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Apr 27, 2026Keywords:
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Main Article Content
Multidimensional Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation Among Cassava and Rice Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Factor Analysis of Attitudinal, Institutional, Management, and Economic Constraints
Abstract
Smallholder agriculture across sub-Saharan Africa faces extraordinary pressures from climate change, yet the uptake of adaptation and mitigation strategies continues to be hindered by a complex array of interlocking obstacles. This research examined the factors influencing adoption and the various dimensions of constraints affecting climate-smart agricultural practices among cassava and rice farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling procedure, 160 farmers and 20 extension personnel were selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and principal factor analysis. The results revealed that the majority of farmers were male (65.0%), with mean age 51.36 years, household size 7.64 persons, farm size 1.79 hectares, and monthly income ₦88,587.50. Binary logistic regression showed that sex (B = -3.109, p < 0.01), age (B = -0.271, p < 0.01), household size (B = -0.720, p < 0.05), and monthly income (B = -4.065, p < 0.10) significantly influenced adoption of extension services. Factor analysis identified four distinct constraint dimensions explaining 53.92% of total variance: attitudinal factors (poor attitude toward innovation, lack of mobility, limited extension services), institutional factors (inadequate irrigation, inadequate information), management factors (land inadequacy, illiteracy, lack of technical experience), and economic factors (high input costs, inadequate finance/capital). Economic factors showed the highest factor loadings (0.884 and 0.604), indicating they constitute the most binding constraints. The KaiserMeyer-Olkin measure of 0.718 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.766 confirmed the validity and reliability of the factor structure. The study concludes that adoption of climate-smart practices is constrained by a complex interplay of factors, with economic barriers being most severe. Recommendations include subsidized input programs, expanded credit facilities, improved extension coverage, farmer education initiatives, and institutional strengthening to address these multidimensional constraints.
