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Published:
May 2, 2026DOI:
10.4314/mejs.v18i1.6Keywords:
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Main Article Content
Evaluations of characteristics of geomagnetic storm (March 23-24, 2023) utilizing several magnetospheric and ionospheric metrics
Gebregiorgis Abraha Fikade
Yikdem Mengesha Gebrehiwot
Yohannes Yirga Kefela
Abstract
This study investigates the ionospheric and geomagnetic response to Coronal Mass Ejection forcing by analyzing Total Electron Content (TEC) distributions, the relationship between the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Bz component and the solar-wind convective electric field (Ey), and the temporal evolution of key geospace parameters during disturbed periods. TEC data derived from GNSS-based Global Ionospheric Maps were used to examine spatial variations and storm-time anomalies in ionospheric electron density. Concurrent solar-wind and IMF measurements obtained from the OMNI dataset were used to compute Ey and assess its correlation with IMF-Bz through statistical and scatter-plot analyses. Time-series plots of Dst, IMF-Bz, solar-wind speed, density, and Ey were constructed to identify the coupling between solar-wind drivers and geomagnetic activity. The results demonstrate that strong southward IMF-Bz enhances Ey, which in turn intensifies geomagnetic disturbances indicated by Dst reductions. Corresponding TEC enhancements and depletions reveal significant restructuring of the ionosphere during storm main and recovery phases. This integrated approach provides improved understanding of solar-wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling and the dynamic behavior of ionospheric TEC under varying geospace conditions. The enhancements and disturbances in the solar wind field due to combined co-rotating interaction region (CIR) and CH HSS influences likely resulted in isolated periods of G1 storm levels late on 23 March and isolated G4 storm levels on 24 March. The Dst index value showed a sudden commencement with a sudden increase to 24nT and then decreased continuously to -163nT on March 24, 2023, which is the largest storm so far in solar cycle 25. The IMF-Bz developed a prolonged and significant southward component reaching a minimum of about -20 nT at 03:00 UT, which corresponds to the peak of the minimum Dst index of -163 nT. Solar wind pressure shows a jump from 1.83 nPa on March 22, 2023, to 14.79 nPa on March 23, 2023. Rapid increases in solar wind dynamic pressure compress the Earth’s magnetosphere and rapidly restructure the electrodynamics within. The enhancement of TEC towards the southern hemisphere high latitude was observed. On March 24, 2023, an enhanced spatial distribution of TEC coverage is over the globe. These all evidences might be the result of the geomagnetic storms.
