1 for Aspergillus niger (19.00 ± 0.50) and 20.88 ± 0.04b for Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the bioethanol production process. The recorded mean values for SG (kg/m³) were close, the pH and reducing sugar decreased as the incubation period (days) increases, while the TTA (ml) and the ethanol output (g/ml) also increased. At day 4 of the production series, the optimum temperature at which the maximum bioethanol yield was recorded was found to be at 30 °C. This study thus revealed that cassava peel may be processed and utilized as a alternative source for commercial and industrial bioethanol production as long as the proper conditions are met for the optimization of the fungal strain used.

Fish Community Composition, Abundance and Distributions in Okura River in Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria

S. N. Anayeokwu — 2025-04-19

Fish communities can provide valuable insights into the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems as they are highly sensitive indicators of water quality. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to investigate the fish community composition, abundance and distribution in the Okura River in Dekina Local Government Area (LGA), Kogi State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Our results showed a total of seven (7) fish species belonging to six families and five orders. The variation in the Simpson, Shannon, weinner, dominance and evenness was not significantly different in the three dominant fish species encountered in the Okura River. The index measured for fish species, showed slight difference among them. The variation in the Simpson, Shannon, Weiner and Evenness was not significant different in the three dominant fish species in the Okura River. The Simpson index ranged from 0.953 in E. callipterus to 0.957 in T. zilli, the Shannon index ranges from 3.102 in E. callipterus to 3.156 in T. zilli. The fish community composition indicates that the fish communities are mature and stable. Periodic checks of the Okura River using fish communities as indicators of water quality can provide a framework for monitoring the ecological health of the water body.

Compressive Strength Properties Evaluation of Concrete Containing Iron-Laden Spent Sand from Water Treatment Systems and River Sand

C. E. Simon — 2025-04-19

Spent sand from water treatment plants has long been a source of environmental concerns due to mineral pollution, notably iron, and environmental degradation. Hence, its use for road pavement construction would be a better option, therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the Compressive Strength Properties of Concrete Containing Iron-laden spent sand from Water Treatment Systems and untreated River sand using appropriate standard techniques with concrete cubes of 1:2:4 ratios of sand, cement, and granite. The results showed that after curing for 7 to 28 days, River sand gradually increased in compressive strength, reaching a maximum of 18.9N/mm² on day 28, whereas, Spent sand deceased in strength over time, peaking at 12.6N/mm² on day 14 and declining to 11.8N/mm² by day 28. The River sand consistently outperformed spent sand in both rebound number and compressive strength tests throughout all curing days (7, 14, and 28 days). A pattern was also noticed in the compressive strength of spent sand, which increased from the 7^th to the 14^th days of curing but decreased by the 28^th day for all samples. This revealed that, while spent sand has potential as a construction material, its structural integrity does not compare to that of untreated river sand and should only be used in milder constructions. The researcher also recommended more research on these materials.

Mosquito Larval Composition, Abundance, Temperature and Physicochemical Properties of Larval Container Habitats in Ekosodin Community, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

S. C. Ohajiogu — 2025-04-19

Conventionally, Aedes and Culex mosquito vectors of yellow fever and filariasis, respectively, are known to utilize containers as preferred breeding sites. There are exceptions of Anopheles breeding in such habitats in some regions. Effective mosquito vector control measures require precise information, such as mosquito identity and habitat features, to control or eliminate mosquito-borne diseases from a region. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the mosquito larval composition, abundance, temperature and physicochemical properties of larval container habitats in Ekosodin Community, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained reveals that mosquitoes collected differed significantly (p < 0.05) and comprised Aedes (63.6 %), Culex (34.1 %), and Anopheles (2.3 %). Containers sized between 20.1 cm and 30.0 cm accommodated representatives of all three mosquito genera. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, and temperature across different container size ranges. Significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between Aedes species and salinity (0.69), Aedes species and diameter (0.84), Anopheles species and pH (0.83), and Anopheles species and Culex species (0.80). This study demonstrates that containers can serve as significant habitats for crucial mosquito vectors in the Ekosodin Community and need proper consideration for control measures.

Failure and Success of Developmental and Research Projects: A Review of Tanzania Perspectives

S. Tumpale — 2025-04-19

This paper reports the factors linked to success or failure of development and research projects in Tanzania. This was a desk literature study conducted to explore the said factors. The study results reveal that the factors robustly linked to research projects include community involvement, effective leadership and governance, sustainable funding sources, adequate resource distribution, technical know-how, and ongoing capacity enhancement. Furthermore, strong monitoring and evaluation play key roles in guaranteeing project sustainability. In contrast, the study disclosed that the factors associated with research project failure include lack of stakeholder engagement, poor planning and implementation, insufficient funding, political instability, and corruption. The paper also proposes solutions for improving these areas, including increasing stakeholder involvement, strengthening governance structures, ensuring long-term funding, and supporting improved planning and execution processes. Additionally, enhancing close monitoring and assessment could help overcoming the challenge of project delays and failure. The paper provides a useful insight into how future Tanzanian developmental and research programs could be better effectively managed and sustained to ensure long-term positive outcomes.

Geochemical and Mineralogical Assessment of Clays collected from Okada Quarry Site Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria for Medical Purposes

O. Odokuma-Alonge — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper was to assess the geochemical and mineralogical composition of clay collected from Okada quarry site at Okada town, Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria using X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and X-Ray Florescence (XRF) techniques. The geochemical analysis revealed a significant presence of SiO₂(45.87wt.%), Fe₂O₃ (17.41wt.%), Al₂O₃ (12.68wt.%) and CaO (16.38wt.%). The predominant clay minerals identified are Montmorillonite (25.48%) and Kaolinite (17.00%), while Quartz (21.80%) is the dominant non-clay mineral. The Al₂O₃/TiO₂ratios show that the clays are from a mafic igneous origin with values ranging from 5.07 to 6.75 and the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios show most of the clays are montmorillonitic with values ranging from 2.97 to 4.67, except for OK5 which is Kaolinitic with a value of 2.97. The results from this study show that the clays have high medicinal value that are beneficial to humans and suggests potential suitability for various medical applications due to the presence of Montmorillonite in high amount, which has adsorbent and detoxifying properties and could consequently adsorb positively charged toxins .

Sleep, Neuroendocrine Disorders, And the Bidirectional Relationship between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Mini-Review

O. A. Udi — 2025-04-19

This review explores the intricate and bidirectional relationships between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sleep architecture and regulation, and the manifestation of various neuroendocrine disorders. The HPA axis, a critical component of the stress response system, exhibits diurnal rhythmicity and is profoundly influenced by sleep. Conversely, HPA axis activity significantly impacts sleep quality, duration, and consolidation. Disruptions in either the HPA axis or sleep can lead to or exacerbate a range of neuroendocrine disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and sleep disorders themselves (e.g., insomnia, sleep apnea). This review examines the physiological mechanisms underlying these interactions, focusing on the roles of key hormones like cortisol, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Furthermore, it discusses the clinical implications of these interrelationships, including diagnostic considerations and potential therapeutic strategies that target the HPA axis and sleep pathways to improve outcomes in individuals with neuroendocrine disorders. A thorough understanding of this complex interplay is crucial for developing effective interventions and personalized treatment approaches.

Toxicity of Diflubenzuron on Juveniles of African Brackish Water Shrimp from Lagoon Coastline and Mosquito Larvae from Breeding Places in a Tertiary Institution in Lagos, Nigeria

M. F. Akinwunmi — 2025-04-19

Diflubenzuron (DFB) prevents chitin formation and cuticle deposition in insects. Its application can inadvertently enter into aquatic ecosystems, with potential adverse impacts on selected aquatic biota. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of diflubenzuron on juveniles of African brackish water shrimp from the Lagoon Coastline and mosquito larvae from breeding places in a tertiary institution in Lagos, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The result of the lethal toxicity showed that LC₅₀ toxicity factor of DFB on Aedes and Culex larvae were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for 24hrs compared to other time intervals. Exposure of the African brackish water shrimp to diflubenzuron had LC₅, LC₅₀, and LC₉₅ values of 0.115 mg/L, 8.510 mg/L, and 627.048 mg/L, respectively at 24hrs. Adult emergence inhibition of DFB on Aedes and Culex larvae showed highest adult emergence inhibition (≥ 90%) at 0.0001 mg/l after 12 days, while similar inhibition was achieved after 8 days for 0.005 mg/l. Diflubenzuron residue in water decreased with exposure time while that detected in P. africanus increased to a maximum of 42.13±3.7 ug/g and 301.03±13.7 ug/g for 100 ug/l and 1000 ug/l respectively after 14 days. The findings demonstrated that DFB is relatively stable in water, and its benign toxicity to non-target organisms makes it ideal for mosquito larval control.

Simulation of Transient Nitrate Contaminant Transportation in Open Municipal Dumpsite into Shallow Terrace Alluvium Aquifer of the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, Niger Delta, Nigeria

K. E. Aweto — 2025-04-19

Contaminant transport in groundwater poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems. Hence, the objective of this paper is to utilize the three-dimensional multi-species solute transport model (MT3DMS) computer programme to simulate nitrate contaminant transportation in open municipal dumpsite into shallow terrace alluvium aquifer of the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Results show a spread of plume with depth and distance after 3650 days with concentrations of nitrate observed to have increased with distance from the source over time. The highest concentrations of each soil type beneath the dumpsite were observed at the following distances from the plume: laterite: 88.8 mg/l at 0 - 2.5 m; fine sand: 18.5 mg/l at 40.6 m; coarse sand: 0.85 mg/l at 274.9 m and clayey sand: 0.70 mg/l at 330 m. This is adduced to the laterites underneath the dumpsite acting as a secondary source of contamination as it slowly releases contaminants into the aquifer beneath and gives rise to contaminant plumes that lingers for long term. This research provides a reliable numeric model for spatial and temporal contaminant transport and ultimately crucial for monitoring, managing and evaluation of risk to this resource.

Effect of Slope Gradient on Soil Physiochemical Fertility Indices across Two Distinct Depth Layers in Horticultural Farm at Ibeku Opi-Agu, Nsukka, Nigeria

C. B. Okebalama — 2025-04-19

Topography is a critical determinant of the spatial distribution of soil properties, including nutrient retention and availability. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of slope gradient on soil physiochemical fertility indices across two distinct depth layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) in a horticultural farm at Ibeku Opi-Agu in the Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. The slope gradient at the crest, middle, and bottom was 8%, 5%, and 2%, respectively. The study employed appropriate standard procedures. The soil textures were loam, sandy loam and sandy clay loam across the slope gradients and soil depths. Slope gradients and soil depths and their interactions significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the proportions of the > 2.00, 0.50-1.00, 0.25-0.50 and <0.25 mm water stable aggregates, percent aggregate stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soils, while bulk density, total porosity and particle size distribution of the soils were not affected. Saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased with decreasing slope gradient (crest > middle > bottom). The concentrations of soil organic carbon, and exchangeable sodium and potassium cations were significantly higher at the crest compared to the middle and bottom slope gradients. The results for the other soil chemical properties were statistically similar across slope gradients, soil depths and their interactions. We conclude that the topographic influence of an 8% slope gradient on soil properties is dependent on slope position. However, changes in soil fertility with depth are limited to physical properties, and not chemical properties of the soils studied.

Potential of Chicken Dropping and Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunch as Amendment for Bioremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil at Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria

S. E. O. Osaide — 2025-04-19

Diesel pollution in soil poses significant environmental and health risks. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the potential of chicken dropping (CD) and empty oil palm fruit bunch (EPFB) as an amendment for bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil at Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria using standard methods. Results obtained for physicochemical parameters show that: pH (9.6) for chicken dropping,(10.24) for empty oil palm fruit bunch and (9.3) for uncontaminated soil); electrical conductivity (CD-6910mS/m, EPFB-3710mS/m and for uncontaminated soil (US)-98mS/m; Phosphorous (CD-35.033mg/Kg, EPFB-Nil, US-23.037) sulphate (CD-50,699mg/Kg, EPFB-Nil, US-9.469) nitrate(CD-2.973 and EPFB-0.477-0.117mg/Kg5, and US-0.477mg/Kg) PALs and TPH (CD-.CD-2.973mg/Kg and 12.644mg/Kg, EPFB-Nil, US- <0.001mg/Kg and <0.001m/Kg), THB and HUB (CD-3.9 x 105 CFU/g and 7.5 x 105 CFU/g, EPFB- 2.25 x 105 CFU/g and Nil, US- 2.65 x 105 CFU/g and 3.0 x 105 CFU/g). Remediation data reveals a significant difference between the amendments (treatments), it was observed that the chicken droppers better remediates diesel-contaminated soils. However, environmental agencies and oil industries should consider using chicken dropping and empty oil palm fruit bunch which are agricultural waste products for the bioremediation of diesel or hydrocarbon-polluted soils.

Serum Uric Acid Levels and Renal Function in Hypertensive Patients Visiting a General Outpatient and Cardiology Units of a Government Hospital in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

A. O. Eguvbe — 2025-04-19

Elevated serum uric acid has been linked to a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in men and women. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the Serum Uric Acid Levels and Renal Function in Hypertensive Patients visiting a General outpatient and Cardiology Units of a Government Hospital in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The mean serum uric acid (SUA) levels were significantly higher in the hypertensive group (0.26 ± 0.18 mmol/l) compared to the control group (0.14 ± 0.03 mmol/l, p < 0.001). Forty (20.0%) vs. 0 (0.0%) participants had elevated SUA in hypertensive and control groups respectively. The difference in the two groups was statistically significant (P-value <0.001). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly lower in the hypertensive group compared to the control group (0.74 ± 0.27 vs. 0.87 ± 0.20 mL/s/m²respectively, p = 0.001). Fifty-three (26.5%) of the hypertensives compared to 8 (8.0%) of the controls had impaired renal function. The difference in the two groups was statistically significant (P= 0.004). In the hypertensive group, SUA and eGFR showed a negative correlation (r = -0.106), but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.251). SUA and renal impairment were significantly higher in hypertensive patients than in controls. There was a negative correlation between SUA and renal function in the hypertensive group, but the relationship was not statistically significant.

Tropospheric Assessment of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Aerosol in Port-Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Southern Nigeria from 2019-2024

F. C. Amaechi — 2025-04-19

Air pollution is a global environmental concern, particularly in urban and industrialized areas. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to assess the levels of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and aerosol in Port-Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Southern Nigeria from 2019-2024 using the Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) satellite data in Google Earth Engine (GEE) and other appropriate standard methods. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) temporal and spatial variations in pollutant concentrations, influenced by factors such as industrial activities, vehicular emissions, seasonal changes, and policy shifts, including the COVID-19 pandemic and fuel subsidy removal. CO levels peaked in the early months and declined in October across all years. NO₂ concentrations followed a consistent pattern, peaking in December and reducing during the rainy season, highlighting the impact of meteorological factors. Aerosol concentrations were highest in dry-season months (January and February) and lowest in the rainy season, with a sharp reduction during the 2020 lockdown. Spatial analysis showed that pollution hotspots were concentrated in industrial zones such as Trans-Amadi, Diobu, and Borokiri. The study highlights the effectiveness of remote sensing in monitoring air quality and provides critical data for policymakers to implement sustainable air management strategies. It also highlights the urgent need for stricter environmental regulations and cleaner energy alternatives to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on human health and the environment.

Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Activities on Selected Bacterial Strains by Essential Oil from Eugenia uniflora Linn (Myrtaceae) Leaves collected from Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

A. A. Badmus — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical activities on some selected bacterial strains by essential oil from Eugenia uniflora Linn (Myrtaceae) leaves collected from Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The oil samples were tested against a total of twenty-three (23) bacteria strains and they were active against a total of fourteen bacterial strains with the zone of inhibition ranged between 10 mm and 26 mm for the two extracts. The MIC was ranged between 0.0015625mL/mL and 0.1mL/mL while the MBC was ranged between 0.0015625mL/mL and 0.1mL/mL while that of Streptomycin (standard antibiotics) ranged between 0.0625mg/mL to 1mg/mL. The phytochemical constituents of the extract included tannins, resins, flavonoids, sterols, alkaloids and terpenoids. Results from this study showed that the essential oil from Eugenia uniflora leaves exhibited antimicrobial activity against some of the selected bacteria strains. This supports the potential of the plant in the development of antimicrobial compounds of natural origin.

Integration of High-Pressure Fogging Air Intake Cooling System in a Gas Turbine Powered Plant

K. E. Madu — 2025-04-19

It is suggested that one way to increase a gas turbine power plant's power output is to reduce the air intake to the compressor by incorporating a high-pressure fogging system, which is one of the air intake cooling technologies. This study's methodology entails simulating a gas turbine power plant system without cooling, then incorporating cooling systems into the gas turbine system using the plant's actual operating data and comparing their performance. Aspen HYSYS simulation software was used. The findings of simulating a simple system gas turbine at 25.690 °C ambient air temperature revealed that the temperature of the surrounding air raises the specific fuel consumption and heat rate while decreasing net power output and thermal efficiency. Furthermore, data indicated that the addition of high-pressure fogging to the simple system gas turbine resulted in a decrease in the ambient air temperature (17.010 °C), which raised the thermal efficiency of the net power production and decreased the specific fuel consumption and heat rate.

Effect of Bio-Stimulants Extracted from Moringa, Neem, Papaya and Bitter Leaves on the Nutritional and Bio-Active Composition of Aerial Yam (Dioscorea Bulbifera) Mini-Setts

E. C. Teke — 2025-04-30

The use of chemical agents or plant extracts on the exposed surfaces of the minisett to retard fungal, nematode and insect attack is a common practice amongst farmers. As a result, it is important to investigate the effects of these extract on the nutritional composition of yam crop, as they can negatively impact it. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of bio-stimulants extracted from Moringa (MT), Neem (NT), papaya (PT) and bitter leaves (BT) on the nutritional and bio-active composition of aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) mini-setts using appropriate standard techniques. Data obtained show that some of the bioactive components in the Dioscorea bulbifera mature leaves grown with different treatments at 12 weeks were amino acids (essential): histidine 2.34- 6.26,% valine 2.63- 7.04% isoleucine 2.76- 7.3%, (non-essential): serine 1.26-3.36%, glycine 1.82-4.87%, alanine 3.62- 9.68%, vitamins: vitamin A 8.92- 27.59ppm, vitamin B12 0.46-1.44ppm, vitamin C 0.16-0.52ppm, minerals (macro): Phosphorus 0.37-5.92ppm, Calcium 0.31-5-09ppm, Magnesium 0.41-1.28ppm, (micro): Iron 8.47-135.02ppm/g, Zinc 5.21-83.09ppm/g, Manganese 5.65-90.01ppm/g and proximate composition; carbohydrate 56.67-85.82%, protein 6.80-21.05%, ash 2.28-7.06%, fibre 4.56-14.12%, fats 0.91-2.82% respectively. Results reveal that control plants had higher amino acid content and vitamin content whereas Neem extract treated plants had the highest mineral content. Pawpaw treatment was observed to selectively increase carbohydrate content of treated plants but did not increase other proximate constituents.

Ecotoxicological Effects on Apporectoda longa (Earthworm) and Telfairia occidsentalis (Pumpkin Plant) by Hair Dressing Salon Effluents from shops in Azu Owa, Ika Northeast Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria

L. U. Oshilonyah — 2025-04-19

The hairdressing salon industry produces waste containing various alkalis, relaxers, dyes, and chemicals, resulting in significant environmental concerns due to the uncontrollable nature of salon wastewater. Hence the objective of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects on Apporectoda longa (Earthworm) and Telfairia occidentalis (pumpkin plant) by hair dressing salon effluents from shops Azu Owa community in Ika northeast local government area of Delta State, Nigeria using standard methods. Physicochemical analyses of soil samples showed pH levels ranging from 3.3 to 3.6 and clay content between 3% to 5%, both below WHO limits. The total solids of the effluent ranged from 3012 - 6443.8 mg/l, indicating high significance (p<0.05), while other parameters were not statistically significant. Heterotrophic bacteria count showed no significant differences (p>0.05), while soil fungal counts (4.67 + 1.70 -11.33 + 1.25 x 10^3 cfu/g) were significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the effluent. Acute toxicity assessments revealed no significant effects on earthworm length and weight across concentrations of 50 mg/ml to 200 mg/ml (p>0.05). Telfairia occidentalis exhibited significant differences in growth during weeks one and two (p<0.05), with no notable effects observed in week three. The results demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between effluent concentration and earthworm mortality, with higher concentrations leading to increased lethality and observable behavioral alterations. These findings highlight the ecological risks associated with improper salon waste disposal. Earthworms, as bioindicators of soil health, underscore the need for effective waste management practices in the beauty industry. Further research is necessary to explore sub-lethal effects and long-term impacts on soil ecosystems from chronic exposure to these pollutants.

Estimation of the Volume of Soil Loss Due to Gully Erosion in Iwogban Urban Catchment Area in Ikpoba-Okha Local Government in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

P. E. Eremen — 2025-04-19

Soil erosion is an important morphological process contributing to land degradation in humid tropical environments. Information on soil loss is essential for selecting appropriate control measures to reduce on-site soil loss and its off-site effects, especially in-built environments. The objective of this study was, therefore, to estimate the volume of soil loss due to gully erosion in the Iwogban urban catchment area in Ikpoba-Okha local government in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Model in the Geographic Information System GIS) environment. The result showed that about 30.2895 tons/ac/yr of soil is lost in the watershed, which exceeds the RUSLE tolerance value (T-value). If the computed soil loss exceeds the T-value, erosion is considered excessive, and improved erosion control is needed. Morphologically, the gully is u-shaped and highly active at the gully's head and side walls. Effective management practices such as re-channelizing the watercourse, partial reclamation of the gully head, introduction of vegetative cover, and afforestation are highly recommended.

Microbial and Physicochemical Characteristics of Marine Water and Paints Collected from Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria

A. S. Anyebe — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of marine water and paints collected from Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that the paint samples recorded no heterotrophic fungal count, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count, and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal count. The water sample recorded counts of 1.23 x 102 CFU/g, 8.4 x 103 CFU/g, and 3.4 x 103 CFU/g for heterotrophic fungal count, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count, and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal count. The mean lethal concentration of the paint to Staphylococcus sp was recorded as 8.23%, 9.83%, and 9.56%, respectively. During the biodeterioration study, the heterotrophic bacterial count of Jianbang increased from 2.09×10²CFU/g on day 14 to 4.4 ×10⁴CFU/g on day 42 compared to the marine paint, International, which recorded a bacterial count of 2.20×10²CFU/g to 3.8×10⁵CFU/g on day 42. The fungal count of Jianbang increased from 1.17×10 CFU/g on day 14 to 2.81×10² on day 42, with a decreased growth count of 4.4×10² on day 48. A decrease in physicochemical parameters, conductivity, viscosity, and pH was observed during the deterioration study. The study revealed that marine paint can biodeteriorate accompanied by changes in their physical and chemical properties after exposure to the marine environment.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Pesticide Residues of Honey Harvested by Beekeepers from Selected Towns in South East Nigeria

B. U. Ononye — 2025-04-19

This study evaluated heavy metal concentrations and pesticide residues of honey harvested by beekeepers from selected towns in South east Nigeria. Four samples of natural honey harvested by beekeepers in Onitsha, Amizi, Enugu and Awka were used for this study. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography were used to determine the levels of heavy metals and pesticide residues respectively. The results showed that Cadmium levels were lowest in Enugu (0.157 mg/kg) and highest in Awka (3.124 mg/kg). The concentration of Zinc was highest in Awka (4.327 mg/kg) and lowest in Enugu (0.151 mg/kg). Iron was not detected in the locations except in Awka (0.065 mg/kg). Awka also recorded the highest concentration of nickel (0.266 mg/kg) while Onitsha had the least (0.014 mg/kg). Chromium level was highest in Onitsha (0.019 mg/kg) while the least in Enugu (0.015 mg/kg). No significant difference was found in all heavy metal concentrations among the four locations, except in zinc and cadmium. Although cadmium and nickel exceeded the permissible limits, zinc, iron, and chromium did not. Significant differences were found in pesticide residue concentrations of honey samples among locations. However, with the exception of 2_4 DDT, aldrin, diazinon, dicophol, g-chlordane, and heptachlor, all concentrations were below the FAO-recommended limit. The areas with the highest densities were Amizi, Onitsha, and Awka. Tand to raise public awareness about the risks associated with high concentrations of contaminants in honey was highlighted.

Production of Biogas by Rural Digesters Containing Local Household Fat and Protein-Rich Food Wastes from Gbadagbadzu, Ndawangwa and Kuchiworo communities in Lavun Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria

A. M. Shaba — 2025-04-19

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the Production of Biogas by Rural Digesters Containing Local Household Fat and Protein-Rich Food Wastes from Gbadagbadzu, Ndawangwa and Kuchiworo communities in Lavun Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtain indicated that in 39 days detention time, rural digester RA had a biogas volume of 98.14 cm³, RB had 31.53 cm³, RC gave 6.21 cm³ while RD (control) that was without starter culture produced 4.72 cm³ within a detention time of 33 days Thus, RA had the highest yield while the yield fluctuated in other digesters . The total volumes were 10539.39 cm³, 5426.71 cm3, 2275.93 cm³ and 124.04cm³ from rural biogas digesters RA, RB, RC and RD respectively. The highest frequency of occurrence was recorded with Bacillus cereus (35.48%) while Bacillus licheniformis had the least frequency of occurrence (2.65%). Clostridium perfringens, Sphingobacterium yamdrokense, Alkaligenes feacalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methanosarcina barkeri, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella enterica had 6.19%, 15.04%, 15.30%, 5.30%, 7.96%, 5.30% and 6.19% respectively. The results also revealed that rural digester RA had the highest total number of isolates and decreased in the descending order from RA (50) to RB (32), RC (19) and to RD (12) with Bacillus cereus, Alkaligenes feacalis and Methanosarcina barkeri found in all the digesters. The daily temperature of the digesters varied between 28.0 ⁰C and 32.0 ⁰C throughout the fermentation period, with the average temperature ranging between 29.41 ⁰C and 30.7 ⁰C. Also, temperature increased gradually to the peak leading to increase in biogas volume. When the temperature was 28 ^oC, samples from community A produced biogas yield of 1.00 cm³, B gave 3.0 cm³, C produced 3.0 cm³ while D generated 0.0 cm³. But at a temperature of 32 ^oC, wastes from community A yielded 25.0 cm³, B yielded 32.10 cm³, C produced 29.0 cm³ while D (control) yielded 12.09 cm^3..This implies that household wastes could serve as suitable substrates for biogas production and that the utilization of these substrates for biogas production could solve their disposable problems, thus, making way for abundant source of sustainable energy. Biogas should be preferably produced from household wastes because it is cheap. Besides; this will go a long way to reduce the demand for wood from the forest and the impact of greenhouse gas emission in Nigeria.

Physicochemical Parameters and Selected Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments in the Mangrove Forest at Akodo-Ise, Lagos State, Nigeria

Z. T. Agathe — 2025-04-19

This study provided an insight into the more recent state of mangroves located in an economic agglomeration, highlighting the evolution of ecological dimensions and their resilience in perpetual movement with human development. The objective of this paper is to assess some physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals in water and sediments in the mangrove forest during a rainy season at Akodo-Ise, Lagos State, Nigeria using standard procedures. Data obtained reveals that water quality parameters range from 6.76 to 7.38 [pH], 26.80°C to 27.70°C [temperature], and 1.70 to 7.60 ‰ [salinity]. Heavy metals concentrations (mg/kg) ranged from (0 to 215.80) for Pb, (0) Cd, (733.10 to 4061) Fe, (1.58 to 3.50) Cu, (3.50 to 95.10) for Ni. The trends in heavy metals concentration are complex. The sampling point and depth could influence the concentration while surrounding activities are the main factors contributing to the variation in concentration. To address the challenges, an in-depth study of the ecosystem dynamics of mangroves in the region is crucial to ensure its sustainable management. The identification and categorisation of the animal species present in the ecosystem are vital for future conservation by providing baseline data on animal diversity in the region.