Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences

Antibiotic-resistant and metallo-beta-lactamase- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients accessing healthcare facilities in Nasarawa-west, Nigeria

2026-08-02T03:59:18+00:00

Metallo-beta-lactamase- producing K. pneumoniae is regarded as the most important nosocomial pathogen, and further spread of them in the healthcare settings will pose a serious global threat in the future. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and Metallo beta-lactamases - producing Klebsiella pneumoniae at some hospitals in Nasarawa West Senatorial district, Nasarawa State. A total of 250 clinical samples from urine (60), wound swab (46), blood (60), stool (60), and sputum (24) were collected and subjected to cultural isolation followed by biochemical identification and resistance profiling of the isolated organisms. From the samples, 33 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (13.2%) were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out on all the isolates by disc diffusion method. All the isolates were resistant to at least one of the ten different antibiotics tested with multidrug resistance observed in 82% of the isolates. High resistance was exhibited to Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (87.9%) and cefotaxime (75.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ≥ 0.2 was observed in 94.0% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae Metallo beta-lactamases production as assessed by the Combination disk (CD) method and Double disk synergy test (DDST) method showed 18.2% prevalence. The level of antibiotic resistance was high and few of the isolates were MBLs producer, while most of them were alarmingly multidrug resistant.

Scaling the adoption of wearable medical devices through business model innovations

2026-08-02T06:54:15+00:00

Wearable medical devices have the potential to impact the healthcare ecosystem which comprises patients, healthcare providers, policy makers and clinical researchers. They have applications in personalised medicine, pandemic management, and clinical biomarker identification. Despite these potentials, their adoption has been slow in mainstream medical practice due to divergence in business models amongst players in the healthcare ecosystem. Other challenges such as legal and legislative barriers, high device acquisition cost, and interoperability have limited the adoption of these devices. This study was aimed at illustrating that wearable medical devices need to be matched with innovative and all-inclusive business models to create shared value across stakeholders thereby facilitating their use in routine clinical settings and improving accessibility and affordability. A government policy advisor, a management consultant, a chief technology officer in a software company, a chief science officer of a biotech firm and a legislator were consulted to scope this paper. In these discussions, these areas were identified for exploration: Capabilities of wearables, Market trend of these devices, Challenges for the uptake of these devices, regulatory process, legal, legislative and scenarios where business modelling gave firms, competitive advantage. Multiple search engines were utilized for selecting relevant materials, predominantly PubMed and Google Scholar. To supplement the information obtained, government documents were located using the “GOV.info” publications tools, while interviews and commentaries were found through the Google News search function. From the findings, we propose that firms in the wearable device industry innovate their business model in a stakeholder-driven manner across institutions, fostering strategic partnerships and putting customers and end users at the core of their business model in order to effectively create, deliver and capture value. Firms in this industry should innovate their business model to avoid being rendered redundant by external innovation.

Tocopherylquinone from Nigerian Ficus sycomorus Linn (Moraceae)

2026-08-02T12:40:59+00:00

Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of various diseases and still play an important role in covering the basic health needs in the developing countries like Nigeria. Herein, we consider a West African medicinal plant Ficus sycomorus Linn (Family: Moraceae). This plant is distributed in tropical West Africa and is used to treat various diseases such as mental illness, dysentery, cough, diarrhea, fever, tuberculosis and cancer. F. sycomorus is a tree of about 60 ft height with pale trunk and widespread crown pilose branchlets. This study aimed to isolate some compounds from the leaf of Ficus sycomorus. The dried pulverized leaf of the plant was subjected to successive extraction using dichloromethane with occasional shaking for seventy-two hours. The extract was drained, filtered and concentrated to obtain dichloromethane extract. The extract was subjected to Flash Column Chromatography using mobile phase, which progressed from 100% n-hexane to a 1:1 mixture of dichloromethane and ethylacetate. Silica gel (60-120 mesh size) was used as stationary phase. Further purification of the column fractions led to isolation α-Tocopherylquinone. The structure of this compound was established by careful analysis of their spectral (IR, 1H, 13C and 2D NMR) data and comparing them with those previously reported in the literature.

Formulation and evaluation of aceclofenac dry emulsions prepared from Sus scrofa domesticus fat base

2026-08-02T13:18:37+00:00

Dry emulsion is a solid dosage form that is prepared from liquid emulsion system. The aim of this investigation was to utilize purified and deodorized Sus Scrofa Domesticus fat (SSD fat, pig fat) to generate emulsion using *wet gum method with SSD fat as the oil polymer and NaCMC as surfactant and emulsifier. Emulsions are solid lipid dispersions with particles of molecular size between 0.01-100 µm in diameter consisting of a solid hydrophobic lipid core (triglycerides or fatty acid) containing the drugs surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipid molecules embedded in their surface. Aceclofenac emulsion was prepared by hot emulsion congealing technique. A 5 g quantity of aceclofenac was incorporated into various concentrations (3-15% w/w) of SSD fat to form homogenous mixture as the oil phase for five batches. The emulsifier, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC 1% w/v) was triturated in 40 mls of distilled water to form mucilage for each of five batches as the aqueous phase and 15% maize starch mucilage for conventional granules as control. The drug - fat mixture was added to the aqueous phase and stirred manually for 20 minutes till a primary emulsion was formed and made up to 100 ml final volume, maintained at 70⁰C, with continuous homogenization to obtain an emulsion. Physical properties of the dispersion were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done and zeta potential measured by electrophoresis. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were visualized with the Statographics Centurion XVII. The obtained formulations were kept in ice box to generate lipospheres which were separated by centrifugation and subjected to spray drying to obtain dry emulsion. The emulsions were evaluated for physical and micromeritic properties. Drug excipient compatibility was studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR). Dry emulsions were filled manually into empty gelatin shells of 250 mg capacity and evaluated for drug release The formulations were found to be stable and had fairly acceptable drug content.

Evaluation of antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (Scent leaf) and Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) on some multidrug resistant pathogens isolated from free-range and broiler chikens

2026-08-02T14:01:07+00:00

Antibiotic use in poultry is one of the major ways of spreading antibiotic resistance. This study determined the prevalence of some multidrug resistant bacteria isolated from chickens and the antibacterial activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalinaon selected multidrug resistant isolates. One hundred and fifty (150) chicken fecal samples (50 free-range and 100 broiler) were aseptically collected. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and Salmonella species were isolated from the samples using standard procedures. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests. Randomly selected total drug resistant isolates were subjected to antibacterial susceptibility tests. Prevalent rates of 68%, 37% and 42% for S. aureus, Enterococcus and Salmonella species respectively among free range chickens, and of 87%, 56% and 68% for S. aureus, Enterococcus and Salmonella species respectively among broiler chickens were observed. Fifty percent (50%) and above of S. aureus were sensitive to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and clindamycin, while 30% were totally resistant to all the antibiotics. Similarly, more than 70% of S. aureus from broilers were resistant to Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Levofloxacin, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin and Clindamycin. At least 80-100% of the isolates showed total resistance to all the antibiotics used, except Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin. Fifty percent (50%) of Enterococcus from free-range chickens were susceptible to 60% of the drugs, while 100% of the isolates from broilers were totally resistant to 50% of the tested antibiotics. Resistance profiles in Salmonella specie were 50-70% and 77-100% for free range and broilers respectively. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts show that 80% and 60% of S. aureus were sensitive to V. amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum extracts respectively. The same level of sensitivity was observed in Enterococcus and Salmonella species. However, the two species both showed 80% and 60% sensitivity levels to both extracts.

Development and evaluation of fixed dose bilayer dispersible tablet formulations of artemether, lumefantrine and paracetamol for the treatment of malaria in children

2026-08-02T15:18:22+00:00

The World Health Organization estimated that there were 249 million cases of malaria in 2022 compared to 244 million cases in 2021, in sub-Saharan Africa. From these, infants less than 5 years or who were malnourished, made up a greater number of the cases and deaths. Developing antimalarial drugs specifically suited to the needs of these children is essential to malaria control and elimination.

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a dispersible bilayer formulation of artemether, lumefantrine and paracetamol tablet (ALPT). The specific objectives of the study were to: (i) develop a bilayer dispersible oral formulation of ALPT; (ii) evaluate post-compression physical characteristics of the ALPT; and (iii) comparatively study the in vitro dissolution profile of ALPT with innovator brands. The study adopted the experimental design where the artemether- lumefantrine layer was formulated with other additives. Compression of bilayer ALPT was done having pale yellow color on one side, and off-white color on the other side. The uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration, friability, active ingredient assay and palatability studies followed standard procedures. Comparative dissolution studies with the innovator products were done. Similarity factor (f2) was calculated using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. The ALPT passed the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards for visual appearance. The weight of 20 tablets did not deviate (+ 2% variance), the average tablet disintegration time was 105 sec, the friability test was not more than 1% and the breaking force/hardness was not less than 5 kiloponds. The mean dissolution profile of ALPT and Coartem^®, in HCl (pH 1.2), acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) dissolution media respectively, were comparable, with a similarity factor (f2) of above 50 in all three media. The dissolution profile of artemether and lumefantrine in both ALPT and the innovator product showed maximal response in HCl (pH 1.2). For the paracetamol component of ALPT, the dissolution profiles for the samples of ALPT and the innovator product showed that they released more than 85% within 15 min in all the physiological pH dissolution media tested. The microbial limits and stability results complied with BP specifications. ALPT, a fixed dose combination of more than one antimalarial drug will simplify the treatment of malaria in children, resulting in improved medication compliance and clinical outcomes, and ultimately reduce mortality and morbidity.

Antibiogram of Escherichia coli recovered from urine samples of patients attending National Hospital Abuja

2026-08-02T16:12:34+00:00

Globally, urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank as one of the most frequent bacterial infections, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) established as the primary causative pathogen. Effective clinical management is increasingly challenged by the growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli, particularly in developing nations where antibiotics are often prescribed empirically. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram of Escherichia coli recovered from urine samples of patients attending National Hospital Abuja. A total of 80 urine samples were collected using standard clean-catch midstream procedures from patients exhibiting symptoms of UTIs. Samples were cultured on MacConkey and CLED agars, and isolates showing typical morphological and biochemical characteristics were identified as E. coli. Confirmation was based on standard biochemical tests (IMViC: Indole +, Catalase +, Voges- Coagulase Test –, Citrate –). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar, following CLSI guidelines. Out of the 80 samples analyzed, 56 (70%) yielded positive results for E. coli. The antibiotic susceptibility results revealed high resistance to several commonly prescribed antibiotics: Ampicillin (89.3%), Amoxicillin-Clavulanic aid (85.7%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (82.1%), Cefuroxime (78.6%), and Ceftazidime (75.0%). In contrast, lower resistance rates were observed for Nitrofurantoin (10.7%), Ofloxacin (14.3%), Ciprofloxacin (17.9%), and Gentamicin (21.4%). These findings indicate that E. coli continues to be the leading uropathogen, with alarming high rates of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics and sulfonamides. The results underscore the urgent need for updated treatment guidelines based on local antibiograms, routine susceptibility testing, and strict antibiotic stewardship. Public health measures to curb the misuse of antibiotics and further research into resistance mechanisms are also recommended. This study contributes valuable data to the growing evidence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogenic E. coli in Nigeria and emphasizes the importance of evidence-based therapeutic decisions in clinical practice.

Molecular identification of endophytic fungi from known herbal plants and effect of co-cultivation on the fungi bgcs using gc-ms as a tool

2026-08-02T16:36:27+00:00

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the search for novel bioactive compounds from alternative natural sources. Endophytic fungi are recognized as prolific producers of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, many of which possess significant pharmaceutical potentials. This study investigated the effects of co-cultivation on secondary metabolite production by endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plants Bryophyllum pinnatum and Sansevieria trifasciata. The objective was to evaluate whether co-culture could stimulate metabolic diversification through activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) compared with monoculture fermentation. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaf tissues, purified, and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing and BLAST analysis. The isolates were identified as Penicillium oxalicum (BP1), Diaporthe sp. (BP8), Curvularia chiangmaiensis (BP5), and Curvularia lunata (ST1). Pure cultures and co-cultures (BP1+BP8 and ST1+BP5) were fermented on rice-based solid-state media for 21 days, and metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed metabolite profiles dominated by fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and terpenoid derivatives. Monoculture extracts showed prominent peaks corresponding to hexadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and related esters, while BP5 exhibited a more complex profile containing terpenoid compounds such as squalene. Comparative chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the BP1+BP8 co-culture maintained a metabolite profile similar to those of the parent strains, indicating an additive interaction with minimal metabolic disruption. In contrast, the ST1+BP5 co-culture displayed substantial alterations in metabolite distribution, characterized by increased volatile compounds and reduced fatty acid dominance, suggesting metabolic reprogramming and activation of previously silent biosynthetic pathways. These findings demonstrate that fungal co-cultivation can significantly influence secondary metabolism, although the outcome depends on the interacting species. The study highlights co-culture as a valuable strategy for enhancing chemical diversity and facilitating the discovery of novel natural products with potential pharmaceutical applications.

Exploring the bioactivities of Annona muricata seeds and peels: in vitro assessment of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects

2026-08-02T18:02:56+00:00

Annona muricata L. (soursop, graviola, or guanabana) is widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. This study evaluates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of its seed and peel extracts prepared by cold maceration using 80% aqueous ethanol and 100 % water. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and albumin denaturation inhibition methods; antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP assays; and antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. The aqueous ethanol seed extract (AME2) produced the highest yield (35.9%), while aqueous extracts (AME3 and AME4) yielded less than 1 %. In the HRBC assay, AME3 showed the highest heat-induced membrane stabilization (20%), and AME4 the greatest hypotonic-induced effect (21%), slightly below indomethacin (36%). AME4 also gave the strongest albumin denaturation inhibition (86.67% at 1000 µg/mL). Antioxidant activity increased with concentration: AME3 had the highest FRAP inhibition (25.70% at 1000 µg/mL) and AME4 the highest DPPH scavenging (52.60%), though both were weaker than ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial screening showed inhibition zones up to 20 mm for AME3 and AME4, with corresponding low MICs (0.63 mg/mL). In general, the results show that the seeds and peels of A. muricata, especially the aqueous seed extract, have good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and moderate antimicrobial activity. These findings support the traditional use of the plant and suggest it could be useful as a natural source of medicine.

Prevalence and parasitological assessment of Schistosoma haematobium infection among patients attending Asokoro District Hospital Abuja

2026-08-02T19:12:13+00:00

A total of 150 early morning midstream urine samples, 5 ml each, were aseptically collected from patients in Asokoro District Hospital for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium ova. Basic epidemiological information were obtained via pre-test structured questionnaires administered with the assistance of medical laboratory staff. Following centrifugation by the sedimentation method, the urinary sediment was deposited onto a clean glass microscope slide and examined under a light microscope for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium ova. Out of the 150 samples (76 male and 74 female), 10 (6.7%) were infected with Schistosoma haematobium, out of which males had a prevalence of 9.3% compared to 4.1% among females. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference in the prevalence between male and female. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in relation to age shows that ages 15 – 24 had the highest rate of 40.0%. Statistical analysis in relation to source of drinking water (borehole, pipeborne, well and river), shows that borehole (3.6%) had the highest rate of occurrence followed by pipeborne source (1.26%). Statistical analysis also showed no significant association with source of drinking water and between between sex and infection status (P≥0.05). Similarly, analysis revealed no statistically significant effect of methods of fecal disposal on the prevalence.

Pharmacological evaluation of Ocimum basilicum leaf extract for targeting third instars larvae of anopheles mosquitoes: a promising natural approach to malaria vector control.

2026-08-02T19:59:46+00:00

Malaria continues to represent one of the major pressing of public health challenges wordwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries where environmental conditions favour vector development and disease transmission. This disease is caused by Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted to humans, following the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Therefore, effective vector control requires critical component of comprehensive malaria prevention and control strategies. This study investigated the larvicidal efficacy of Ocimum basilicum leaf extract on third instars larvae of Anopheles mosquito. Fresh Ocimum basilicum leaf extract was washed, shade- dried and milled to fine powder. Maceration method was used to obtain the leaf extract for the larval toxicity test. Larvae were reared according to Pavela method. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of extract were carried out using standard analytical methods. Five concentrations - 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm of the extracts were tested. Four replicates were maintained for each concentration and mortality tests of the larvae, recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours. The results indicated 4.6(46%), 2.6(26%), and 0.2(2%) mortality rate after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure, respectively. This showed that the mortality rate was concentration- and time - dependent as highest mortality rate of the larvae 8(80%) was recorded in 1250 ppm after 24 hours. The concentration response larvicidal bioassay of the extract at 72 hours was 0.2 (02%) mortality at 574 .0 ppm at LC50 and 4138 at LC95, compared with control which contained only the larvae in distilled water without extract that showed no toxicity. This study demonstrated that Ocimum basilicum leaf extract possesses strong larvicidal potential and therefore supports its folkloric use as a larvicide. It is thus, a more eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides, thereby contributing to sustainable malaria vector control strategies.

Formulation and evaluation of microspheres using pregelatinized starches from Digitaria exilis (poaceace), Coleus esculentus (Lamiaceace), Colocasia esculenta (Araceace) and Solanium tuberosum (Solanaceace)

2026-08-02T20:40:48+00:00

Microspheres provide a delivery system that offers prolonged/controlled drug delivery with improved bioavailability, stability and ability to target drugs to specific sites at predetermined rate. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate microspheres using pregelatinized starches obtained from Digitaria exilis, Coleus esculentus, Solanium tuberosum and Colocasia eculenta. Physicochemical properties of the pregelatinized starches were evaluated using standard methods. Paracetamol-loaded microspheres were formulated by dissolving sodium alginate (2 g), pregelatinized/native starch (1 g) and paracetamol powder (1 g) in 100 ml distilled water. This was added, dropwise, using 0.8 mm needle & syringe at a rate of 2 ml/minute, into an already prepared calcium-chloride-dihydrate solution (10 % w/v) and placed on magnetic stirrer (250 rpm). It was allowed 15 minutes for curing. The spheres were then collected, washed repeatedly and air - dried for 24 hours. Physicochemical properties of the pregelatinized starches showed better flow and compaction properties compared to the native. Microspheres formulated with pregelatinized starches were smaller and more spherically-shaped compared to those with the native starches; this is essential for binding and release of high concentration of the drug. The swelling power of the formulated microspheres was in the order: F8 > F5 > F4 > F1 > F6 > F7 > F2 > F3. The dissolution profiles indicated gradual and consistent increase in the release of paracetamol from the microspheres, with those prepared using the pregelatinized starches (F5 - F8) showing more gradual release over time compared to those prepared using native starches (F1 - F4). Thus, pregelatinized starches of the four plants can be utilized in the formulation of microspheres for controlled-release medications, as an alternative to synthetic polymers in drug delivery.

Haematological variables of stroke patients attending clinic at Neuro-stroke Centre, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar

2026-08-02T21:25:42+00:00

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with haematological alterations playing a key role in its pathophysiology and management. This study assessed the haematological parameters of stroke patients at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. A cross-sectional design was employed, enrolling 100 participants, comprising 50 stroke patients and 50 apparently healthy controls. Full blood count was determined using the Beckman Coulter -DXH 520 Automated Haematology Analyzer. Relative plasma viscosity was determined by Reid and Ugwu method; prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time by Quick One-stage technique and thrombin time and fibrinogen by Clauss technique. Data were analysed using Student’s t-test on SPSS 20.0, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results indicated that stroke patients had significantly lower (P<0.05) Haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when compared with the controls. Eosinophil (EOS) and basophil (BASO) counts were significantly higher (P<0.05) for stroke patients compared with the controls. Mean platelet volume (MPV) was also elevated (P<0.05) in stroke patients compared with controls. While thrombin time decreased significantly (P=0.001), fibrinogen concentration increased significantly (P=0.001) for stroke patients more than in the control. It is concluded that stroke significantly affects haematological parameters. The significantly reduced haemoglobin and red cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) indicates impaired erythropoiesis and chronic inflammatory effects while the elevated eosinophil and basophil counts, as well as mean platelet volume, reflect immune activation and a pro‑thrombotic state. Lower thrombin time and elevated fibrinogen are suggestive of a hypercoagulable state for stroke patients. These haematological changes may serve as useful indicators for monitoring disease progression, guiding clinical management, and assessing risk in stroke patients.

Effect of crude extract and fractions of Napoleonae imperialis on serum electrolytes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2026-08-02T22:08:41+00:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major disorder contributing to human mortality and morbidity, globally. The use of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes is gaining global popularity due to their accessibility and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated the effects of crude extract and fractions of Napoleonae imperialis on the serum electrolytes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In phase one, forty-two male albino rats of mean weight 120 g were used for the study. The animals were grouped into seven of six rats each - Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (diabetic group), group 3 (drug control), groups 4, 5 and 6 (the test groups administered 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the crude extract) and group 7 (500 mg/kg of the extract only). In phase two, a total of 54 animals of mean weight 120 g were placed into nine groups of six rats each. Group 1 constituted the normal control, group 2 (diabetic control), group 3 (drug control), while groups 4 - 9 received 500 mg/kg of fractions 1 - 6 respectively. Treatment lasted for 28 days, after which the animals were sacrificed under mild ether anesthesia. Blood samples were collected for serum electrolyte analysis using standard biochemical methods There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentration, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, HCO₃^- levels in groups 3 - 7 when compared with group 2 (diabetic control) in phase one. In phase two, the results showed that fractions 2, 5 and 6 significantly reduced blood glucose concentration, and Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, HCO₃^- levels when compared with group 2 (diabetic control). The findings from this study showed that crude extract and fractions of N. imperialis normalized blood glucose concentrations and serum electrolyte levels indicating its potential therapeutic benefits. Investigation is needed to exploit its relevant therapeutic effect to substantiate its ethnomedicinal usage.