Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Evaluation of Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Bisphenol-A and Phthalates on Earthworm and Nitrifying Bacteria from Soil Collected in Waste Management Landfill, Kaduna State, Nigeria

E. I. Atuanya, S. E. Uwaifo — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Additives such as bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates are added to plastics during production processes in order to improve their properties. Since they are not covalently bound but simply mixed with the plastic polymer. They disperse easily in the environment, especially when plastic products are degraded into microplatics. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate bioaccumulation and toxicity of bisphenol-A and phthalates on earthworm (Apporrectoda ionga) and nitrifying bacteria from soil collected in Waste management landfill, Kaduna Sate, Nigeria using standard techniques. Data obtained shows that Bisphenol A, Diethytlphalate, Dimethylphthalate and Diethylhexylphalate were detected in the plastic enriched compositing soil while only bisphenol A was detected in the control soil sample. The physico-chemical analysis of the composted soil and the control had electrical conductivity 254.00, 61.00us/cm, chloride 66.15, 16.00mg/kg, potassium 171.5, 4.25mg/kg, nickel 1.00, 0.25mg/kg, Iron 17.40, 3.11mg/kg, Zinc 2.90, 0.67mg/kg, moisture 5.32, 7.21% total organic carbon 5.26, 0.71% and total nitrogen 0.52, 0.07% respectively. The bacteriological analysis for composted soil and control soil growth ranging from 4.0 x 10³+0.12 to 3.5x10³+10⁴cfu/g and 3.2x10³+0.4 to 2.8x10³+0.10 respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the bacteria counts from the control soil sample. The toxicity analysis revealed higher percentage utilization of nitrite with LC₅₀ values of 25.04, 23.93, 15.9 and 13.39 and higher bacteria inhibition with EC₅₀ values of 52.00, 81.72, 111.31 and 123.13. The results suggest that autotrophic transformation by nitrifying bacteria which enhances soil fertility may be hindered in an ecosystem polluted with these plasticizers as nitrification process will reduced. Percentage survival rate of earth worms decreased with increase in plastic concentration (75.47-20.93%).

Geochemical and Biostratigraphical Evaluation of Lokpanta Shale in Abakaliki Anticlinorium, Anambra Basin Province, Southeast Nigeria

M. U. Uzoegbu, A. I. Amoke — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A geochemical and biostratigraphic method has been applied to explore the quality of organic matter, thermal evolution, potential hydrocarbon source and type of fossils of Lokpanta Shale from the Abakaliki Anticlinorium, Anambra Basin Province, Southeast Nigeria. Data obtained reveal that the total organic carbon (TOC) (2.18wt%) of the shale constitutes that of good to excellent source rock with gas-prone kerogen indicated by Rock-Eval S₂/S₃ (2.32). The low oxygen index (OI) (27.20 mgCO₂g^-1TOC) suggest deposition under low energy environments. The plots of HI against T_max classified the organic matter as Type III kerogen. The poor concentration of OM is thought to account for its current hydrogen index (31.47 mgHCg^-1TOC). The predominance of Type III kerogen in the Lokpanta shale suggests their potential to generate gas in the deeply buried sections. The T_max values from the pyrolysis of the shales of the Lokpanta ranges from 428 to 442^oC corresponding to maturity levels within the oil formation. The lamination of the sediments of the Lokpanta area with no burrows and the occurrence of dominantly planktonic foraminiferal assemblages also indicate a quiet water anoxic marine condition.

Comparative Physiognomies of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products from Kwale in Delta State, Nembe, and Kula in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

P. S. Aprioku, J. G. Akpa, F. T. Ademiluyi, E. O. Ehirim, G. I. Usiabulu — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper investigated selected physiognomies of crude oil and petroleum products collected from Kali in Delta State, Kula in Rivers State, and Nembe in Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria using the standard procedure of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The result shows that the crude oils were different in terms of API gravity and specific gravity. API gravity of 52.17, 46.31, and 45.38 for Kwale, Kula, and Nembe respectively. This shows that they are not heavy crude oil. The low water content and low viscosity of the crude oils lower the risk of pipe and container corrosion and flow difficulty. The result of density, specific gravity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity shows the value of those parameters increase from light fraction to heavy fraction. The pour point and flash point recorded for light fractions were lowered than that of heavy fractions, for the three samples of crude oil. The flash point is 61.3⁰ C, -34⁰ C, and -31⁰ C while the pour point is 9 ⁰ C, 2⁰ C, and 6 ⁰ C respectively for Kwale, Kula, and Nembe. The level of heavy metal analyzed was generally low but metals such as nickel and vanadium and other elements such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulphur were in abundance in the samples of the crude oil. The results are discussed in terms of importance and implication.

Influence of Selected Soil Properties on Groundwater Flow around Ariaria Dumpsite, Aba, Southeast, Nigeria

A. E. Aladin, D. E. Ogueh — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study on the analysis of soil and groundwater characteristics due to municipal waste is indispensable to the sustenance of the environment and human health. This study is to evaluate the “Influence of selected Soil properties on groundwater flow around Ariaria dumpsite, Aba Southeast, Nigeria using Particle Size Analysis and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) configurationˮ. The sieve analysis shows that the soil samples collected consist of 11.95% of Silt, 83.62% of Sand and 4.42% of little Gravel. The mean permeability of the study area ranges from 0.19 (cm/sec) to 0.49 (cm/sec), the mean infiltration rate ranges from 6840mm/hr to 31320mm/hr. The Longitudinal conductance and Transmissivity values range from 0.0060 to 0.0284Ω^-1 and 3.8165 to 16.8589²/day. The values of longitudinal conductance and transmissivity indicates that the aquifer has poor protection capacity rating and its classification of well is from very low potential to low potential. The soil samples of the study area are well sorted and the movement of leachate from the dumpsite into the subsurface is very fast because the Permeability (K) is good, Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and Coefficient of curvature classified the soil samples collected from the area as well graded soil. From the geophysical survey (VES) results, the groundwater depths (upper and lower aquifers) within the study area ranges from 30m (98ft) to 60m (197ft) at average depth of 45m(147ft). The curve types are AHA, HKA and AKA. The SWL of the study area ranges from 12m to 19m deep. The recommend drill depth to groundwater of is 50m (164) for domestic and consumption purpose.

Rainfall Frequency Analysis of Some Cities in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

A. I. Agbonaye, O. C. Izinyon — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Rainfall frequency analyses for four cities namely Benin City, Port Harcourt, Calabar and Uyo in Nigeria's Niger Delta area were carried out utilizing daily rainfall data from the yearly maxima series for 48 years (1965 – 2012) at each location. The study's goal was to identify the probability distribution model that fit the data the best and applicable to each location from among six candidate probability distribution models namely: Pearson Type III (PIII), log Normal (LN), log Pearson Type III, Generalized Extreme value (GEV), Extreme value type I (EVI), and Generalized Pareto (GPA). The method of moments (MOM) was used to estimate the distributions' parameters applying the outcomes of seven goodness of fit tests, the most optimal fit distribution model was chosen for each site namely Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), Maximum Absolute Derivation Index (MADI), Chi–Square etc. The best distribution model at each location was utilized to predict rainfall of desired return periods. Based on our findings, PIII for Benin City, GEV for Port Harcourt, GEV for Calabar and EVI and LN for Uyo are the distribution models that suit the data the best., The Best Fit Probability Distribution Model predicted rainfall return values (R_T) at 200 years return period ranging from192.92mm at Uyo, 185mm at Port Harcourt; 218mm for Benin City; and 245 mm at Calabar.. The study's findings are helpful in the planning, designing, and maintaining of hydraulic structures for preventing flood damage and mitigating floods at the locations

Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, Normalize Difference Buildup Index, and Land Surface Temperature between 1987 and 2023 in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Nigeria

K. A. Okoduwa, C. F. Amaechi, A. A. Enuneku — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) is experiencing rapid urban expansion, which is expected to impact land surface temperatures (LST). This paper evaluates the trends in soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), normalize difference buildup index (NDBI), and land surface temperature (LST) between 1987 and 2023 in AMAC using Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor imagery, respectively. Results show that in 1987, SAVI ranged from -0.126 to 0.477, NDBI from -0.186 to 0.678, and LST from 27.18 to 46.4 ^oC. In 2023, SAVI ranged from -0.253 to 0.71, NDBI from -0.308 to 0.619, and LST from 23.89 to 46.57 ^oC. Analysis showed an increase in vegetation in 2023 compared to 1987. Built-up and bareland areas became more concentrated in the northeast in 2023 compared to 1987, and temperature reductions were observed in areas with increased vegetation, notably in the south and southwest. Correlation analysis indicated a strong negative relationship (-0.772) between SAVI and LST in 1987, weakening in 2023 (-0.389). NDBI and LST remained moderately positively correlated (0.645 in 1987, 0.621 in 2023). Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed between 1987 and 2023 SAVI, NDBI, and LST values. These findings have important implications for environmental monitoring, and urban planning in rapidly urbanizing areas such as AMAC

Physicochemical Characterization of Zeolite Materials Produced from Selected Low-Cost Agricultural Wastes

A. A. Nuhu, Z. N. Garba, H. Ibrahim, S. Abdulrazak — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Zeolites play a crucial role in adsorption processes for eliminating pollutants from industrial effluents and are extensively utilized in catalytic activities across diverse syntheses. This study focused on the conversion of three agricultural wastes—corncob, groundnut shell, and sugarcane bagasse—into zeolitic materials through three analytical methods: hydrothermal, microwave sintering, and alkali fusion, respectively. Standard methods were employed to assess the physicochemical parameters of the resulting zeolites. Generally, the produced zeolites had excellent surface areas and porosities. However, zeolites synthesized from sugarcane bagasse via the alkali fusion method exhibited highest porosity (80.9%), whereas that derived from corncob demonstrated highest surface area (1335 m²/g). Point of zero charge for the produced zeolites was within the range of 7.9-9.8, with zeolite produced from groundnut shells via alkali fusion having the highest value (9.8). The elevated porosities and surface areas, and point of zero charge of the synthesized zeolites signify their enhanced adsorptive capacity, implying their suitability for application as adsorbents for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. These findings underscore the effectiveness of synthesized zeolites in reducing or completely removing pollutants such as phenols, dyes, pesticides, heavy metals, and inorganic anions from wastewater.

Cardioprotective and Hematological Effects of Wonderful Kola (Buchholzia coriacea) in Wistar Rats Exposed to Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity

H. O. Asuzu-Samuel — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aluminium pervades ecosystems, posing a nuanced risk of intoxication for both animal and human cohorts. In this paper, cardioprotective and haematological effects of wonderful kola (Buchholzia coriacea) in Wistar rats exposed to aluminum chloride-induced toxicity was investigated by different methods including haematological analysis revealed significant decreases in PCV, HB, RBC, and PLT, with increased WBC in the aluminum chloride-induced group, indicating hematological toxicity (p < 0.05). Vitamin C partially restored parameters, while both low and high doses of Wonderful Kola extract showed positive effects, suggesting potential protection against aluminum chloride-induced toxicity (p < 0.05). Histological assessment demonstrated severe inflammation in the aluminum chloride-induced group, partial protection with vitamin C, and potential protective effects with Wonderful Kola, especially at higher doses. Wonderful Kola extract exhibited protective effects on cardiac tissue histology in aluminum chloride-induced toxicity, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent. These results contribute to the understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of natural products in mitigating cardiovascular diseases. Further research on natural remedies for cardiovascular diseases is warranted, and caution should be exercised when considering treatments that may have detrimental effects on cardiac structure.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Cnestis ferruginea Roots on Carbon tetrachloride-Induced Liver Damage in Male Rats

E. O. Okoro — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Hepatoprotection or antihepatotoxicity is the ability of an agent or chemical to prevent damage to the liver. These hepatoprotective agents mitigate the liver injury caused by the hepatotoxic agents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Cnestis ferruginea roots on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in male rats using appropriate standard methods. A single dose of CCl₄ administration significantly (p<0.05) increased the levels of ALT and AST in the positive control group, compared to the negative control group. Also, a significant (p<0.05) increase in the level of ALP and TB was seen in the positive control group relative to the negative control group. While, pre-treatment with either the extract or the standard drug significantly (p<0.05) reduced the levels of hepatic enzymes of serum (ALT, AST and ALP) and TB, when compared with the positive control group. Similarly, the activity of Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver of untreated rats (induced with CCl₄)was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison with the rats treated with the extracts and the standard drug. Thus, treatment of the CCl_{4 -}induced rats with the extracts for fourteen days resulted in the reversal of the CCl_4-induced liver damage in the rats with the high dose (200 mg/kg) giving the best result which was comparable with the standard drug. Therefore the ethanolic extract of C. ferruginea roots protects the liver against CCl_{4 -}induced oxidative stress.

Biocontrol of Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) Spoilage Fungi by Trichoderma harzianum collected from Rivers and Abia State, Nigeria

O. N. Akomah-Abadaike, H. E. Didia — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Biocontrol is a technique of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms. Hence, the objective of this paper as to investigate the biocontrol of Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) spoilage fungi by Trichoderma harzianum collected from Rivers and Abia States in Nigeria using standard microbiological methods. The results obtained show that the fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp and Penicillium and Trichorderma sp. Antagonistic fungi was identified molecularly as Trichoderma harzianum strain A0H287. The inhibitory effect of the biological antagonist T. harzianum showed that it reduced the growth of A. niger by 50%, Mucor sp by 34.1%, Penicillium sp by 70% and A. flavus by 63.7%. The study showed that the biological antagonist, Trichoderma showed effectiveness in the reduction of the growth of majority of the pathogenic fungi and could be recommended as alternative to chemical fungicides.

Fluoride and Chloride Ions Concentration and their Health Implications in Groundwater within Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria

S. B. Isah, G. A. Udourioh , C. O. Matthews-Amune, P. I. Nweke — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

According to the World Health Organization, fluoride in drinking water, either below or above the established permissible range, can adversely affect oral health, including tooth decay and dental fluorosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate fluoride and chloride ion concentration and their health implications in groundwater within Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria using ion-selective electrode potentiometric titration for fluoride ion and Argentometric titration for chloride ion determinations. The results showed a high fluoride concentration in well water samples ranging from 0.126 mg/L to 0.216 mg/L, compared to borehole water samples ranging from 0.013 mg/mL to 0.052 mg/L. Among the chloride concentrations, the highest levels were observed in the well water sample A (96.09 mg/L), followed by borehole samples, A (63.08 mg/L) and B (49.35 mg/L). The lowest chloride concentration was recorded in the borehole sample H (11.82 mg/L). Notably, both well and borehole water sources in the studied communities had fluoride concentrations below the established minimum WHO standard (0.5 mg/L). The chloride concentrations in the groundwater samples from the study area fell within WHO standards (< 250 mg/L). The results from this study suggest that the continuous consumption of water from these community sources, without additional sources of fluoride, may increase the risk of tooth decay. Therefore, addressing this issue and ensuring appropriate water treatment measures is vital for maintaining optimal oral health in the region.

Evaluation of Ovarian Histomorphology and Function Following Clomiphene Citrate and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration in Wistar Rats

O. U. Idemudia, J. E. Ataman — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), affecting 5-10% of women, is a leading cause of infertility affecting 10-15% of couples globally. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and clomiphene citrate (CC) are often utilized for the treatment of PCOS. Accordingly, this study explored the effects of CC and hCG on ovarian histomorphology and fertility parameters. Twenty adult female rats were divided into four groups as follows: Group A (control) received only feed and water; Group B received 0.7 mg/kg BW of CC twice daily for five days and was mated before sacrifice on day 19 (before litter); Group C received 0.7 mg/kg BW of CC twice daily for five days, followed by mating and allowed to litter before sacrifice; Group D received 0.7 mg/kg body weight (BW) of hCG on day one, followed by 0.7 mg/kg BW of CC twice daily for five days, and were mated before sacrifice on day 7 (before litter). Results showed that Group B rats had higher, more than other groups, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Estradiol, Testosterone and Prolactin levels when compared to the control. Similarly, rats in Group B had higher levels of Progesterone while Group D had higher levels of Luteinizing hormone (LH) when compared to the control group. Histological findings demonstrated diverse impacts on ovarian structures, ranging from congested blood vessels to haemorrhages and follicular cysts. Consequently, this study underscores the complexities of drug interactions in reproductive health and provides preliminary insights into the possible adverse effects of CC and hCG on the ovary and fertility parameters.

Reservoir Prediction and Prospectivity of Omos Field Onshore Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

A. Ogbamikhumi, A. J. Edegbai — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Reservoir prediction and prospectivity are performance indices of the oil and gas field development planning and reserves estimation which depicts the behaviour of the reservoir in the future; its success is dependent on accurate description of the reservoir rock properties, fluid properties, rock-fluid properties and flow. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate and predict the reservoir and prospectivity of Omos Field, Onshore Niger Delta Basin, by integrating appropriate standard methods. Results obtained from rock physics attribute map analysis revealed very high Mu-Rho values between 13.0-16.2 Gpa, that is expected for sand presence, and this agrees with the good quality reservoir sands predicted from sequence stratigraphy study.Lambda-Rho values obtained ranges between - 1 to 9.5 GPa, with a much lower value between -1 to 4.3 in the prospective zone that indicates the presence of hydrocarbon bearing sand. These results agree with the results of structural and amplitude maps analysis. Hence the prospective reservoir has a very good hydrocarbon potential in this zone and should be a target for further appraisal for development and production purposes.

Synthesis of Sugarcane Bagasse Based Zeolite and Optimization of Particle Size, Reagent Ratio, Contact Time, and Microwave Influence

A. A. Nuhu, Z. N. Garba, H. Ibrahim, S. Abdulrazak — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The persistent contribution of agricultural wastes to the total global solid waste underscores the urgent necessity for environmentally sustainable approaches to their management. This study explored the synthesis and optimization of zeolite derived from cost-effective sugarcane bagasse via microwave sintering, employing four key process variables: particle size (90-200 µm), reagent ratio (0.5-1), contact time (10-20 min.), and microwave power (400-700 W), through a full factorial design. The investigation revealed that these parameters exerted diverse influences on the porosity of the resultant zeolite. Optimal synthesis conditions were identified at particle size of 200 µm, reagent ratio of 0.5, contact time of 20 minutes, and power of 400 W. A linear model was developed for this process with indices such as R² (0.9976), Adjusted R² (0.9823), Predicted R² (0.8492), Adeq Precision (28.3118), Std. Dev. (0.5942) and C.V. % (0.9632) indicating the high accuracy of the model and its adequacy for predicting the porosity of the produced zeolite with good precision. Additionally, the enhanced porosity exhibited by the synthesized zeolite indicated heightened adsorptive capacity. The substantial adsorption potential of the optimized zeolite thus offers promising prospects for wastewater treatment, effectively addressing numerous environmental challenges and transforming waste into wealth.

Mathematical Modeling of Transient and Steady-State Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer

M. T. Shittu, M. A. Usman, S. O. Ariyo — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Groundwater flow problems can be expressed mathematically with the employ of partial differential equations and which could be solved analytically or numerically. The results obtained showed that the direction of flow of groundwater is from a region of higher hydraulic head to a lower hydraulic head, and that pumping groundwater from the well faster than it is recharged leads to dry wells. The numerical methods used for the analysis of Transient and steady-state groundwater flow produced efficient, effective and accurate solution and can be used for all real-life problems.

Evaluation of Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Treatment of Tannery Wastewater in Kaduna, Nigeria

M. I. Alfa, D. Oluwaseun, D. B. Adie, H. B. Yaroson, B. U. Ovuarume — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tannery wastewater is often characterized by their complexities in terms of contaminants and require specialized treatment technologies. Hence, the objective of this paper is to explore the performance evaluation of a laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) in the treatment of tannery wastewater in Kaduna, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Out of the tree replica systems, two were respectively vegetated with Phragmites australis and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea, while the last was left un-vegetated and used to treat tannery effluent. Characteristics such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrates (NO^-3), phosphates (PO₄^3-), suspended solids (TSS) and chromium (Cr) analyzed using standard methods were used as indicators of the treatment efficiency under a 6-day Hydraulic Retention Time. The results showed that the system vegetated with Phragmites australis had the best performance in the removal of BOD, COD, NO^-3, PO₄^3- and Cr (97.9%, 94.2%, 54.4%, 44.1% and 98.4% respectively). The system vegetated with Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea on the other hand had the best performance for SS removal (92.6%) while the system vegetated with Phragmites australis had a SS removal efficiency of 92.3%. The performance indices for unvegetated cell, Phragmites australis vegetated cell and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea vegetated cell were respectively, 4, 9 and 8 which shows that the cell vegetated with Phragmites australis had the best performance in the treatment of tannery wastewater. It also showed that the performance of the cell vegetated with Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea was also comparable with that of Phragmites australis. This study demonstrated that the HSSFCW vegetated with both Phragmites australis and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea can effectively treat tannery wastewater. There is however a need to investigate the efficiency of the system over a longer period with consideration of microbial characteristics.

Deformational History Reconstruction of Basement Complex Rocks in Okomita, Ojirami and Environs, South Western Nigeria

A. Ogbamikhumi, A. O. Ehinlaiye, C. K. Andrew — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Deformation histories aid in remodeling the forces related to rock formation. Hence, the objectiveof this paper as to examine the deformational history of the Basement Complex rocks in Okomita, Ojirami and Environs, South Western Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results of the field work embarked upon revealed that the major rocks encountered include older granite and metasediments like mica schist, quartzite and gneiss. The analysis of the structures contained in the rocks was achieved by plotting the orientation of the structures on rose diagrams and stereonet. The results show that the rocks were subjected to polyphase deformation, comprising of pre-Pan African and the Pan-African orogeny. While the Pan African orogeny left imprint of NE-SW trend as observed in all the rocks, the pre-Pan African orogeny generally has a NW-SE trend which was observed to be associated more commonly with only the metasediments.

Arsenic Species Distribution and Toxicity in the Environment, Bioaccumulation, Biomethylation and Bioremediation by Microalgae: A Review

I. S. Obuekwe, C. U. Ajuzie — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Arsenic (As) is a noxious metalloid that has been designated a priority pollutant and is present in the environment as a consequence of both anthropogenic and natural processes. Its toxicity in environmental and biological systems depends strongly on the chemical species. Interest in arsenic and microalgae interactions is important because microalgae are at the base of the aquatic food chain, are used in animal nutrition and has potential for As phytoremediation. This paper reviewed the current information on As species distribution in the environment especially as it relates to its toxicity to microalgae as well as its bioaccumulation, biomethylation and bioremediation by microalgae using appropriate methods. Information obtained revealed that Microalgae have evolved mechanisms for dealing with As in the environment with arsBHC operon mediating the reduction and extrusion of arsenite from the cells. They accumulate large amounts of arsenic from their surroundings which could lead to toxicity, As excretion from cells, reduction, methylation or complexation with metal binding peptides like glutathione and phytochelatins. This has made them suitable as ecological indicators to give an indication of As bioavailability and also in possible applications for the process of As remediation. Microalgae are been proposed for bioremediation purposes in aquatic environment since they show a high capacity for biosorption and bioconcentration of As and most importantly since they are able to methylate inorganic As to non-toxic organic and volatile As.

Fabrication of Palm Nut Cracking Machine and Performance Evaluation of Cracked Nuts Parameters as Influenced by Cultivars

Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Palm Nut Cracker Machine is mainly needed for the Palm Nut seeds. Palm Nut is very hard in nature and very tough to break manually with hand; hence in industrial production of palm oil a palm nut cracker machine that is able to break the palm nuts into the small pieces is usually necessary. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to fabricate a palm nut cracking machine and evaluate its performance of cracked nuts parameters as influenced by cultivars using standard methods. Data obtained shows that optimum crack efficiency of 97% was obtained at shaft speed 2600 rpm dura cultivar of 8% MC_db, 7 kg feed weight, 91% crack efficiency was obtained for tenera cultivars at 6% MC_db and 5 kg feed weight at the same shaft speed, while, crack efficiency of 87% was observed for pisifera cultivar at 6% MC_db, feed weight of 7 kg and operational speed of 2200 rpm. Optimum kernel breakage ratio % of 14.66, 21.93, and 17.24 % occurred at the experimental cracking of palm nuts dura, tenera and pisifera cultivars with corresponding feed weights 7, 5 and 6 kg, respectively. On weightier feed rates and shaft speeds, crack efficiency of machine was higher for the oil Palm nuts cultivars at lower moisture content.

Bacteriological Analysis and Plasmid Profiles of Surfaces of Some Hospital Kitchen Equipment in Benin City, Nigeria

O. B. Isichei-Ukah, P. Ajuebor, B. A. Omogbai — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The surfaces of hospital kitchen equipment could be a major source of transmission of resistant pathogens to patients. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the bacteriological and plasmid profiles of surfaces of tables, sinks, chopping-boards, gas cookers and freezer handles hospital kitchen equipment in Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial plasmids were isolated and separated using the agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmid curing was performed using acridine orange. The antimicrobial sensitivity pattern showed that the bacterial isolates exhibited varying degree of resistance to the antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were highly resistant to the antibiotics, having multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index of 0.6. Micrococcus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the least resistant to the antibiotics. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of single and multiple-banded plasmids with sizes ranging from 100-1000bp. After curing, all the isolates (except S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) were sensitive to all the antibiotics, indicating a significant reduction in antibiotic resistance after curing. The results revealed that plasmids played a significant role in conferring resistance on the isolates. Regular cleaning and disinfection should be strictly observed in hospital kitchens to prevent outbreaks and spread of resistant pathogens in hospitals.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nano-Composites of Enantia chlorantha Extracts

E. G. Adeyeni, E. T. Ayodele, I. T. Olawoore, R. A. Adeyeni — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Biosynthesized nanoparticles are receiving attention because of naturally existing secondary metabolites from plants that support green synthesis and their biological applications. Hence, the Objective of this paper as to biosynthesize and characterize silver nano-composites of Enantia chlorantha extracts using appropriate standard techniques. The results of the FTIR research revealed significant heterogeneity in chemical shifts among the functional groups, indicating changes in chemical surroundings. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis showed that the extract and Ec-AgNPs had different numbers of compound peaks: the extract had 28 peaks, while Ec-AgNPs had 32 peaks. Ec-AgNPs showed more antibacterial activity than the extract, although having equal phytochemical contents, suggesting their potential for medicinal uses. The importance of using plant extracts in green synthesis techniques to produce nanoparticles and their potential biological uses is highlighted by this study.

Effect of Mulching Materials and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Two Varieties of Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Planted in Experimental Plot in Jericho area of Ibadan Northwest Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria

O. A. Adesida, T. O. Bamigboye, A. M. Aderemi, A. O. Akala, O. A. Ogidan — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mulching is covering the soil surface around the plants with organic or synthetic material to create favorable conditions for plant growth and proficient crop production. Hence, the objective of this paper is to investigate the Effect of Mulching Materials and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Two Varieties of Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Planted in Experimental Plot in Jericho area of Ibadan Northwest Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The results obtained from the experiment showed no significant difference in the growth parameters of both varieties except in the fruit yield data of the local variety assessed. Treatments which recorded highest values for hybrid and local variety on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of flowers and number of fruits were T2(27.7cm), T2(1.2mm), T2(64.0), T2(5.00) and T2(17.0) while treatments which recorded least were T4(20.3cm), T4(0.7mm),T5( 20), T4 ( 1.00) T3 (0.00) respectively. In conclusion, T1 (30x75cm+plantain leaves), hybrid variety recorded the best performance while for local variety, T2 (60cmx75cm+plantain leaves) recorded highest than other treatments assessed. It was therefore recommended that spacing of 30cmx75cm and plantain leaves should be adopted for the growth and yield of Capsicum annum hybrid varieties while 60x75cm and plantain leaves can be used for local varieties in the study area.

Green synthesis of iron (III) oxide (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles Using Citrus sinensis Peel Extract for the Removal of Ciprofloxacin in Water

M. D. Faruruwa, H. I. Adamu, M. M. Adeyemi, W. B. Tomori — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ciprofloxacin is a widely used antibiotic that can contaminate water sources and pose environmental and health risks. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to explore the green synthesis of iron (III) oxide nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis peel extract for the removal of ciprofloxacin in water using standard techniques. The adsorption of ciprofloxacin on the nanoparticles was investigated under different conditions, such as pH, initial concentration of adsorbate, contact time, and different adsorbent doses. The adsorption data were fitted to different isotherm and kinetic models to understand the adsorption mechanism and parameters. The results of characterization revealed the particles to be of nanocrystalline structure with a cubic crystal shape, negative surface charge, and a high thermal stability with elemental composition primarily of Fe and O; it has z- average of 42.60, with Fe-O bond at 693.30cm^-1and UV-Visible absorbance at 221nm. The maximum adsorption capacity with ciprofloxacin was 29.21 mg/g (97.45%) at pH of 7 and room temperature of 25 °C. The results of the adsorption data indicated that the adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting a monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface with a finite number of identical sites. The synthesized nanoparticles showed a high efficiency and selectivity for the removal of ciprofloxacin from water, demonstrating it potential as an eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbent for water purification.

Evaluating Relationship between Surface Water Quality and Zooplankton Diversity in Coastal Areas of Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

N. T. Giao, N. T. C. Dien, H. T. Nguyen, T. N. Nhu, L. T. D. Mi, H. T. H. Nhien — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The zooplankton diversity is the most important ecological parameter for water quality assessment, as these small creatures are sensitive to any changes in water quality, hence the objective of this study as to evaluate the relationship between surface water quality and zooplankton diversity in the coastal areas of Tien Giang province, Vietnam using appropriate standard methods. The results showed that the coastal water quality had high concentrations of suspended solids, ammonium and coliforms. A total of 71 zooplankton species with a total density ranging from 3,219,383 to 24,993,634 individuals/m³ were identified. Among the zooplankton species, Copepoda nauplius appeared at all monitoring stations, predominating with a density ranging from 740,800 to 7,555,250 individuals/m³. The values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') ranged from 1.54 to 2.37, reflecting the coastal water quality in the study area from polluted to mildly polluted. The coastal water variables of pH, salinity, DO, NH₄⁺-N and coliform were closely correlated with the density of zooplankton species. The relationship between surface water quality and zooplankton diversity could be a basis for selecting biological indicators to monitor coastal water quality.

Preparation and Characterization of Periwinkle Shell Based Chitosan-Kenaf fibre Copolymer and its Derivatives for Selective Binding of Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from Electroplating Effluent

A. E. Samuel, S. Y. Kamba, D. S. Samaila, N. Y. Ilesanmi — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The levels of heavy metal in industrial waste streams, if not remediated before discharge to eco-system, could pose a threat to flora and fauna. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a novel adsorbent materials from periwinkle shell-based chitosan-kenaf fibre copolymer and its ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether crosslinked derivatives for the selective removal of Cu²⁺and Zn²⁺ from electroplating effluent using batch experimental protocol. Results showed that the crosslinked copolymers were more effective for the sorption of these metal ions from effluent solution with percentage sorption range of 76-87% and 84-93% for Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ respectively. Kinetic data depicts pseudo-second-order model fits for the adsorbent materials and confirm chemosorption as the mechanism for metal ion complexation with adsorbent surfaces. Based on R² correlation values, sorption of the metal ions by the pristine adsorbent materials fit well with Langmuir isotherm model, in contrast, those for crosslinked adsorbent materials were best described by Freundlich isotherm model. The results present the adsorbent materials with auspicious potentials, especially the crosslinked derivatives, and stand them in exceptional good stead as suitable bioresource materials for column packing in waste abatement equipment for remediation of these metal ions from electroplating effluent solution.

Effect of Spices on the Microbial Load and Physicochemical Properties of Fermented Pakia Biglobosa Seeds

T. R. Omodara, A. O. Omojokun — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds (iru) contain high protein content, serving as a major source of protein in rural areas, among people who cannot afford animal proteins. Spices are known to possess health benefits in humans. Hence, this study assessed the impacts of spices such as alligator pepper, ginger, garlic, nutmeg, turmeric, grains of Selim, cocoplum and skinplum on the microbial population and physicochemical properties of fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds. A 30g of each spice was added to 300g of previously pressure cooked and dehulled locust beans in separate containers. Each was sterilized and inoculated with Bacillus subtilis. All the samples including control (naturally fermented P. biglobosa alone) were fermented at 37⁰C for 36h. The microbial load, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA) and proximate analysis were determined. Commercially fermented iru had the highest microbial load of 5.40, with unfermented iru having the least load (4.78). Unfermented iru had the least pH (6.35), the pH of all fermented samples was significantly high (P=0.05) with values ranging from 7.27 to 8.29. TTA of all the samples varied with the highest value of 5.75 recorded in cocoplum fermented iru while Selim fermented iru had the least value (0.85). Protein and fat contents of all fermented samples significantly increased (P=0.05) while carbohydrate and crude fibre contents decreased. Selim fermented iru had the highest ash content of 6.07 while alligator fermented iru had the least ash content (2.86). This research confirmed that fermentation of P. biglobosa with edible spices improved its nutritional value in production of iru.

Phytotoxicity Assessment of Different Animal Manure on Selected Vegetable Crops in Kashere Community, Gombe State, Nigeria

M. S. Bello, O. S. Kolawole — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated the phytotoxicity effect of poultry, goat and cow manure on Okra, Tomato and Pepper vegetables using appropriate standard methods. In the current study, of the three different manure collected and used on the three vegetable crops, GI value of <50% was recorded on Okra and Pepper seeds mounted on PM medium (48.51% and 41.36% respectively), GI value of between 50% and 80% was recorded on Okra, Tomato and Pepper seeds mounted on GM medium (64.76%, 79.77% and 73.70% respectively) also Pepper seeds mounted on CM medium (76.48%) and Tomato seeds mounted on PM medium (75.41%) while GI Value of >80% was observed on Okra and Tomato Seeds mounted on a CM medium (81.63% and 94.10% respectively). Overall result of all the animal manure evaluated, poultry manures was phytotoxic on okra and pepper seed and moderately phytotoxic on Tomato seed based on the plant bioassay evaluated. It is possible that other chemicals that were not analyzed in this study could potentially be responsible for the phytotoxic effects of poultry manure on the vegetable seeds, indicating that some curing in the form of composting or vermicomposting may be necessary to degrade or reduce the presence of phytotoxic compounds in the poultry manure used for the study before use as soil amendments and thus would help to render the resultant end product environmentally safer.

Effect of Coefficient of Viscous Damping on Dynamic Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beam Resting On Elastic Foundation Using Integral Numerical Method

M. A. Sulaiman, M. A. Usman, R. A. Mustapha, F. A. Hammed, T. L. Raheed — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, the effect of coefficient of viscous damping on the dynamic analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on elastic foundation was investigated using Integral-Numerical method which reduces to an ordinary differential equation with series representation of Heaviside function. The dynamic responses of the beam in terms of normalized deflection and bending moment has been investigated for different velocity ratios under moving load and moving mass conditions. Generally, closed-form solution to the generalized mathematical model for prismatic beam was computed by means of symbolic programming approach through MAPLE 18. Results obtain revealed that the presence of an elastic foundation and the provision of sufficient reinforcement in beams and beam-like structure reduces vibration intensity and ensure safe passage of load and prolong the beam life.

Arthropod Community Structure of Jaja Creek and Downstream Sections of Imo River in Uta Ewa Village, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

A. U. Akpan, O. M. Ukpai, C. N. Ehisianya, I. K. Esenowo — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Arthropods are considered the most successful animals on earth. They are an essential part of the aquatic food chain and efficient bioindicators depicting the biotic community structure and water quality. This study aimed to generate baseline data on the arthropod community structure of Jaja Creek and downstream sections of Imo River in Uta Ewa village, Ikot-Abasi Local Government Area, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. A variety of sampling techniques, including the scoop net method at low tides in the littoral zone, square lift net anchored on a paddling boat, sweep net, and locally made crab traps were adopted for the sampling of the arthropods. Fourty-six arthropod species were identified and classified into three classes: Arachnida, Crustaceans, and Insecta, with nine orders and twenty-six families. Sesarma alberti, Aratus pisonii, Sesarma elegans, Armases sp, Neosarmatium meinerti, Nematopalaemon sp, and Macrobrachium caledonicum were among the various arthropod species identified in this study. The class Crustaceans had the highest individual abundance of 135,809 (94.74%), followed by the class Insecta, which had a total numerical individual abundance of 7,339 (5.12%), and the order Arachnida (206; 0.14%). For the first time, members of the class Insecta and the families Sesarmidae, Pilumnidae, and Penaeidae (Penaeus sp.) were collected and identified in this portion of the Niger Delta Creek and Imo River. Given the importance of aquatic arthropod species to the catchment region and the country, a comprehensive conservation strategy should be developed to conserve and defend their survival.

Effects of Farming Conditions on the Nutritional Contents of Manihot esculenta Planted in four Regions of Niger Delta, Nigeria

I. E. Ekpo, I. Orji, B. F. Patrick — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

All through human existence, the ability to cultivate crops to better human life has been affected by the nature of the soil; different crops strive in different regions. The relationship between humans, the earth and food production affirms soil as the foundation of crop production. Hence, the objective of this paper as to the effects of farming conditions on the nutritional contents of Manihot esculenta planted in four regions of Niger Delta, Nigeria. Using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained revealed that the moisture contents varied in the order; herbicide > oil-spilled > inorganic fertilizer > normal. The amount of water-soluble vitamins varied in the order; normal > oil spilled > inorganic fertilizer > herbicide. The amount of crude lipids varied in the order; herbicide > normal > inorganic fertilizer > oil-spilled. The amount of hydrogen cyanide varied in the order; inorganic fertilizer > herbicide > oil-spilled > normal. The amount of carbohydrate varied in the order; inorganic fertilizer > oil-spilled > normal > herbicide. The amount of crude protein and fiber varied in the order; herbicide > normal > inorganic fertilizer > oil-spilled. Root tubers from the normal practice was most abundant in ash contents, while that from the use of herbicide was the least. These results indicated that the normal practice showed commended amount of moisture content, water soluble vitamins and ash content; the herbicide induced land produced cassava tuber with the highest amount of crude lipids, crude fibre and crude proteins; that with the use of inorganic fertilizer produced the highest amount of hydrogen cyanide. All practices were adoptive for carbohydrate formation, except the herbicide induced soil.

Liver and Kidney Biochemical Markers in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats: Effects of Buchholzia coriacea Seed Alcoholic Extract

H. O. Asuzu-Samuel, A. O. Karibo — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the effects of wonderful kola (Buchholzia coriacea) on biochemical markers such as liver and kidney in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats using appropriate standard techniques. The result showed that Buchholzia coriacea seed extract caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in the levels of glucose. The liver function test revealed notable changes in the negative control group compared to the control group, including elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and T.P (*p<0.05). Treatment with Metformin and the high dose of Wonderful Kola exhibited significant improvements in AST, ALT, and ALP levels compared to the negative control (#p<0.05), suggesting potential hepatoprotective effects. The kidney function test, revealed notable difference In comparison to the control group, the negative control group showed significantly (p<0.05) elevated levels of Urea, Creatinine, K, Na, Cl, T.B, and C.B. Treatment with Metformin demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) decrease in Urea and Creatinine levels compared to the negative control. The low and high doses of Wonderful Kola resulted in significant (p<0.05) reductions in Urea, Creatinine, and T.B levels, with the high dose also significantly decreasing Na and Cl levels compared to the negative control. The methanoic extract of Buchholzia coriacea seed possess hypoglycemic properties and may therefore be beneficial in the management of diabetes mellitus at the above dosage and treatment period. Buchholzia coriacea especially at high doses exhibited protective effects on the liver and kidney biochemical markers in alloxan induced diabetic rats, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Distribution, Levels, Potential Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Ogbia communities of Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

S. A. Uzoekwe, P. O. Iniaghe — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The occurrence of toxic metals in atmospheric particulate matter is of high risk to human health. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the distribution, concentrations, potential sources and human health risk assessment of trace metals in atmospheric particulate matter in Ogbia communities of Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Samples of atmospheric particulate matter were digested using a mixture of acids, and quantification of trace metals was achieved using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Model: Buck 230 ATS). The concentration (µg m^-3) of trace metals in atmospheric particulate matter ranged as follows: Pb (<0.010 - 0.060), Cd (<0.010 - 0.880), Ni (<0.010 - 0.028), Cu (<0.010 - 0.046), Zn (<0.010 - 0.028), and Co (<0.010 - 0.021). Except nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd), other metal concentrations were below the US EPA limits. Principal component analysis indicated a common source of the studied metals and two major factors (gas flaring and uncontrollable fossil fuel combustion) were identified; while non-carcinogenic risk due to inhalation indicated negligible health risk. Therefore, hazardous effects due to inhalation of trace metals in atmospheric particulate matter in the study area is minimal.

Effectiveness of Agricultural Technologies and Constraints of Cassava Farming on the Production in Ido local Government of Oyo state, Ibadan, Nigeria

R. T. Afolabi , M. B. Oyedeji, U. S. Egbunu, O. R. Godwin — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigated the effectiveness of agricultural technologies and constraint on cassava farming in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. One hundred and forty-eight well-structured questionnaires were used for this study to obtain data for this study from five selected villages. Data obtained were analyzed using percentage and Chi-Square to compare the significance among the variables in this study. The results showed that Cassava production was dominated by males (51.4%) as against females (48.6%), an active age group of 41-50 years (56.7%), more of married people (88.5%) to unmarried (2.7%). The study area was characterized with an average level of secondary education (54.7%). There was no significant relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and agricultural technologies used. This research hereby recommended that the government should make available agricultural technologies to the farmers and they should be aware of the technologies through the extension agent.

Effect of Plant Spacing and Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum) in Experimental Farm at Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

E. J. Falodun, O. B. Obuo — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Optimum plant population, natural resources, such as nutrients, sunlight, soil moisture and efficient fertilization are some of the primary factors that ensure satisfactory growth and yield. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of plant spacing and fertilizer application on growth and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annum) in experimental farm at Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Three levels of spacing (S1=30cm x 50cm, S2=40cm x 50cm and S3 =50cm x 50cm) and four different levels of fertilizer application (F0 = control, F1 = 20 t ha^-1poultry manure, F2 = 300 kg ha^-1NPK 15:15:15 and F3 = 150 kg ha^-1NPK 15:15:15 + 10 t ha^-1 were adopted. The parameters measured were plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, number of branches, fresh fruit weight per plant, fresh fruit weight per plot, fruit diameter, fruit length, and number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield. The results showed that S3F1, (50cm x 50cm spacing + 20 t ha^-1poultry manure) had the highest plant height and stem diameter and S2F3, (40cm x 50cm spacing + 150 kg ha^-1 NPK 15:15:15 and 10 t ha^-1) had the highest fruit yield (1731.60 kg ha^-1). The lowest yield (994.49 kg ha^-1) was obtained at S1F0, (40cm x 50cm spacing + control). Therefore, farmers in this locality could grow bell pepper (Capsicum annum) at S2F3 for increased fruit yield.

Distribution and Abundance of Zooplankton in Anthropogenic-Impacted Stream, Nsit-Ibom, Nigeria

I. O. Obot, U. S. Jacob — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to investigate the distribution and abundance of zooplankton in Mbiokporo stream Nsit-Ibom Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods. The result revealed that there were 9 zooplankton taxonomic groups (namely: Arachnida, Bdelloidae, Branchiopoda, Chromadorae, Euglenoidea, Hexanauplia, Insecta, Polychaeta, Tubulinea), comprising 12 species and 91 individuals. The most abundant zooplankton species was Temora longicornis with the highest number of species across all the stations 24 > 19 > 7 for station 1, station 2, and station 3 respectively. Branchiopoda had the highest number of species (4) and highest species composition (33.33%), while Hexanauplia recorded the highest individual abundance (54.95%). The relative abundance of zooplankton phyla was as follows: (Hexanauplia, 54.95 %) > (Branchiopoda, 13.19 %) > (Bdelloidae, 8.79) % > (Chromadorae, 7.69 %) > (Polychaeta and Arachnida, 5.49 % each) > (Insecta, 2.20 %) > (Tubulinea, 1.10 %) respectively. Indices of species dominance were as follows: station 1 > station 2 > station 3, with the following values 0.4349 > 0.4235 > 0.2397 each. Meanwhile, the highest species evenness was in station 3 (0.7887), followed by station 2 (0.5495), while the lowest was in station 1 (0.486). Margalef’s species diversity was slightly higher in station 1 (1.649) than in station 3 (1.618) while the lowest was in station 2 (1.456). The equitability index among stations was as follows: 3 (0.8675) > station 2 (0.6659) > station 1 (0.6292). However, this result revealed that ongoing anthropogenic activities along the stream may resulted in the deterioration of the stream thereby leading low species composition of zooplankton as observed in this study.

Quantifying the Effect of Change in Rainfall Dynamics on Agricultural Output in Nigeria

K. Imandojemu, A. Iwayemi, O. Oyedele — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Agricultural production has clearly gained acceptance, as a crucial approach to meeting the food consumption needs of Nigeria’s growing population as well as an important requirement for achieving food security. Hence, the objective of this paper is to quantify the effect of change in rainfall dynamics on agricultural output in Nigeria employing a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model and using data from the 2019 Social Accounting Matrix. The results revealed that rainfall shocks had an adverse effect on the four components of agricultural output considered such as crops, livestock, fishery and forestry in the short and long term. It also had a negative effect on aggregate agricultural output compared to the baseline scenario. Therefore, public policy towards investing heavily in rain harvesters cannot be overemphasized. There is the need for policy efforts towards targeted interventions that provide an enabling environment and the necessary infrastructures for private investments in agriculture, address climatic risks and build resilience among farmers.

Evaluation of Microbial Load and Physicochemical Characteristics of Soils in Electronic Waste Dumpsites of Oluku and Osasogie in Benin, Edo State and Alaba in Lagos State, Nigeria

S. J. Ocheoibo, E. I. Atuanya — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the microbial load and physicochemical characteristics of soils in electronic waste dumpsites of Oluku and Osasogie in Benin, Edo State and Alaba in Lagos State Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that the total bacterial count was not significantly different across the sites, the mean bacterial counts on Nutrient agar (NA) ranges between 9.00±2.646 cfu/g and 5.33±1.202 cfu/g, the former is for Oluku while the latter is for Osasogie respectively and are not significantly different across the four locations while the fungal counts showed a significant difference. The highest fungal count recorded in the control site (10.67±1.764 cfu/g) and the lowest count (3.33 ±0.882 cfu/g) was recorded at Alaba. Bacterial and fungal species isolated includes, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Yersinia sp. , Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella sp., Providencia sp, Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp., Rhizopus sp., and Penicillium sp. respectively, Most of these isolated organisms are those microorganisms known to possess the capacity to biodegrade e-waste. The mean available phosphorous (19.04±0.147) and total nitrogen (6.263±0.049) shows a significant difference in the control soil compared to the three e-waste soil samples. These significant difference in available phosphorus and nitrogen between the control and the three e-waste soil samples shows that, e-waste negatively affects soil fertility, as phosphorous and nitrogen are the major elements that determine soil fertility.

Effects of Beverage Solvents on Disintegration Time and Dissolution Rate of Metronidazole Tablets

Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Drug Disintegration time refers to the period within which a mechanical break-up of compressed tablet dissolve upon exposure to physiological fluids within a short period of time into tiny granules upon ingestion, while drug dissolution rate becomes a key tool in understanding the importance for its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the impact of seven different solvents, which includes five non-alcoholic beverages (Exotic juice, soft drink, coffee, milk, and milo), one alcoholic beverage (beer), one dilute acid (0.1 M HCl) and a control distilled water (dil. H₂O) on the disintegration time and dissolution rate of metronidazole tablets. The distilled water was used as control. The results obtained show that the mean disintegration times were 2.28 ± 0.04 (0.1 N HCl), 4.21 ± 0.12 (beer), 3.24 ± 0.05 (coffee), 3.23 ± 0.07 (distilled water), 5.21 ± 0.09 (Exotic juice), 3.17 ± 0.06 (Fanta), and 16.16 ± 0.11 (milk). The mean dissolution rates on the other hand were 98.87 ± 0.12, 78.09 ± 0.09, 84.27 ± 0.11, 86.52 ± 0.40, 67.98 ± 0.09, 92.70 ± 0.50, and 44.94 ± 0.22 respectively. Metronidazole tablets disintegrated and dissolved more in 0.1 N HCL than in other mediums and less in milk. From this study, although the disintegration time and dissolution rate of metronidazole were not greatly affected by the different beverages except for Exotic juice, and the mixture of milk and Milo, care should be taken when replacing water with any beverage in ingesting tablets.

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage among Apparently Healthy University Staff and Students in Kaduna, Nigeria

A. F. Obajuluwa, S. K. Parom, S. K. Kubau — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been frequently implicated in healthcare-associated infections. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among apparently healthy University staff and students in Kaduna, Nigeria. A total of 250 nasal swab samples were collected alongside demographic data. Gram staining and biochemical tests were carried out to identify the Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistance was determined phenotypically using cefoxitin disc. Antibiotics susceptibility testing of the MRSA isolates was carried out using agar diffusion method and the multidrug resistance determined. Out of the 250 nasal samples collected, 41 (16.4%) were confirmed to be S. aureus, out of which 25(61.0%) were methicillin resistant. Students from Faculties of Science and Medicine harboured higher percentages of MRSA (69.2% and 60.0%, respectively) in their nasal cavity. Gentamicin (84%) and ciprofloxacin (72%) were the most active antibacterial agents against the MRSA isolates. High level of resistance was recorded amongst the MRSA isolates to amoxicillin (80.0%), cotrimoxazole (52.0%), erythromycin (32.0%) and streptomycin (32.0%).Multidrug resistance was recorded in 48% of the MRSA isolates. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of MRSA (61.0%) among Staff and students of Kaduna State University. Irrational use of antibiotics especially in the community and without prescription might be responsible for this.