Medical Social Work Practice in Tanzania: A Critical Review of the Literature on Challenges and the Way Forward

Abstract

Background: Medical social work is essential component of holistic healthcare addressing the
psychosocial, economic and environmental factors that influence health outcomes. However, in
Tanzania literature indicates that the practice remains underdeveloped and encounters structural
and professional challenges within the healthcare system.
Methodology: This review employed a critical review of the existing literatures on medical social
work practice in Tanzania. Sources included peer reviewed journal articles, policy documents,
academic thesis and reports published between 2005-2025. Databases such as google scholar,
PubMed, ResearchGate, academic repositories and ProQuest central were searched using relevant
keywords. Data were analyzed thematically to identify recurring challenges and proposed way
forward for improvements.
Results: The review identified several challenges affecting medical social work practice in
Tanzania. These include excessive caseloads and understaffing of medical social workers, poor
professional recognition in medical settings, limited financial resources, inadequate medical social
work specialized training in the country, absence of national level standardized guidelines and
absence of defined organizational hierarchy and reporting protocols across the country. Despite
these challenges, the literatures highlighted the way forward for enhancing and strengthening the
practice through policy and regulatory reforms, education and capacity buildings, clearer role
definition and enhanced multidisciplinary collaboration.
Conclusion: The review concludes that addressing these challenges will enhance patient centered
care and contribute to improved healthcare outcomes within the Tanzanian healthcare systems.