An exploratory study into the effect of an outdoor, cold-water immersion course on mood in adolescents in Norway and the UK

Abstract

Background: Increasing evidence supports the mental health benefits of outdoor, cold-water
immersion in adults. This explorative study aimed to see if evidence found in adult populations
regarding changes associated with the activity on mood could be replicated in adolescents through
an educational and practical half-day course. Results will show whether further research is justified in
this age group.
Methods: Eighty high school students were recruited, 62 from two upper secondary schools in
Kristiansand, Norway and 18 from one school in Brighton, United Kingdom. Mood state was assessed
using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires before and after a cold-water immersion.
Results: There were significant reductions in negative subscales and significant increases in positive
subscales of the POMS questionnaire. Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) was significantly reduced overall
(mean pre-post difference 23.40, 95% CI 16.52 – 30.28) across the four swimming groups (Norway lake,
two sheltered beaches in Norway, and the open sea in England). These results indicate a positive effect
on mood. Overall, 95% of respondents both enjoyed the experience and would “definitely” or “maybe”
like to repeat it.
Conclusion: Outdoor cold-water immersion had a significantly positive effect on mood state in
adolescents and was enjoyed by most participants. Further studies are therefore warranted.