Nigeria Agricultural Journal

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemics Lockdown on Catﬁsh Production of Urban Farming Households in Southwest Nigeria

2023-07-19T13:52:19+00:00

Covid-19 is a novel pandemic that affected all aspects of life most especially the agrarian households in charge of crop and livestock enterprises. The study was carried out to examine the impact of covid-19 lockdown on urban catﬁsh farming households in southwest Nigeria. A total of 196 respondents was drawn using a multistage sampling technique and this was achieved through administering copies of well-structured copies of questionnaires which were administered by trained enumerators during the survey. Parametric tools such as multinomial regression, endogenous switching regression, ordinary least square multiple regression and Likert scale rating were used to identify the management system used, determine the quantity of catﬁsh produced and constraints militating against catﬁsh production. Results revealed that the mean age of catﬁsh farmers, years of experience and monthly income were 47.7 years, 14.4 years and N62, 017.00 respectively. Years of farming experience and acquisition of professional training were found to increase the use of concrete ponds among urban catﬁsh farmers while seasonal revenue increased the use of earthen ponds. It was recommended that plastic and concrete ponds should be recommended for urban catﬁsh farmers for ease of control and seamless seasonal access coupled with a dense urban population.

Effects of Financial Inclusion on Ownership of Productive Assets among Cassava Processors in Oyo State, Nigeria

2023-07-19T13:57:14+00:00

This study investigated the level of productive asset ownership and the effects of ﬁnancial inclusion on the ownership of productive assets among cassava processors in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study utilized primary data from 336 cassava processors selected through a multistage sampling procedure in Oyo State. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, principal component analysis to generate the respondents' index of productive assets ownership, and an ordered logit regression model to determine the effects of ﬁnancial inclusion indicators and other socio-economic characteristics on respondents' level of asset ownership. The estimated cassava processing asset ownership index revealed that most respondents have a low level of cassava processing asset ownership. Speciﬁcally, ownership of important cassava processing assets like grinding machines, hydraulic pressers, and drums was low compared to the respondents' ownership of sieves and frying pots. The estimated coefﬁcients of the ordered logit regression model indicate that ﬁnancial inclusion indicators importantly and positively inﬂuence the likelihood of productive asset ownership. The ownership of bank accounts, bank savings, and improved credit access will signiﬁcantly increase the probability of cassava processing asset ownership. Similarly, the possibility of cassava processing asset ownership was found to also increase with the increase in age, male gender, cassava land area cultivated, household income, native residency status, and household size, among others. Thus, this study recommends that the government and other relevant stakeholders make credit facilities more available and accessible to cassava processors. The cassava value chain actors should also be encouraged to adopt formal banking services. This will enhance the level of ﬁnancial inclusion in the cassava value chain in the country while also helping to improve the respondents' investment in the necessary cassava processing assets to enhance the efﬁciency and proﬁtability of the cassava processing value chain in Nigeria.

Comparative Analysis of the Performance and Yield of Five Varieties of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Umudike Condition in Abia State

2023-07-19T14:02:10+00:00

The experiment to evaluate the performance of ﬁve cucumber varieties (CU999, CU986, Smart, Market more, and Local variety) under Umudike condition was carried out at the Western Farm of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The study was aimed at determining the highest-yielding variety suited for the Umudike agroecosystem. The study was carried out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The treatments used in this research were the cucumber varieties (CU999, CU986, smart, market more, and local variety). Cow dung which served as soil amendment material was allowed to decompose for two weeks and uniformly applied on all the plots. Data were collected on the following parameters; Number of days to emergence, vine length, number of leaves, leaf area, number of days from emergence to ﬂower initiation, number of days from emergence to 50% ﬂowering, number of days from emergence to fruit formation, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per plot and fruit yield per hectare. The result showed that CU999 variety produced the highest yield per plant (0.60kg), per plot (3.40kg), and per hectare (8.50 tons/ha) of cucumber in Umudike. It is therefore recommended that cucumber variety - CU999 be used for production under Umudike conditions.

Blood profile and Internal Organ Dynamics of Mature Nigerian Indigenous Cocks administered Exogenous Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (Menotropin)

2023-07-20T18:48:27+00:00

This study was conducted to examine the effect of the intramuscular administration of Menotropin on the blood profile and internal organ dynamics of mature Nigerian Indigenous cocks during spermatogenic stimulation. 72 mature Nigerian indigenous cocks were randomly divided into 4 groups of 18 cocks in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. Varying doses of Menotropin at 0.0mL, 0.10mL, 0.20mL, and 0.30mL, representing T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄, respectively were administered. At the start of the experiment, the red blood cell (RBC) ranged from 4.10–5.07x10⁶mm³, packed cell volume (PCV) ranged from 36.60 to 40.05%, the haemoglobin ranged from 11.30 to 12.20g/dl, White blood cell (WBC) 214.06-240.73x10³mm³, Platelet 128.00-157.00x10⁹/l, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 128.56-158.56fl, while mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) ranges from 25.39-33.00pg and 31.00-32.75g/dl, respectively. At the end of the experiment, RBC, haemoglobin, platelet, and MCV showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) across the treatment groups; while the PCV, WBC, and MCHC significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared with the control group. At the start of the experiment, total protein ranges from 3.80 to 4.60g/dl, albumin 2.25 to 3.30g/dl, urea and cholesterol ranged from 9.65 to 12.30mg/dl and 121.50 to 138.00mg/dl, respectively. At the end of the trial, the total protein, albumen, and cholesterol values were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, while the urea significantly (p<0.05) increased. The results indicated that apart from MCH, globulin, glucose, and creatinine, other haematological and serum biochemical parameters of mature Nigerian indigenous cocks may be affected by exogenous treatment with FSH and LH above 0.10ml. Increasing the Menotropin up to 0.20mL had deleterious consequences on the kidney and gallbladder. Although the values obtained fall within the normal range for chicken, the variations observed in the blood parameters suggest the need to constantly and closely monitor the blood profile of Nigerian indigenous cocks during treatment with exogenous FSH and LH to avoid deleterious consequences on the blood profile and internal organs.

Crown-Width Models for Parkia biglobosa Plantation in Wasangare, Oyo State

2023-07-20T19:07:00+00:00

Information on tree growth variables is an important factor during an inventory exercise. This information is beneﬁcial in sustaining proper forest stocking, thinning, pruning, economic evaluation of trees, making aesthetic choices, and in selecting appropriate growth measurements to monitor individual tree growth, wildlife habitat suitability, and in assessing forest health. In this study, crown-width models were developed for Parkia biglobosa plantations (seeds of this species were from Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Nigeria, and Tunisia and planted separately) in Wasangare, Oyo State, Nigeria. The diameter at breast height and Crown ratio were used as independent variables for developing the models. Four models were developed and tested in predicting the crown-width of the tree stands of this species. The 'R' programming statistical package was used to ﬁt the models. To consider the best model, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Welch two-sample test were used for evaluating the models. The summary of the assessment criteria for CW-DBH indicates that the AIC values are 250.07, 206.56, 171.43, 187.82, and 370.03 for Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Nigeria and Tunisia accessions respectively with power model function, saturation growth rate, simple linear function, and exponential model performed better.

Inﬂuence of Cassava and Turmeric Intercropping System on Phytosociology of Predominant Weeds in Calabar

2023-07-20T19:09:50+00:00

An experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at the Department of Crop Science Teaching and Research Farm, University of Calabar, to identify the predominant weeds in the farming area and assess how cassava/turmeric intercropping system affects their relative density, relative frequency and relative abundance. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. There were seven treatments, sole cassava, sole turmeric, and cassava intercropped with turmeric at 66,666, 50,000, 40,000, 35,714, and 28,571turmericc plants/ha. Data were collected on weed's phytosociological attributes every four weeks. Ageratum conyzoides L., Aspillia bussei O. Hoff, Caladium bicolor Vent., Calapogonium mucunoides Desv., Cleome rutidosperma DC., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Gloriosa superba L., Ipomoea involuncrata P., Mitracarpos villosus DC., Oldenladia. Herbacea L., Phyllantus amarus Schum., Triumfeta rhomboidea Jacq., Axonopus compressus Beav., Cynodon dactylon L., Eragrostis ciliaris L., Panicum maximum Jacq., Kyllinga bulbosa Beav. and Kyllinga erecta Schum. were the predominant weeds identiﬁed in the experimental area. A. bussei, A. conyzoides, M. villosus and E. heterophylla were relatively lower at higher turmeric density of 50,000 to 66,666 plants/ha in the intercrop mixture while Axonopus compressus, Caladium bicolor, Cynodon dactylon, Gloriosa superba, Kyllinga bulbosa, Kyllinga erecta, Calapogonium mucunoides Triumfeta rhomboidea and Panicum maximum were higher.

Larval Abundance and Level of Infestation of Fall Armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith on Maize in Edo State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T19:14:19+00:00

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) invaded many parts of Nigeria including Edo State in 2016, causing substantial damage to maize. Since its observation in the State, no quantitative information on the pest is available. This study was therefore carried out to provide some baseline information on the abundance and infestation rate of FAW on maize in Edo State. Sampling for larval abundance and infestation level on maize farms was done in the early and late maize cropping season of 2019 in Edo South, Edo Central, and Edo North agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of the state. Data was analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation. Results showed that in the early season, mean larval abundance ranged from 5.83±3.76 in Edo Central to 8.25±3.45 in Edo South and mean percentage infestation ranged from 49.17±23.96% in Edo Central to 66.67±8.76% in Edo North while in the late maize cropping season, mean larval abundance and mean percentage infestation was 1.00±1.41 and 10.00±11.55% in Edo Central and 2.50±3.39 and 16.67±20.90% in Edo South respectively. These values were not significantly different (P˃0.05) in the three AEZs but were significantly different (P˂0.001) in the early and late cropping seasons. There was a positive correlation between larval abundance and percentage infestation. FAW was present wherever maize was grown in the three AEZs of the State, and infestations were more in the early season which is the main cropping season for maize in Edo State.

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water, Fish, and Sediment of River Benue, Benue State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T19:20:00+00:00

Good Quality Rivers is a key source of drinking water and healthy aquatic organisms for human consumption. Water, ﬁsh, and sediment samples were each collected separately at four sampling stations viz: Wurukun abattoir, major storm drain, Wadata market, and 150 m upstream. Each of the samples was processed separately in the laboratory and analyzed to determine the concentrations of Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results show that highest values of Cd (4.01± 0.01 mg/L and 6.01±0.01 mg/kg), Pb (13.01±5.77 mg/L and 10.01±0.01 mg/kg), Zn (4.44±2.79 mg/L and 12.02±0.02 mg/kg), Cu (19.31±0.01 mg/L and 0.51±0.01 mg/kg) and Mn (43.78±10.08 mg/L and 19.01±0.01 mg/kg) were recorded in water and catﬁsh gills, respectively from the major drain station while the highest values of Cd (13.01±4.10 mg/kg), Pb (19.01±5.20 mg/kg), Zn (9.75±2.38 mg/kg), Cu (0.75±0.07 mg/kg) and Mn (22.02±5.02 mg/kg) were obtained in sediments from the abattoir station. The concentration of heavy metals in samples tested in this study was above the permissible limit recommended by WHO and FMEnvi except for Cu in catﬁsh gills. Consequently, Sustained ingestion and consumption of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Mn-laced water and ﬁsh collected from River Benue may be a major source of this heavy metal toxicity in humans. Therefore, an assessment of other types of heavy metals not tested in this study should be carried out in River Benue.

Haematology and Serum Biochemical Changes associated with the Consumption of Jatropha tanjorensis Leaf in Broilers

2023-07-20T19:23:34+00:00

The study aimed at determining the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal on the haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler birds. A total of 132 unsexed two weeks old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups of thirty-three broilers each, with 11 birds per replicate. The four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 3.5% dietary supplementation of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal, respectively. The groups were randomly assigned to the four experiment diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) at 3 replicates for 10 weeks in a completely randomized design. At the start of the experiment, the haemoglobin ranged from 6.82 to 7.40g/dl, packed cell volume (PCV) ranged from 24.30 to 28.56%, red blood cell (RBC) 2.46–2.63x10⁶mm³, White blood cell (WBC) 33.20-34.01x10³mm³, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 81.00-86.05fl, while mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration ranges from 24.11-23.24pg and 17.98-19.01g/dl, respectively. At the end of the experiment, haemoglobin, PCV, RBC, WBC and MCV showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) across the treatment groups, while MCH and MCHC significantly reduced (p < 0.05). At the start of the experiment, total protein ranges from 3.62 to 4.20g/dl, albumin 2.12 to 2.89g/dl, globulin 1.04 to 1.65g/dl, cholesterol and glucose ranged from 83.67 to 86.59mg/dl and 161.67 to 162.05mg/dl, respectively. At the end of the trial, total protein, albumen, and globulin values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in T3 and T4. Cholesterol and glucose was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) from T1 to T4. The study revealed that the supplementation of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal in broiler diets had no deleterious effect on these haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broilers and could be supplemented in broiler diets up to 3.5%.

Quality Assessment of Pesticide-Contaminated Area in Umudike Environment, Abia State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T19:28:52+00:00

In recent years, the use of agrochemicals like pesticides has caused great harm to environmental safety. Taking a site in a National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike that use pesticides to control weed invasion and pest attack, soil samples were collected separately from each particular depth at 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm, and 21-30 cm depth at eighteen different sampling points while plant samples were collected from Zea mays, Colocasia esculenta, Manihot esculenta, and Telfairia occidentalis, and the contents of Cu, Cr, As, Ni and Zn, were tested using atomic absorption spectrometer. Results show that values of pH and organic matter in soil decreased with an increase in soil depth. A positive relationship exists between soil pH and Cu (r= 0.250), soil pH and Cr (r= 0.262), soil pH and As (0.143). A very strong positive relationship exists between soil pH and Zn in plants (r= 0.616, p<0.01), organic matter in soil and Zn in plants (r= 0.893, p<0.01) while a very strong relationship exists between electrical conductivity in soil and Cu in plants (r= 0.769, p<0.01), electrical conductivity and Cr in plants (r= 0.784, p<0.01). The mean concentration of Cu, Cr, As, Ni, and Zn in soil and plants were 3.97 and 1.82 mg/kg, 1.01 and 0.98 mg/kg, 1.68 and 0.91 mg/kg, 0.89 and 0.42 mg/kg, and 9.66 and 6.17 mg/kg, respectively. The values of As in Colocasia esculenta (0.91 mg/kg) exceeds the permissible limit of FAO/WHO. The use of such arsenic-contaminated cocoyam leaves for wrapping food items could be a route of entry of As in the human system. It is therefore recommended that Research Institute should be using bio-pesticide such as Azadirachta indica oil (Azadirachtin) and fungi of the Metarhizium acridum family that have been approved by FAO/WHO for control of weed and insect pests.

Assessment of the Proximate, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antinutrient Content of Fufu Flour made from Cassava and Cabbage

2023-07-20T19:39:03+00:00

Cassava was traditionally processed into Fufu mash, dried, and processed into Fufu ﬂour. Cabbage was also processed into ﬂour. An experimental design having 7 blends were developed, sample A having 100% cassava fufu was used as control, sample B (5% cabbage ﬂour / 95% cassava ﬂour), sample C (10% cabbage ﬂour/ 90% cassava ﬂour), Sample D (15% cabbage ﬂour/ 85% cassava ﬂour), sample E (20% cabbage ﬂour / 80% cassava ﬂour), sample F (25% cabbage ﬂour / 75% cassava ﬂour), sample G (30% cabbage ﬂour / 70% cassava ﬂour), sample H (50% cabbage ﬂour / 50% cassava ﬂour). Proximate analysis was carried out both on the control and on various blends. Minerals and vitamin assays were evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out using the 'R' statistical package. Results obtained show that the proximate compositions were signiﬁcantly higher (p<0.05) in fufu with higher cabbage ﬂour than the control with the exception of carbohydrate content and energy value, which was higher in the control (100% cassava fufu). Results of vitamin composition show that B-carotene, Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, C, E, and K based on the blends increased from 1.91 ug/g, 6.33 IU, 0.06 mg/100g, 0.04 mg/100g, 0.77 mg/100g, 7.37 mg/100g, 0.40 mg/100g, 1.63 mg/100g to 7.70 ug/g, 25.65 IU, 0.08 mg/100g, 0.06 mg/100g, 0.94 mg/100g, 11.69 mg/100g, 0.53 mg/100g, 20.33 mg/100g. The phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium increased from 14.25 mg/100g, 49.54 mg/100g, 30.49 mg/100g, 71.48 mg/100g, and 12.70 mg/100g at 5% cabbage inclusion, to 37.90 mg/100g, 201.26 mg/100g, 54.01 mg/100g, 258.18 mg/100g and 41.78 mg/100g at 50% inclusion. These values were signiﬁcantly higher (p < 0.05) than those obtained for the control (sample A) at 11.00 mg/100g, 32.16 mg/100g, 22.70 mg/100g, 18.63 mg/100g, and 12.96 mg/100g, respectively. Manganese was not detected in the control and at 5%, 10%, and 15% inclusion but was detected at 20%, 25%, 30%, and 50%. Iron was highest at 10% cabbage inclusion and lowest at 50% inclusion. 14.30 mg/100g of iron was obtained from the control (100% cassava) which was not signiﬁcantly different from the value (14.06 mg/100g) obtained from sample D. Results from the anti-nutrient evaluation shows that cyanide, tannin, phytate, and oxalate increased with increase in cabbage inclusion. The values obtained are within safe limits making all the fufu samples safe for consumption.

Effect of Some Growing Media on Fresh and Dry Matter Accumulation of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale. L) Seedlings Raised in the Nursery

2023-07-20T19:44:02+00:00

The nursery experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of growing media on fresh and dry matter accumulation of cashew seedlings. The experiment consisted of two cashew nut types and ﬁve growing media, laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The ten treatments replicated three times were: (Ts/J)= Topsoil and jumbo nut as control; (Sd/J)= Sawdust and jumbo nut; (Sd3:Ts1/J)= 3 sawdust:1 topsoil and jumbo nut; (Sd1:Ts1/J)= 1 sawdust:1 topsoil and jumbo nut; (Sd1:Ts3/J)= 1 sawdust:3 topsoil and jumbo nut; (Ts/M) = Topsoil and medium nut as control; (Sd/M)= Sawdust and medium nut; (Sd3:Ts1/M) = 3 sawdust:1 topsoil and medium nut; (Sd1:Ts1/M) = 1 sawdust:1 topsoil and medium nut; (Sd1:Ts3/M) = 1 sawdust:3 topsoil and medium nut. At three months after sowing, the treatments were subjected to destructive sampling, weighed to obtain fresh weight, then oven-dried between 65-80°C for 48 hours, and weighed with a sensitive scale to obtain total, shoot, and root dry weight. Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Least Signiﬁcant Difference (LSD) at a 0.05% probability level. The result showed that control treatments Ts/J and Ts/M had the least total fresh seedling weight of 26.10g and 39.0g and total dry seedling weight of 6.90g and 9.60g, respectively when compared with other treatments. Sawdust sole or as mix with topsoil as a growing media can give an improved result of both fresh and dry matter accumulation for both jumbo and medium cashew seedlings than topsoil only.

Analysis of Proﬁtability and Socioeconomic Factors in Marketing of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T19:46:47+00:00

African star apple is a complex crop due to its special characteristics such as perishability, seasonality, and bulkiness that require special handling. Spoilage, damages, and losses during transportation are great for the fruit due to its juicy nature. Despite these unique attributes of the African star apple, many marketers are involved in its trading. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the proﬁtability and socioeconomic factors in the marketing of African star apple in Maiduguri metropolis. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select seventy (70) African star apple marketers comprising, twenty (20) wholesalers and ﬁfty (50) retailers to form the sample size for the study. The speciﬁc objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of African star apple marketers, determine the proﬁtability of African star apple and examine the factors inﬂuencing the marketing of African star apple in the study area. Both descriptive statistics, gross margin and ordinary least square regression were used for data analysis. Findings on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents revealed that all the wholesalers (100%) were male and the majority of the retailers (96%) were also found to be male. Most of the respondents in the study area were young people who are in their youthful ages and agile for effective marketing activities. The result further revealed that all the wholesalers (100%) were married while for retailers, 92% were also married and only 8% are single. Gross margin analysis showed that marketing of African star apple was proﬁtable for both wholesalers and retailers with a margin of ₦500/basket and ₦2,180/basket respectively. The study further revealed that marital status, marketing experience, educational level and distance to market positively inﬂuence the marketing of African star apple while age was found to have a negative inﬂuence. It was recommended among others that marketers should form savings and loan groups among themselves for easy access to ﬁnance.

Effect of Ginger (Zingiber ofﬁcinale) Rhizome Powder on Libido, Relative Organ Weight, Semen Quality and Histological changes in the Testes of Rabbit Bucks

2023-07-20T19:50:37+00:00

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ginger on libido, relative organ weight, semen quality, and histological changes in the testes of rabbit bucks. Twenty – seven New Zealand White breeder rabbit bucks were assigned to 3 treatments (T_{1 –}T₃) of 3 replicates with 3 bucks per replicate in a CRD. Forage-based diet was supplemented with a formulated concentrate containing 17% CP and 2600Kcal/kg Metabolizable energy. 0, 10, and 20g ginger powder was added to 1kg of the concentrate and fed to T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively daily. The concentrate was administered in the morning while forages were given in the afternoon through the night. Water was given ad libitum. Libido was measured while semen was collected and evaluated. The viscerals and testes were harvested and evaluated. The results showed significant (P<0.05) effect of treatment on all the semen quality parameters measured except semen pH, and normal spermatozoa. Semen volume was higher in T₃(1.55) and T₂(1.00) than T₁ (0.67). Semen consistency was highest in T₃(4.00) followed by T₂(3.00) and least in T₁ (2.00).T₂ and T₃were statistically the same in sperm motility (83.33) and (83.00) and in percentage live spermatozoa proportion (86.90) and (88.70) and were higher than T₁ (76.70) and (79.46) respectively. Sperm concentration, total sperm /ejaculate, and total viable sperm increased with dosage and were better in T3 (131.55), (303.90) and (1593.30) respectively than T₂ and T₁. Spermatozoa morphology was not affected by the treatment (P > 0.05). Organ weights were not affected (P>0.05) except for the liver and testes which were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T₃than T₂ and T_1. Libido score significantly (P<0.05) increased with dosage. Reaction time was significantly (P<0.05) lower and better in T₃ than T₂and T_1,Testicular histology showed no structural morphologic abnormalities in the treated groups compared to the control. T₂ and T₃ had more accumulations of normal spermatids in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Mature spermatids significantly (P< 0.05) increased with dosage, 138/tubule in T₁, 148 and 152 spermatids per tubule in T₂ and T₃ respectively. It was concluded that supplementing the diet of breeder rabbit bucks with ginger powder at 10g/kg and 20g/kg levels will improve libido and semen quality without adverse effects on the viscerals and testes.

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Tomatoes and Scotch Bonnet Losses among Farmers and Marketers in Southwest Nigeria

2023-07-20T19:58:00+00:00

The COVID-19 lockdown increased agricultural losses for farmers and marketers in Nigeria. This study assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on post-harvest losses of tomatoes and scotch bonnet along post-harvest value chain. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 60 farmers and marketers all selected from Oyo, Osun, and Ekiti States using interviewer-administered questionnaires targeted towards post-harvest experiences. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The median price of baskets of tomatoes and bags of scotch bonnet before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown were compared using Related samples Friedman's Two-Way Analysis of Variance by ranks. The median number of baskets of tomatoes harvested and quantity harvested during COVID-19 lockdown was compared using Related samples Wilcoxon sign rank test, the same was done for scotch bonnet. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically signiﬁcant. The mean age of the 60 respondents was 48.7 ± 13.6 years, and 27.6% were aged 40-49 years. Before the COVID-19 lockdown, the median price of a basket of tomatoes was ₦6,000 during the lockdown and ₦8,000 after the lockdown. (p=<0.001) The price of a bag of scotch bonnet was ₦7,000 before the lock down, ₦8,500 during, and ₦8,000 after the lockdown. (p=0.027). To minimize farm losses, farmers should harvest tomatoes and scotch bonnet once ripe, not overripe. Tomatoes and scotch bonnets should be stored in a cool, dry place that is well-ventilated. The storage area should be free from pests and rodents that can cause damage to the farm produce.

Effects of Price Speculation on Consumers' Purchase Behaviour of Agricultural Products in Ehime Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:03:59+00:00

Despite studies on price vis-à-vis the purchase of agricultural products, none seems to have addressed the effects of price speculation on consumers’ purchase behaviour of agricultural products in Ehime Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State. To address the problem, the study determined the trend of agricultural commodities prices from 2015-2020; analysed the factors influencing price speculation in relation to purchasing behaviour of agricultural products consumers; analysed the effect of price speculation on the purchase behaviour of agricultural products consumers; and analysed the constraints to increasing the stability of prices of agricultural products. A multistage sampling procedure involving three stages was employed to select respondents for the study. Data were collected with the use of a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using both inferential and descriptive statistics (frequency, bar chart, line graphs, factor analysis, and multinomial regression analysis. Results showed that there has been a steady increase in the prices of agricultural products since 2015 with their peak prices in 2020 at N24, 523.3, and N 9, 883.0 for milled rice and palm oil respectively. The result further showed that consumer perception, demand and supply, cost of production, government policies, exchange rate, hoarding of the commodity, and taxation were the factors influencing price speculation on the purchase behaviour of agricultural product consumers. With the R² of 0.894, F^-cal of 22.997, and F^-tab of 2.02, the result gave strong proof that price speculation has a significant effect on the purchase behaviour of agricultural product consumers in Ehime Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State. The result identified the activities of the middlemen, demand and supply, producer’s goodwill, grading, and standardization, inadequate product sales outlet, and taste and preference as constraints to agricultural product’s price stability. Based on the findings, the study recommended for establishment of price regulatory authority for agricultural commodities so as to create a clear price structure for products; increased awareness of the activities of the middlemen.

Proﬁtability of Cashew Nut Processing and Marketing in Enugu State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:11:11+00:00

The study assessed the proﬁtability of cashew nut processing and marketing in Enugu State, Nigeria. Speciﬁcally, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the cashew nut processors, examined the channels in which cashew nut is marketed, estimated the cost and returns of cashew nut processing and marketing, and assessed the factors affecting the proﬁtability of cashew marketing. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 126 respondents out of which 95 questionnaires were returned and used for the study. Primary data used were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and means; gross margin analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that the major marketing channel of cashew nut marketing was the use of sale agents (70.5%) and retailers to consumers (65.3%). The cost and return analysis of cashew nut processing and marketing revealed the net return to investment as 0.20, 0.37, 0.34 and 0.29 for processors to wholesalers, wholesalers to retailers, retailers to consumers, and use of sale agents respectively, indicating that out of every Naira (N) spent on cashew processing and marketing, 20, 37, 34 and 29 Kobo accrued as the net proﬁt respectively, thus indicating that cashew processing and marketing is proﬁtable in the study area. The study showed that age, years of experience, amount processed and amount sold were signiﬁcant factors affecting the proﬁtability of cashew nut processing and marketing all at a 5% probability level. The study recommended that Government should invest in cashew nut production through the establishment of more cashew tree plantations and planting of improved cashew seedlings; and enlighten cashew processors on the more proﬁtable marketing channels.

Assessment of Returns to Forest Charcoal Production and Trade in Oyo State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:15:21+00:00

This study assessed the returns of charcoal production and trade in Oyo North zone of Oyo State, Nigeria, a major charcoal-producing area in the State, in order to recommend possible interventions for charcoal production that promotes forest conservation. Four Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposefully selected based on the concentration of charcoal activities. In each LGA, two communities were chosen at random. Then, ﬁve charcoal producers and ﬁve marketers were randomly selected from each community, making a total of eighty charcoal producers and marketers. Six forest ofﬁcials were also randomly selected. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple proﬁt calculation. According to the ﬁndings, 82.5% and 42.5% of charcoal producers were male and had no formal education, respectively, while 57.5% and 77.5% of charcoal marketers were male and had formal education respectively. Ninety percent of charcoal producers used the traditional earth mound method. The annual cost of producing charcoal is estimated to be ₦241,595.13k (US$ 661.90), with a revenue of ₦723,495.00k (US$ 1,982.18), and a proﬁt of ₦481,899.87k (US$ 1,320.27). In terms of charcoal marketing, estimated annual expenditure is ₦19,429,344.00k (US$ 53,231.08), revenue generated is ₦24,962,580.00k (US$ 68,390.63), and proﬁt is ₦5,533,236.00k (US$ 15,159.55). According to forest ofﬁcials, a licence fee of ₦16,612.90k (US$ 45.51) is paid per year per charcoal producer, and a haulage tariff fee ranging from ₦500 to ₦1500 (US$ 1.37 to 4.11) is collected from charcoal transporters. Returns on charcoal production that go to forestry management are so low, and the same is true for charcoal producers compared to marketers. There is a need to improve charcoal producers' earnings and to reconsider forest fees associated with charcoal production. Technology that produces more charcoal while using less wood should be encouraged, and charcoal producers should contribute to forestry development by participating in reforestation programs.

Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability and Risk Coping Strategies among Arable Crop Farming Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:18:18+00:00

Nigerian farming households have continued to face threats from climate change, especially those undertaking farming under uncontrollable climate conditions. Our study examines climate change vulnerability and risk- coping strategies among arable crop farming households using primary data on socioeconomic characteristics, climate knowledge, and experience. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis and ordered logistic regression were employed to achieve the study objective. This study indicates that over two-thirds of farming, households are susceptible to climate change. Furthermore, household income, farm size, marriage status, and age of the household head are among the socioeconomic factors that inﬂuence household vulnerability to climate change. We also found that farming households adopt strategies such as crop diversiﬁcation, use of agrochemicals, shifting cultivation and changed planting date as risk-coping strategies. To reduce the vulnerability of arable crop farming households to the adverse effects of climate change, agriculture stakeholders should enhance their non-agriculture enterprises by building capacity and empowering them to enhance their non-agriculture enterprises.

Level of Awareness of Silkworm Rearing among Farmers in Ido Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:22:20+00:00

Silkworm is a proﬁtable agro-based practice which many developed Countries have used to improve the livelihood of their people and increase their foreign exchange earnings. This study aimed at ascertaining the level of awareness of silkworm rearing among the farmers in Ido Local Government of Oyo State Nigeria, with the view to improve the livelihood of the farmers and inhabitants of Ido nation building. The study investigated the level of awareness of silkworm rearing by Ido farmers, assessed the level of interest in silkworm rearing by the farmers, and assessed the sources of information on silkworm rearing by the Farmers. Two-stage sampling technique was used to select 88 farmers from ﬁve farmers' associations that existed in the local government. Structured questionnaires were administered to acquire demographic information as well as information relating to their level of awareness of the practice. The data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis. The result of the study showed that 70.1% and 29.9% of the respondents are male and female respectively, with 89.7% of them married while 2.3% are single. About 17.2% have tertiary education, 44.8% have secondary education and 18.4% have only primary education. Only 1.1% are aware of exotic silkworm rearing through friends and relatives, 12.6% are aware of indigenous silkworm rearing, the information of which was passed down from old generation to new ones. The study also revealed that there is no silkworm rearing activity in the LGA as the farmers do not have silkworm farm, no factory for post-harvest processing/no market for silkworm cocoon, and because there was no knowledge of silkworm rearing, the farmers showed no interest in Silkworm rearing. The study concluded that despite the acceptability and proﬁtability of silkworm rearing, it has not been accepted nor practiced by the people of Ido LGA. It therefore becomes imperative for government, non-governmental organization and other stakeholders to put up an awareness programme to sensitize farmers in the area of this practice as well as provide funds and enabling environment for the establishment and strive of this proﬁtable venture.

Ethno-Botanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used in Traditional Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:28:12+00:00

The documentation of the medicinal uses of plants is becoming increasingly urgent because of the rapid loss of some plants' natural habitat due to anthropogenic activities. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is also at risk of extinction due to the dependency on oral transmission, and as such, there is an urgent need to document such knowledge. The study aimed to document medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of erectile dysfunction in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria, and was conducted from April to December 2019. A total of 160 respondents comprised of an equal number of Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) or herbalists and hunters were selected from the study area. Medicinal information was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The interview was conducted one-on-one using the local language (Yoruba). Data were analyzed with percentages, frequency of citation (FC) and relative frequency of citation (RFC). A total number of 25 plant species belonging to 20 families were reported to be used to treat erectile dysfunction in the study area. Fabaceae subfamily of Caesalpinioidea and Mimisoideae contributed the highest number of plant species. Of the plant identiﬁed during the survey, Epimedium grandiﬂorum had the highest frequency and relative frequency of citation (FC= 150, RFC = 0.94). Roots had the highest percentage of plant parts used. The major method of preparation of the recipes was by grinding while the route of administration of recipes was oral. Most medicinal plants are rare and collected from the wild (forest) while only a few are cultivated. The study showed that local people still have good knowledge of traditional treatment of erectile dysfunction. There is a need for domestication, adequate protection and conservation of these useful medicinal plants to prevent their extinction. Also, studies on the phytochemicals and pharmacological constituents of these medicinal plants conﬁrmed their bioactive ingredients relevant to the treatment of erectile dysfunction to be utilized for synthetic drugs.

Comparative Studies of Two Botanical Oils and a Synthetic Insecticide on Bamboo Powder Post Beetle Dinoderus minutus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

2023-07-20T20:30:13+00:00

Dinoderus minutus is a serious storage pest of bamboo in the tropics. The toxicity of Jatropha oil, Neem oil and a mixture of Neem-Jatropha oil was evaluated in comparison to a standard synthetic insecticide, Cypermethrin against D. minutus on dried bamboo blocks in storage. The results showed signiﬁcantly higher mortality of D. minutus on bamboo blocks treated with Neem seed oil (88.00±8.00), Jatropha oil (78.67±3.52) and the mixture of the two (76.00±4.00) compared to Cypermethrin (44.00±2.31) and control (1.33±1.33) at 24 hours post- exposure. The feeding holes of D. minutus on the bamboo blocks in the control treatment were signiﬁcantly higher compared to what was obtained in the bamboo blocks treated with Jatropha oil, Neem oil, Neem-Jatropha oils mixture and cypermethrin. There was a signiﬁcantly higher weight loss of bamboo blocks in the control treatment at 21 days after exposure compared to the oil and Cypermethrin-treated bamboo blocks. Furthermore, the fumigant toxicity showed time-dependent mortality as low mortality was recorded at 1-7 days post-exposure. All treatments with the exception of the control treatment showed a fumigant effect at 21 days of exposure time. Invariably, these botanical oils performed favourably well to the standard synthetic insecticide, and could therefore be considered as an alternative to Cypermethrin in the control of D. minutus on bamboo.

Fertility Indicators and Selected Micronutrient Contents of Floodplain Soils Under three Land Use Types in Ohaji-Egbema, Southeastern Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:38:43+00:00

This study was conducted in Ohaji-Egbema, Southeastern Nigeria where we investigated the fertility status and micronutrient contents of the soils. Five (5) representative soil samples were collected from (three) 3 different Land use types namely fallow Land, cassava farms and oil palm plantations at a depth of 0-30cm. Samples for bulky density were collected using core samplers. The samples were air-dried, meshed and sieved using a 2mm sieve and were subjected to standard routine laboratory analysis. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using the least signiﬁcant difference at (p = 0.05) probability level. The mean sand fraction ranged from 886 on cassava farm to 952 gkg ¹ in fallow land. The mean silt and clay content ranged from 16 in fallow land to 42 gkg-¹ in cassava farms, 32 gkg-¹ (fallow and oil palm) to 52gkg-¹ (cassava) respectively. The bulk density of the soils ranged from 1.04 to 1.12gcm-³, the mean bulk density value of the soils did not differ signiﬁcantly (p=0.05). Chemical properties analyzed showed that the mean pH range from 5.84 in fallow Land to 6.49 in cassava land. From the result, the pH values of the land use types did not differ signiﬁcantly (p = 0.05). Organic carbon and organic matter ranged 0.97-1.19 and 1.67- 2.05 g/kg. Nutrient index and fertility rating results indicated that the location of study was generally low in their fertility status. The mean concentration of micronutrients in the study location results showed that Fe ranged from 0.8526mg/kg in fallow land, 2.3054mg/kg in cassava farms and 2.0992mg/kg in oil palm plantation land. However, Fe was signiﬁcantly different among the three land use types, iron was below the critical limit (4.0) for the three land use types. Zn ranged thus; 0.0638 (fallow), 0.0525 mg/kg (Cassava and oil palm); Cu distribution in the land use types were; 0.0918 (fallow), 0.0548 (Cassava) and 0.0638 mg/kg (oil palm). Zn and Cu were also below their respective critical limits of 0.6 and 0.2 in the study area. The low level of these micronutrient content s may be due to the high sand content of the studied soil which inhibited their availability in the ﬂoodplains of Ohaji-Egbema.

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Breakfast Meals Produced from Germinated Rice (Oryza sativa) and Pigeon Pea Flour Blends (Cajanus cajan)

2023-07-20T20:43:03+00:00

This study evaluated the chemical and sensory properties of breakfast meals produced from germinated Rice (Oryza sativa) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Two sample blends were formed with the blends at the ratio of 50%: 50% and 60%:40% germinated rice and germinated pigeon pea flour respectively. The control samples were 100% un-germinated rice flour and 100% germinated rice. The functional and pasting properties of the flours were determined. After this the breakfast meals were produced and their chemical and sensory properties were evaluated. The bulk density of the flours ranged from 0.75 g/ml to 0.88 g/ml, water absorption capacity from 1.83 to 2.73 g/g, and solubility index from 1.31 to 2.41 g/ml. The Peak viscosity of the flours ranged from 254.00 to 513.92 RVU, final viscosity; 302.33 to 533.08 RVU, peak time; 4.13 to 4.80 mins and pasting temperature; 77.7 to 80.6 ^OC. The crude protein, crude fibre and ash content of the breakfast meals ranged from 6.97 to 20.09%, 0.85 to 1.78% and 2.49 to 3.38 % respectively while anti-nutrients such as trypsin inhibitor, tannin and phytate ranged from 1.17 to 7.34 TIU/g, 0.41 to 2.14 mg/100g and 2.13 to 8.50 mg/100g respectively. The mineral composition of the samples ranged from 24.02 to 53.65 mg/100g for calcium, 1.15 to 1.95 mg/100g for iron and 10.33 to 29.62 mg/100g for Sodium. Breakfast meals produced with 100% germinated rice flour had the best organoleptic properties. Production of breakfast meals from blends of germinated rice and pigeon pea flours improved the nutrient compositions however, the organoleptic properties can further be improved for commercialization.

Implication of Processing and Handling Methods to the Microbial Quality of Stored Fried Atlantic Cod

2023-07-20T20:47:19+00:00

The microbiological keeping quality of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fried and stored under ambient conditions was investigated. Raw Atlantic cods were subjected to two treatments in the laboratory of wheat flour-coated fried fish (LFS) and the other fried without wheat flour (LS) against the conventional flour-fried fish in the open market samples (MS). Microbial analyses were conducted on the three different fried fish samples at the initial stage and subsequently on a weekly basis. The result of the microbial analysis over the 4-week storage period revealed an increase in the total fungal count, bacterial count, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus, an enteric gram-negative bacterium. Escherichia coli was not isolated in any of the fried fish samples. The flour-fried fish samples obtained from the open market (MS) had no count in week 0, it recorded the highest total heterotrophic bacterial counts at 20.0×10⁶cfu/g in week 2; 22.2×10⁶ cfu/g in week 3 and 24.0×10⁶cfu/g in week 4 respectively. Meanwhile, the fish samples which were fried without flour (LS) in the laboratory had the lowest count of total heterotrophic bacteria in week 2, week 3 and week 4 at 5.0 ×10⁶cfu/g, 8.2×10⁶ cfu/g and 12.5×10⁶cfu/g respectively. Hence, based on the result of the microbial analyses of the fried Atlantic cod with or without flour, it is recommended that the fried fish under ambient conditions should be consumed within two weeks (14 days) of purchase or other preservation methods such as refrigeration or re-drying be applied.

Proﬁtability Analysis of Crayﬁsh Marketing in South-South, Nigeria

2023-07-20T20:52:20+00:00

This study analyzed the proﬁtability of crayﬁsh marketing in the South-South states of Nigeria. The speciﬁc objectives of the study include to: estimate the proﬁtability of crayﬁsh marketing; examine the factors inﬂuencing gross margin in crayﬁsh marketing; and describing the constraints to crayﬁsh marketing in the study area. A well- structured questionnaire was used to collect data from (120) respondents through multi-stage sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using gross margin formulae, an ordinary least square model and a four-point likert type rating scale. The result showed that the total gross margin realized by crayﬁsh marketers was N2,748,650 in the study area. The major factors inﬂuencing the gross margin of crayﬁsh marketers were age, marketing experience, market levy, labour cost and shop rent. The marketers adjudged unstable prices, high cost of crayﬁsh, too many middlemen, scarcity of ﬁsh, transportation and inadequate storage facilities as major constraints to crayﬁsh marketing in the study area. Young people should be encouraged to go into crayﬁsh marketing as this will reduce unemployment in the country while the involvement of too many middlemen in the crayﬁsh marketing chain should be discouraged so as to increase the proﬁtability of crayﬁsh marketers in the study area.

Properties of African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Oil Extracted Using Petroleum Ether and N-Hexane in Two Extraction Times

2023-07-20T20:54:22+00:00

There is high demand for plant oil because of the unsaturation of its fatty acid. African breadfruit is also a seasonal crop which is underutilized when in excess. Again, the properties of oil are affected by the solvent used for the extraction. The above problems necessitated this study to evaluate the effects of petroleum ether and n-hexane on the oil yield and other properties of African breadfruit oil. Two extracting times (4h and 6h) were used to determine their effects on the oil. The properties analyzed were the physicochemical and mineral composition of the oil. Soxhlet extraction technique was used in extracting the oil. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD). The speciﬁc gravity of the oil ranged from 0.836 to 0.901, peroxide value from 4.165 to 5.990 mg/g and the oil yield from 16.61 to 19.31 % with oil extracted using hexane for 6h having the highest (p<0.05) oil yield (19.31 %). The oil (hexane-6h) also had the highest (p<0.05) value for speciﬁc gravity, saponiﬁcation value, acid value, Calcium, and vitamin A content. The Magnesium content ranged from 19.70 mg/100g to 30.75 mg/100g. Oil extracted for 6 hours using petroleum ether had the highest (p<0.05) peroxide value (5.99 mg/g), Magnesium (30.75 mg/100g) and Calcium composition (13.70 mg/100g). There was a signiﬁcant difference (p<0.05) in the extracting time of the oils except for the saponiﬁcation value of oil extracted using hexane and vitamin A content of oil extracted using petroleum ether. Oil extracted using n-Hexane for six hours was recommended although it will require reﬁning.

Assessment of Gender Roles in Cocoa Production Activities in Abia State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T21:00:21+00:00

This study assessed gender roles in cocoa production activities in Abia State and specifically described the demographic characteristics of the respondents; determined gender roles in cocoa production activities and evaluated factors influencing gender roles in cocoa production activities in the study area. The multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 160 respondents (96 men and 64 women) for the study. An interview schedule was employed in data collection while percentages, mean and z-test were used for analyses. From the result, average age for men was 54years and 53years for women. All the men (100%) and 87.5% women had some level of formal education and more males (62.5%) than females (59.3%) were primarily farmers. Further results revealed that men participated more in the transportation of cocoa beans from farm to the house (x̄_m =3.3, x̄_f =3.5), sourcing for the fund for farm operations (x̄_m =3.0, x̄_f =3.3), hiring labourers and payment of wages (x̄_m =3.8, x̄_f =3.6) among others while women participated more in fermentation and checking of cocoa beans (x̄_m =3.5, x̄_f =3.6), sun-drying and removal of bad cocoa beans (x̄_m =3.8, x̄_f =3.9). Men and women agreed that unwillingness to invest in cocoa production risk (x̄_m =3.2, x̄_f =3.8), poor access to information (x̄_m =3.7, x̄_f =2.9), time constraints due to domestic and other off-farm work (x̄_m =3.6, x̄_f =3.5) highly influenced women’s participation. The result showed there was no significant difference in the roles played by men and women farmers in cocoa production activities in the study area at 5% alpha level. The study therefore recommends that training and policies should be designed in a way that everybody is carried along.

Antimicrobial Activities of Indigenous Botanicals in the Control of Bacterial Soft Rot of Sweet Potato in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T21:04:12+00:00

The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of selected botanicals in the control of bacterial soft rot disease of sweet potato in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria were studied. Diseased sweet potato roots sourced from markets in Umuahia were taken to the laboratory to isolate and identify the causal organisms. Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitterleaf) and Bidens pilosa (Black jack) leaves and Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) seeds were tested in vitro against the bacterial isolates by Disk Diffusion Method in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The pathogenicity test revealed Erwinia spp (46.51%) and Bacillus (26.45%) to be pathogenic. Inhibition patterns differed with the plant extract, extraction solvent, and the organism tested. Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extracts were the most active, against Erwinia spp (16.67mm), while B. pilosa ethanolic extracts highly inhibited Bacillus spp.(15.67mm). However, both were signiﬁcantly different (P≤ 0.05) from aqueous Syzygium aromaticum extracts as it recorded the lowest inhibition of 8.67mm for Bacillus spp. and 9.67mm for Erwinia spp. All the botanicals were compared favourably with the standard antibiotic which had 21.67mm and 22.67mm against Erwinia and Bacillus pathogens respectively. Bitter leaf and Black Jack ethanol has shown signiﬁcant potential in the pharmacognosy for the control of the isolated bacteria pathogens of sweet potato and is recommended for their control.

Social Capital Dimension and Demand for Microcredit among Rural Farm Households in Kwara State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T21:07:53+00:00

This study assessed the inﬂuence of social capital dimension and demand for credit among rural farm households in Kwara State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 94 microcredit beneﬁciary rural farm households in the study area. Data were obtained on socio-economic characteristics, social capital variables, and microcredit use with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Respondents' social capital was assessed by the construction of a set of indices which includes; participation in decision making, heterogeneity of membership, cash contribution, labour contribution and density of membership indices. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit. The average age of the respondent was 42.7years, household size of about 7persons. 80% of the respondents were male. Multinomial logit regression revealed that the likelihood of sourcing credit from banks, cooperatives and friends and family or money lenders is signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) higher among the married; and rises signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) with an increase in heterogeneity and decision making participation indexes. Also, the likelihood of sourcing credit from government agencies increased (p<0.01) with household size. The study thus, concluded that microcredit and social capital had a signiﬁcant impact on rural household's poverty eradication. The study recommended that households should be encouraged to participate more in social groups and therefore the households should be sensitized to the need to adopt birth control policy.

Labour Input Productivity among Cassava Farmers in Osun State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T21:11:54+00:00

This study was carried out to estimate labour input and productivity among cassava farmers in the Irewole Local Government Area of Osun State. A Multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of the respondents and a well-structured questionnaire was used to gather information on labour input and productivity. A total of 80 questionnaires were administered but only 75 could be retrieved and subjected to analysis. The analytical techniques include descriptive and probit regression analyses. The results show that the average age is about 51 years. Probit analysis showed that factors inﬂuencing farmers' level of labour input productivity were age, marital status, household size, years of formal education, farm income and farmers' group/association which are signiﬁcant at p<0.05. It is therefore recommended that government should intensify efforts to assist the cassava farmers by introducing low-interest loan programme in order for the cassava farmers to access credit to improve labour productivity in cassava production. Also, there should be a policy formulation on the creation and regulation of commodity-based cooperatives across the nation.

Socio-Economic Characteristics, Artisanal Methods and Constraints among Fishers in Lower River Niger, Kogi State Nigeria

2023-07-20T21:14:36+00:00

Artisanal ﬁshery and its potential are threatened in Nigeria due to some methods used in ﬁshing and unavailable inputs. The study investigated socio-economic characteristics, artisanal methods and constraints among ﬁshers in the lower river Niger, Kogi State Nigeria. All four Local Governments along lower River Niger were selected and thirty percent (30%) of artisanal ﬁshers were randomly selected from each community in each of the four Local Governments to make up one hundred and ninety-four (194) respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and scheduled interviews administered to the artisanal ﬁshers. Data were analyzed with descriptive (frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential analyses which include Chi square. The results showed that 89.2% were male, 56.2% are married, 41.2%, have a household size of 1- 4 and 54.1% of ﬁshers earned a daily income of #5,000 - #10,000. Catﬁsh spp (43.1%) was the dominant ﬁsh species caught; ﬁshing is mostly done in the evening by 54.1% of the ﬁshers, 69.1% of the ﬁshers used planked canoes while only 28.9% used outboard engine, 54.1% used cast net, 41.8% used subsidized ﬁshing craft. Constraints of ﬁshers ranked by mean weighted score revealed that lack of sufﬁcient capital x = 3.70 and decrease in catch x = 3.68 were the major constraints encountered by the artisanal ﬁshers. The study recommended that ﬁshers should form cooperative association through which their resources can be pulled together and made available to members in the form of loans and for the procurement of ﬁshing inputs that can be hired out at low rate to solve the problem of inadequate capital.

Effect of Transaction Costs on Market Integration of Cowpea between Gombe and Abia, Imo and Enugu State, Nigeria

2023-07-20T21:18:02+00:00

In recent times studies on market integration have been able to prove the performance of the marketing system; indicating its efﬁciency or its inefﬁciency. But in most cases, the role transaction cost plays in the integration of the market is always ignored, focusing on the degree of integration only. In order to bring to mind the effect of transaction cost on the level of integration of the market, the study analyzed the effect of transaction cost on market integration. It made use of secondary data on cowpea monthly prices obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2016-2018). It aimed at looking at the effect of transaction cost on market integration in the study area. It used the Threshold Autoregressive error correction model (TAR) to realize the objective. It ascertained that transaction cost has an effect on market integration. This effect was proven by the market asymmetry of prices between the source and destination market prices of cowpea; with the threshold value of 0.983, 0.861 and 1.087 respective for Abia, Imo and Enugu States. There was evidence of nonlinearity in the error correction and long-run asymmetry (asymmetry in the speed of adjustment) and well distribution of observation in the `IN` regime (30.8, 42.3 and 38.5 percent) respectively and the OUT regime (69.2, 57.7 and 61.5 percent) respectively for Abia, Imo and Enugu State. Therefore, the transaction cost is responsible for the price asymmetry. The study, therefore, recommends that policies that improve infrastructural development, communication hub and facilities should be encouraged to reduce the effect of transaction costs on market integration.

Physicochemical Properties of Wheat-Cocoyam Composite Flour Enriched with Palm Weevils (Rhynchophorous phoenicis) and Sensory Qualities of Cakes Produced from the Composites

2023-08-04T22:09:12+00:00

This study investigated some quality attributes of cake produced with cocoyam-wheat flour blends enriched with edible palm weevils. Flours were produced from wheat, cocoyam and palm weevils and proportioned and designated as 100:0:0 (AA), 90:10:0 (AB), 90:5:5 (AC), 80:15:5 (AD), 70:20:10 (AE), 60:30:10 (AF) and 50:40:10 (AG). The proximate composition and functional properties of the wheat-cocoyam-palm weevil flour blends as well as the proximate composition, antinutrients and sensory properties of the cakes were evaluated using standard methods. The result of the functional properties depicted a significant (p<0.05) increase in the emulsion capacity (29.02 – 32.15 %), swelling index (1.26 – 1.45) and gelation temperature (70.0 – 83.5^oC), and reduction in bulk density (0.714 – 0.619 g/ml) as the level of addition of cocoyam and palm weevils flours increased. Proximate analysis of the wheat-cocoyam-palm weevil flour blends yielded a significant (p<0.05) rise in moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, and protein and a decrease in carbohydrates. The cakes recorded a significant (p<0.05) increase in protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, and reduction in carbohydrate contents with increased addition of cocoyam and palm weevil flours. The anti-nutrients were determined to have low values and posed no risk to human health. Sensory evaluation results showed that cakes produced from flour blends were accepted by panellists. Therefore the addition of cocoyam flour and palm weevil powder to wheat flour products is recommended for boosting the nutrient density as well as enhancing the nutrition status and health of consumers.

Characterization and Evaluation of Hevea brasiliensis for Genetic Diversity Usin Juvenile Characters

2023-08-04T22:15:19+00:00

Twenty-six (26) morphological descriptor traits were used to characterize six (6) genotypes of natural rubber at the immature stage using the natural rubber descriptor manual and the traits characterized included petiole, leaf storey and stems. The experiment was set up at the experimental ﬁeld of Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) Iyanomo, Benin City. The objective of the study was to characterize the juvenile characteristics of natural rubber and to determine the extent of genetic variability that exists among the half-sibs. Data on characterization and agronomic traits were collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Generalized Mixed Model to determine the variability that existed among the half-sib genotypes for various traits. Treatment means of the offspring genotypes were separated using Fisher's least signiﬁcant difference (F-LSD) at a 5% level of probability. The result of the combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated highly signiﬁcant genotypic differences among the genotypes for all the agronomic characters measured except stem girth, bark thickness and vigour index. The mean square result from ANOVA showed signiﬁcant variations among the genotypes evaluated in each year as well as the periods and genotype x period interactions for most of the traits measured. In conclusion, the information obtained from this research work showed that considerable genetic variability exists in agro-morphological attributes of natural rubber genotypes. Genotypes with highly similar traits and high- yielding potentials have been identiﬁed and characterized.

Effect of Cooperative Membership on Poverty Status of Smallholder Farmers in Yewa Division Ogun State, Nigeria

2023-08-04T22:21:22+00:00

The study assessed the effect of cooperative membership on the poverty status of smallholder farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Multi-staged sampling technique was used to select 120 farmers and primary data were collected using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis such as percentages, mean, frequency counts and Probit regression. Results showed that an average farmer was 49 years and they possessed adequate and relevant knowledge as to the dealings of the cooperatives because they were averagely educated and most of them were married. The majority of them lived in a rented block apartment. In addition, more than half of the respondents belonged to the non-poor class of the poverty line. It was found that the probability of being poor decreased with an increase in educational attainment, and cooperative experience. Furthermore, the presence of secondary occupation increased the probability of co-operators escaping poverty. The study also conﬁrmed that having access to loans, and amounts of loans accessed could lead farmers out of poverty. The study concludes that farmers in the study area were not poor but needed higher loan amounts to expand their businesses. It is therefore recommended that Cooperative societies should be enlightened through sensitization on the proper utilization of loans accessed as this will help them generate more income that could lift them above the poverty line.

Growth Performance and Immunity Analysis of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles Fed with Moringa leaf, Ginger and Garlic Powder

2023-08-04T22:25:02+00:00

Natural plants (moringa, ginger and garlic) that have been used as feed supplements in place of antibiotics in aquaculture feeds have shown improved performances. In this study, growth performance, nutrient utilization and immunity of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed with moringa leaf, ginger and garlic powder, their combination and one control (without additive) were observed. Fish samples were equally divided into fifteen transparent tanks of five different experimental groups in three replicates consisting of four diets fed (moringa leaf powder, ginger powder, garlic powder and their combination at 2% inclusion each) and one control(without additive). The feeding trial was done for 8 weeks during which the fish were fed twice daily to satiation. The results revealed that out of the four groups of phytoadditives diet-fed fish, the group fed with garlic supplement diet had the highest and best performance with weight gain (WG) of 381.6 ± 71^b and the total weight of fish (TWF) 1010.71; nutrient utilization with feed conversion ratio (FCR) 2.7 ± 0.39^a, specific growth rate (SGR) 0.849 ± 1.72^b and relative growth rate (RGR) 2.932 ± 0.23^c. The group fed with ginger supplement diet has higher performance with WG of 345.4 ± 134^b and TWF 1019.88; nutrient utilization with FCR 3 ± 0.84^a, SGR 0.798 ± 0.25^b and RGR 2.617 ± 1.95^b, whereas the moringa fed group has a good performance with WG of 88.61 ± 21.3^a and TWF 635.67; nutrient utilization with FCR 7.2 ± 1.54^b, SGR 0.315 ± 0.62^a and RGR 2.742 ± 1.52^bwhile the group with combined diets has the least performance with weight gain (WG) of 32.8g ± 26.8^aand the total weight of fish (TWF) 552.93g; nutrient utilization with feed conversion ratio (FCR) 8.2 ± 0.63^b, specific growth rate (SGR) 0.133 ± 0.41^cand relative growth rate (RGR) 0.239 ± 1.03^a. The agarose gel picture which shows the presence of the TNF gene in all the groups indicated that the immunity gene is expressed in them all. Thus the garlic supplement diet is recommended for better growth, immunity and disease resistance in Clarias gariepinus.

Costs and Return Structure of Small-Scale Maize Farmers In Yewa Division, Ogun State, Nigeria

2023-08-04T22:33:19+00:00

The increasing demand of maize coupled with limited arable land forced many maize farmers to cultivate maize on the same land for an extended time. This deliberate action affects the crop yield and proﬁt for small-scale maize farmers. To provide the necessary impetus to identify factors that affect farmers' proﬁtability, such as input costs, market prices and yield levels, this study examines the cost and return structure of small-scale maize farmers in the Yewa division of Ogun State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to carefully select a total of one hundred and ﬁve (105) respondents for the study and descriptive and budgetary analysis was used to analyze the data. The descriptive analysis showed that 75.24% of respondents were males with an average age of 46.88. About 79.05% of the respondents were married with an average household size of six (6) people. Likewise, the descriptive analysis also revealed that inadequate funds and capital (88.57%), pest and diseases problem (83.81%), poor soil fertility and land degradation (60.95%) and lack of irrigation facilities (54.29%) as major production constraints faced by the small-scale maize farmers in the study area. From the budgetary analysis result, the estimated total revenue was put at N231,490.00, the gross margin was N144,685.87, and the net farm income was calculated to be N78090,621.82. The rate of return on investment in maize production in the study area is 64.33% while the proﬁtability index is estimated to be 39.15%, indicating that small-scale maize production in the study area has a high likelihood of generating substantial returns and is considered ﬁnancially viable. This study, therefore, recommends that government should actively promote and support small-scale maize production by providing farmers with the necessary resources, training, and access to ﬁnance.

Understanding Farm Level Agricultural Innovations Adoption: Lessons Learned From Adoption of Biofortiﬁed Cassava in South West Nigeria

2023-08-04T22:36:55+00:00

Awareness forms the basis for which information on innovations can be linked to the target beneﬁciaries. This study was carried out to assess the awareness and knowledge levels of farmers on biofortiﬁed cassava technology. Sources of information; extension services available on the technology and inﬂuencing factors for adopters were also duly examined. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 396 respondents for the study. The study reveals respondents' low awareness of the beneﬁts and knowledge of the technology. It further shows that special projects such as CAVA were feasible in information dissemination and the provision of planting materials. Adopters of the technology had more extension access and this reinforces the importance of extension activities in the adoption process. Awareness (relative advantage), cultivation on a small scale (divisibility), ease of cultivation (non-complexity) and ability to shade off weeds (adaptivity) ranked very high among the inﬂuencing factors of the technology and thus are to be given high priority in designing similar technologies in the nearest future.

Effects of the Functional Properties of Corn, Cassava and Potato Starches on the Physical, Sensory and Whey Separation Properties of Soy Yoghurt

2023-08-04T22:39:01+00:00

Yoghurt is a probiotic food produced from the action of acid-forming bacteria on milk and consumed due to its many nutritional and health beneﬁts. Stabilizers play a key role in yoghurt production. Starch stabilizers were produced from a yellow variety of maize grains, TMS 419 cassava roots and orange-ﬂesh potatoes. Soymilk was processed from soybeans using the hot water extraction method at the ratio of 250 g:1 litre. Three different
o
yoghurt samples were produced from the soymilk fermentation at 44 C for 10 hours using the stabilizers without
1
1
2
ﬂavour. The corn-stabilized, cassava-stabilized and potato-stabilized yoghurts were coded XOX, YOY and ZOZ respectively. The functional properties of the starches and their effects on the physical, sensory and whey separation properties of soy yoghurts were evaluated. There was variation in the evaluated functional properties of the starches with cassava starch standing out. There was a signiﬁcant difference (p<0.05) in the physical properties of the soy yoghurt samples. The cassava-stabilized soy yoghurt had the highest acidity (4.66 pH) and total solid content (18.03%) but the least titratable acidity value (0.42%). The potato-stabilized yoghurt was the least acidic (4.92 pH) but had the highest total titratable acidity value (0.51%). The corn-stabilized yoghurt had the least total solid content (17.49%). ZOZ had the highest score for all the sensory parameters evaluated, followed by XOX. No signiﬁcant difference existed (p>0.05) in their appearance, mouthfeel and sweetness, while signiﬁcant difference existed in their sourness, texture, after-taste and general acceptability. ZOZ had the highest acceptability of 7.95+1.10, followed by XOX with 6.65+1.53. YOY did not exhibit syneresis while XOX and ZOZ separated at the serum: water ratio of 70:40ml and 70:30ml, respectively. This research upholds that cassava starch is a reliable stabilizer in soy-yoghurt production.

Socio-Economic Importance of Edible Indigenous Trees in Some Selected Communities around Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria

2023-08-04T22:42:52+00:00

The research work examines the socio-economic importance of edible indigenous trees in some selected communities around Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. The respondents were the residents, farmers and marketers of the selected communities around Kainji Lake National Park. The Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the respondents showed that males are more than females having 62.0%. The age group 35-40 years recorded the highest with 40.0%. The majority 70.0% of the respondents are Islam while only 30.0% are Christians. 74.0% are married while 26.0% had secondary education. The major occupation of the respondents is farming having 50.0% responses, followed by civil servants 34.0%, while the least is a student 6.0% only. The edible indigenous tree species available in the study area revealed that fourteen (14) tree species are recorded which includes Anacardium occidentale, Mangnifera indica, Carica papaya, Vernonia amygdalina etc. The source of edible indigenous trees is indicated that picking from neighbors' farms and buying from gatherers recorded the highest with 61% and 23% respectively, followed by purchase from farmers with 12.0% while direct purchase from the open market is the least with 4.0%. The socio-economic importance of edible indigenous trees showed that they mostly served as a source of income (43%), medicinal importance (31%) and source of food (26%). The study recommends that further research should be carried out to conﬁrm more of the uses of those tree species study most especially their medicinal and nutritional values.

Effects of Silver Nano-Particles on Nutritional Qualities, Sensory Attributes and Microbial Quality of Chicken

2023-08-04T22:46:29+00:00

This study assessed the effects of silver nanoparticles on the nutritional qualities, sensory attributes and microbial quality of chicken. A stock solution of silver nanoparticles was bought from Sigma Aldrich and a broiler chicken was obtained from the local market and sacriﬁced, the Broiler was cut into dimensions of 3×3 cm thick using a sharp stainless steel knife. The broiler was divided into four Groups and placed in a petri dish labelled A, B, C and D. Each of the four samples was subdivided into three portions to represent a replicate. The pure silver nanoparticles solution produced was measured into 10, 15, and 20 ml and made up to 100 ml by adding sterile distilled water to achieve 10, 15, and 20% concentrations respectively. The samples in Group A were kept in a laboratory cabinet without any treatment. Samples in Group B were immersed in 10% for 24, 72 and 120 hours. Samples in Group C were immersed in 15% silver nanoparticles for 24, 72 and 120 hours while Group E was immersed in 20% silver nanoparticles for 24, 72 and 120 hours. The highest number of microorganisms was recorded among Group A and the lowest number are recorded among Group D. The mean of the texture, odour and colour was revealed and Group A and Group B recorded the highest mean. The Chemical composition of the Broiler chicken meat showed that the highest crude protein is recorded in the control group with 62.45% and the least is in group D with 58.98%. Also control had the highest fat content with 24.31% and group D recorded the least with 21.09%. The study recommends that extensive research about the application of nano-silver in preservation and its effect on human health should be investigated.

Training Needs of Farmers in Soil Erosion Control in Anambra South Senatorial Zone, Nigeria

2023-08-04T22:50:00+00:00

The study examined the training needs of farmers in soil erosion control in the Anambra South Senatorial zone. The study used a structured interview schedule to collect data from a cross-section of 100 respondents. Data were analyzed using a combination of analytical tools such as descriptive and inferential statistics. The ﬁndings of the study revealed that the majority (51.0%) of the farmers were males and married (64.0%). Only 32.0% of the farmers attended secondary school. The farmers had an average of 3 extension contacts annually and their mean monthly income from all sources was ₦40,349.79. The study revealed major existing methods of erosion control such as channeling/drainage( x = 3.08) and mulching (x = 3.00). Seventy-six per cent of the farmers had not been trained in erosion control while 52.0% of those trained were through seminars. The farmers desired to be trained in terracing (75%) and cover cropping (72%). The perceived effects of soil erosion on agricultural production were a reduction in land for agricultural activities ( x = 3.06), removal of topsoil ( x = 2.96) and reduction in farmer's income ( x = 2.71). The constraints to farmers in soil erosion control were: poor educational background ( x = 3.07), neglect of extension methods ( x = 3.01) and poor information system ( x = 2.99). The study recommended that extension agents should be recruited, and trained to educate the farmers on ways of soil erosion control.

Carcass Yield, Meat Quality, Sensory Evaluation and Input Use Efﬁciency of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Pleurotus tuber regium Treated Cassava Root Sievate Based Diets

2023-08-04T22:52:38+00:00

This study was conducted to evaluate the carcass yield, meat quality, sensory evaluation and input use efficiency of West African dwarf (WAD) goats fed Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava root sievate (PTRCRS) based diets. Thirty-two WAD goats between six and eight months old were randomly divided into four groups of eight goats each. The four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 20, 40, and 60% dietary levels of inclusion of PTRCRS respectively. The groups were randomly assigned to the four experiment diets (T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄) for 90 days in a completely randomized design. The results indicated that warm carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin and set weights were significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄. Liver weight was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T₃ and T_4.Sensory evaluation, proximate composition and pH of the meat were not (p>0.05) statistically influenced. The total cost of feed, feed cost/weight gain, benefit per body weight gain and cost-benefit ratio were significantly (p<0.05) influenced. The study showed that the inclusion of PTRCRS in the diets of WAD goats enhanced carcass yield, and benefit per body weight gain of the goats, and hence could be included in goat diets up to 60%.

Larval of Abundance and Infestation of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) on Maize in Edo State, Nigeria

2023-08-10T19:05:49+00:00

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) invaded many parts of Nigeria including Edo State in 2016, causing substantial damage to maize. Since its observation in the State, no quantitative information on the pest is available. This study was therefore carried out to provide some baseline information on the abundance and infestation rate of FAW on maize in Edo State. Sampling for larval abundance and infestation level on maize farms was done in the early and late maize cropping season of 2019 in Edo South, Edo Central and Edo North agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of the state. Data was analysed using non-parametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and correlation. Results showed that in the early season, mean larval abundance ranged from 5.83±3.76 in Edo Central to 8.25±3.45 in Edo South and mean percentage infestation ranged from 49.17±23.96% in Edo Central to 66.67±8.76% in Edo North while in the late maize cropping season, mean larval abundance and mean percentage infestation was 1.00±1.41 and 10.00±11.55% in Edo Central and 2.50±3.39 and 16.67±20.90% in Edo South respectively. These values were not signiﬁcantly different (P˂0.05) in the three AEZs but were signiﬁcantly different (P˃0.05) in the early and late cropping seasons. There was a positive correlation between larval abundance and percentage infestation. FAW was present wherever maize was grown in the three AEZs of the State, and infestations were more in the early season which is the main cropping season for maize in Edo State

Potential of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae as Biological Management Agents of Phytolyma fusca (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)

2023-08-10T19:28:18+00:00

Iroko gall bug Phytolyma fusca (Walker) is a major insect pest of Milicia excelsa militating against Milicia excelsa plantation establishment in West Africa. The efﬁcacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. strain Bb S41 and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin strains F123 and IC30 against adult P. fusca was evaluated at the pathology laboratory of Nigerian Institute of Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) Benin City, Nigeria using conidia suspension. Using Direct Contamination Assay method, 1g conidia of each fungal strain was applied to petri dishes containing ten newly emerged adult insects and no treatment was applied to control. Each treatment was replicated three times in a complete randomized design (CRD) and adult mortality was recorded daily for ﬁve days. All the treatments evaluated were effective against adult P. fusca under laboratory conditions. However, M. anisopliae strain IC30 was more effective than other strains giving 100% mortality of adult P. fusca at four days post-inoculation. M. anisopliae strain F123 recorded 100% mortality at ﬁve days post-inoculation; while B. bassiana strain Bb S41 recorded 90% mortality at ﬁve days post-inoculation and only 23% mortality was observed on the control experiment. The pathogenicity test results showed that only B. bassiana was pathogenic to adult P. fusca by forming mycosis on the cadaver of the insects. Metarhizium anisopliae and B. bassiana strains evaluated have shown great potential for biological control of P. fusca, hence, their use could be incorporated in the integrated pest management of P. fusca for sustainable establishment of Milicia excelsa plantation in the region.

Yield and Nutrient Content of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Responses to N.P.K 15:15:15 Fertilizer Complemented with Different Sources of Ash

2023-08-10T19:34:00+00:00

A trial on the complementary use of NPK 15.15.15 with different sources of ash materials as it affects the yield and nutrient content of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), was evaluated at the student's project site at Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State in the 2021 cropping seasons. The experimental design used was the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ﬁve (5) treatments: NPK fertilizer 15:15:15, NPK fertilizer 15:15:15 + palm bunch ash (PBA), and NPK fertilizer 15:15:15 + rice husk ash (RHA), NPK fertilizer 15:15:15 + wood ash (WA), control (No fertilizer), each replicated three (3) times. Pre-planting physicochemical properties of the soils were determined to know the soil status before planting. Tuber yield, moisture, dry matter and nutritional content were determined at (P≤0.05). The best yield performance of 18.9 tons/ha was recorded from the plots amended with the integration of NPK+ RHA. The highest value of % protein, % ash and % ﬁbre, were also gotten from the integration of NPK+ RHA. It is therefore recommended that farmers integrate NPK fertilizer with ash especially rice ash dust to reduce soil acidity and toxicity, which in the long run will increase crop yield.

Performance of Maize Varieties as affected by Time of Topdressing Nitrogen Fertilizer Doses under Irrigation Scheduling

2023-08-10T19:39:09+00:00

Two ﬁeld trials were conducted during the 2021 dry season, under irrigation schemes at the National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Service zonal irrigation research farm at Badeggi (NAERLS/ABU) and Mokwa farm located 75km from Badeggi along Ilorin. All the experimental trial farms are in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria. The experiment was designed to assess the effect of varieties and time for a second dose of nitrogen fertilizer at a different time of application on the growth and yield of Maize. The treatment consisted of three varieties of Maize (SAMMAZ 50, SAMMAZ 51, and SAMMAZ 61) and six topdressings at 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 weeks after sowing (WAS) under irrigation scheduling. Data were collected on total dry matter (TDM), plant height, Leaf Area Index, and grain yield. The results showed that SAMMAZ 51 is superior in terms of growth and yield over the other varieties while SAMMAZ 50 was statistically at par with SAMMAZ 61 in terms of grain yield only. However, the second nitrogen fertilizer (N) application at 6 resulted in better growth and higher yields. Therefore SAMMAZ 51 and top dressing at 6 WAS are recommended for better and higher yield in Nigeria Southern Guinea Savana ecological zone.

Comparative Economic Analysis of Irrigated and Rain-Fed Farming of Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) – Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorus L.) Intercropping in Savanna, Nigeria

2023-08-10T19:43:44+00:00

Irrigation has the potential to boost agricultural productivity and raise farm income and food production but in sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is almost entirely rain-fed. Irrigation covers 4 to 6% of the total cultivated area. The profitability of three different cropping systems at contrasting growth conditions was analysed in this present study. Two Field experiments were conducted at the Research Experimental Station of the Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07⁰ 15’N 03⁰ 25’E) under irrigation during the dry season of 2020 (November – December) and rain-fed during the early wet season (May – July) of 2021. Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) and jute mallow (Corchorus olitorus L.) were grown alone or in intercrops with each other. Both irrigated and rain-fed intercrop production systems resulted in a greater land-equivalent ratio, LER (>1.00) than sole crops, but they are comparable to one another. The two intercrop production systems had land-equivalent coefficient, LEC values of 0.77 and 0.8, which were higher than the 0.25 expected. Irrigated intercrop production had the highest gross margin which was 50 and 52 % higher than both rain-fed intercrop and sole amaranth production respectively which were profitable. The intercrop vegetable production under irrigation had the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.55), the highest rate of return (0.55) and the least gross ratio (0.65). Irrigated intercrop production is the most profitable cropping system. It is therefore recommended that intercropping of amaranth-jute mallow under irrigated production system should be practised for increased profitability.

Farm Level Assessment in Use of Labour-Saving Technologies on Cocoa Farms in Nigeria

2023-08-10T19:59:28+00:00

The drudgery of farm operations on cocoa production is the bane of poor productivity and a major cause of the non-involvement of youths in the cocoa business in the country. Labour Saving Technologies (LSTs) are the devices that reduce labour input thereby reducing the energy expended and overall cost of production on cocoa among farmers along the value chain and at the same time improving production. Data were collected from the three high cocoa-producing states in Nigeria using a well-structured questionnaire; two cocoa producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected per state, 120 farmers were interviewed thus making a total of 360 respondents. The major objectives of the study were to identify the existing labour-saving devices among farmers and to ﬁnd the determinants of the use of LSTs among cocoa farmers. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results of the analysis revealed that 77.5 percent of the cocoa farm household heads were male, the mean age of the household head was 44.97 ±14.84 years, household size was 8 ±3 persons, Farm size is 5.33 ± 3.94 hectares, mean age of cocoa trees was 18.71 ±11.56 years, year of experience at 28.15 ±14.41years. Mainly 78.4 percent of the farming households use hired labour on their farms, 14.7 percent use family labour and only 56.9 percent of the farming households claim to use labour saving technologies on their farms. The majority of farmers use pump sprayers (86.5 %), motorcycles are owned by only a few 38%, and Wheelbarrows is owned by 42.3%. The regression result shows that the use of labour saving technologies is determined by access to credit, years of cocoa farming experience(p < 0.01), access to extension services and age size of cocoa farms (p < 0.05)among cocoa farming households. Most of the cocoa farmers see land clearing and weeding as the most laborious and costly of all labour activities on the cocoa plantation. Labour usage on cocoa farms showed that hired labour between ages 18-30 years is mostly used on cocoa farms in Nigeria and dissociates Nigeria from the widespread understanding of child labour issues on cocoa farms. The ﬁndings call on governments to create an enabling environment to promote appropriate mechanization for small-scale farmers and suggest motorized hand grass cutters/land slather for land clearing; also suggested the fabrication of an auto bus-like dryer for drying operations which has been a problem to farmers to reduce the drudgery of cocoa production.

Double Hurdle Analyses of Factors Inﬂuencing the Participation of Poultry Farmers in Insurance in Aﬁjio Local Government, Oyo State

2023-08-10T20:08:18+00:00

The poultry industry in Nigeria is a high-risk enterprise that is particularly subject to the vagaries of nature and hence the need for farmers to hedge their business. Therefore, this study investigated insurance coverage among poultry farmers as a risk mitigation tool. The study was conducted in Aﬁjio Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select representative farmers for the study. One hundred and twenty (120) farmers were randomly selected from all sampled communities. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a double hurdle regression model. The results show that 25.42% of the poultry farmers had insurance, while 74.58% had no insurance policy. The double hurdle regression model showed a good ﬁt of a chi-square value of 27.58, which was signiﬁcant at 1%. The result showed that members of cooperatives, the number of birds, access to extension agents, and farming experience were important factors inﬂuencing the decision to take insurance. The analysis of the constraints faced by poultry farmers in the uptake of insurance showed that high premium rate fears that claims might not be paid, and insufﬁcient compensation in the event of loss were the signiﬁcant challenges experienced by poultry farmers in their use of insurance. Therefore, the study recommends effectively targeting farmers for sensitization on the beneﬁts of joining cooperatives and other social groups and, most importantly, better accessibility of poultry farmers to extension services to improve their insurance uptake.

Characterization and Classiﬁcation of Soils of Rigachikun- Kaduna, Northern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria

2023-08-10T20:20:27+00:00

This research was carried out at Rigachikun, a Northern Guinea Savanna region of Nigeria and aimed at characterizing and classifying the soils of the region to generate soil information resources that will provide guide in the utilization of the soils of the region. With the aid of a location map, soils were delineated into three locations A, B and C and three proﬁle pits were dug in each location giving a total of nine (9) proﬁle pits. The morphological properties of the studied soils show that the grade of structure ranged from weak at the surface to strong down the horizon in all studied locations A, B and C. Soil colours at location A ranged from 2.5 YR 6/3 (light reddish brown) to 2.5 YR 5/6 (red) in pedon 1, 2.5YR 4/4 (reddish brown) to 2.5YR4/8 (red) in pedon 2 and 2.5YR 4/2 (weak red) to 2.5YR 4/6 (red). Location B colour matrixes ranged thus, pedon 1; from 2.5YR ¾ (dark reddish brown) to 2.5YR 3/6 (dark red), pedon 2; 2.5YR 5/2 (weak red) - 2.5YR 3/6 (dark red) while Pedon 3; 2.5YR 3/2 (dusky red) to 2.5YR 3/6 (dark red). Textural properties show that in location A, clay increased in all pedons and silt decreased while sand showed no clear pattern although it ultimately decreased down the proﬁle. In location B; clay also increased down the proﬁle in all pedons investigated, silt decreased in pedons 1 and 3 while it has no clear distribution in pedon 2. Sand however decreased in all pedons of location B. In Location C; clay and silt increased while sand decreased in pedons 1 and 2. In pedon 3, clay increased, sand decreased while silt has no particular pattern of distribution. The coefﬁcient of variation showed that clay and silt ranged mostly from moderate (CV>15≤ 35) to high variation (CV > 35) except in location A pedon 3, location B pedons 1 and 2; Location C pedons 1, 2 and 3 where silt had low variability (CV≤ 15). Location A pedons 1 and 2 were classiﬁed as Typic Durustepts while pedon 3 is Aridic Lithic Haplustepts. Location B pedons 1, 2 and 3 were classiﬁed as Arenic Aridic Kandiustults while location C pedons 1,2 and 3 were classiﬁed as Aridic Kandiustults.

Genetic Manipulation of Some Cassava Varieties Using Varying Levels of Colchicine2

2023-08-10T20:28:20+00:00

Some high yielding varieties of cassava can be very recalcitrant to ﬂowering. As a result, become very difﬁcult for recombination to take place. In order to address this challenge, ﬁve high yielding cassava varieties (TMS98/0505, TMS94/4479, TMS94/1632, TMS92/0057, and TMS98/0581) treated with three levels of colchicine (0, 2 and 4)ppm, were planted in a 4m x 5m plot size, at a spacing of 1mx1m in a randomized complete block design replicated three times; with the aim to improve on the architecture, ﬂowering and capsule production at National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike. The photosynthetic efﬁciency of the materials was measured using plant photosynthetic Efﬁcient Analyzer and the result showed signiﬁcant differences at (p<0.05) among varieties with TMS96/4779 as the highest (0.156). The result of the analysis of variance in the branching habits, inﬂorescences development and capsule production showed signiﬁcant differences. There were signiﬁcant differences in the number of inﬂorescences produced by different branch levels and the third branch (15.86cm) with the best treatment consecration of 2ppm'. The best early Variety TMS 98/0505 gave the highest branch height at each branch level with the ﬁrst branch level of 6.78cm, second branch level of 14.00cm inﬂorescence production of (2.96) on the ﬁrst branch level was found on variety TMS98/1632, while the third level of variety TMS98/0505 gave the highest number of capsules at concentration 2 ppm. This study showed that colchicine has positive signiﬁcance on the induction of ﬂowering, inﬂorescence and capsule production.

Proﬁt Efﬁciency of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) Production among Smallholder Farmers in Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2023-08-10T20:32:06+00:00

The research examines the proﬁt efﬁciency of sorghum production among smallholder farmers in the Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Utilizing a multi-stage sampling method, 200 sorghum growers were selected as sample size for the study. Data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Gross Margin and Stochastic Proﬁt Frontier Function. Results show average sorghum farmers in the research area had 1.0 ha of farmland under cultivation; production of sorghum was proﬁtable at ₦85,006.63/ha/annum; the return on investment for sorghum production was ₦1.54k; the average Proﬁt efﬁciency was 0.55; while potential proﬁt in the study area was ₦123,259.24/ha/annum. The ﬁndings reveal that the proﬁt lost due to inefﬁciency was statistically signiﬁcant at ₦38,252.87/ha/annum the coefﬁcients of seed price, 0.329(P<0.05) and farm size, 0.807(P<0.05) were major factors inﬂuencing the quantum of proﬁt efﬁciency, while the determinants of proﬁt inefﬁciency were household size (with coefﬁcient 1.040, P<0.05) and access to credit (with coefﬁcient -1.428 P<0.05). Constraints to sorghum production were inadequate credit facility, insecurity, insufﬁcient improved seed, and inadequate extension visits. Therefore, for greater proﬁt margins and improved production efﬁciency, sorghum growers should endeavour to adopt improved seeds and have easy access to credit facilities. Farmers' extension contact should be increased and extension services should be packaged to include training on optimal utilization of production inputs and prices. The security architecture in the area should be enhanced to guarantee unhindered and safe access to farmlands.

Financial Savings and Capital Formation among Rural Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria

2023-08-10T20:40:03+00:00

Rural farmers require enhanced savings mobilization and capital accumulation to increase the loanable funds available in rural banks and for farming. This study analyzed the factors affecting savings and capital formation among rural farmers in Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sample technique was employed in the selection of 96 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that the majority of the respondents were males who are still strong and agile, with large household sizes and small farm sizes. The result equally indicated that all the respondents had different reasons for engaging in saving with the majority saving with the Commercial Banks. The important determinants of saving and capital formation included age, farm income, education, non-farm income, gender, and farming and savings experience at the 10%, 1%, 10%, 10%, 10%, and 5% levels of signiﬁcance respectively. Also, delay in credit disbursement, the low future value of savings and low- interest rates charged on savings of bank account holders were among the major constraints. It is therefore recommended that government should empower ﬁnancial institutions to provide favourable incentives which would motivate farmers to save. In addition, there should be a timely extension of micro-credit to rural farmers to enhance their production capability and enable them to have a surplus for savings and capital formation.

Fertility Potentials of Methanol Extract of Sesamum Indicum seeds

2023-08-10T20:47:19+00:00

The effects of methanol extract of Sesamum indicum seeds (obtained from Kogi state) on male hormonal proﬁle and sperm quality in adult male albino rats was evaluated. Thirty six adult male rats (170 – 200 grams) were randomly divided into four groups replicated thrice with each replicate having three rats. Group A (normal control) and groups B, C and D (test groups) were administered 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract respectively. Sperm parameters, male hormonal proﬁle and histology of the organs evaluated after 28 days showed that a signiﬁcant (p<0.05) increase in the concentrations of sperm motility, viability and count across all groups treated with methanol(MEOH) extract of Sesamum indicum seeds(SIS) when compared with control group. The percentage normal sperm concentration in the MEOH SIS treated groups decreased signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) while total sperm abnormality concentrations increased signiﬁcantly across all groups when compared with the control group. The percentage of detached head increased signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) across all groups treated with MEOH extract while percentage of bent-mid piece and twisted tail only increased signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) only in the group treated with the 500mg/kg of the extracts when compared with control group. Serum concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Leutenizing hormone (LH) and testosterone signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) increased in group treated with 250mg/kg of MEOH SIS extract also, a signiﬁcant (p<0.05) increased was also observed in the concentrations of LH administered 125 mg/kg of the extract when compared with the control group. The histology of the testes of all groups showed intact seminiferous tubules and interstitium with orderly germ cell maturation variable around the tubule. The ﬁndings of this study suggest that methanol extract of Sesamum indicum seeds may possess fertility potentials since it stimulate and improve male hormonal concentration, sperm quality and maintain the architecture of the testes of the adult male albino rats. However, the high dose of 500mg/kg of the extract may be toxic at the administered duration.

Comparative Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of FertiGroe Nano N, P and K Fertilizer on the Growth Performance of 'Cavendish' banana [Musa acuminata Colla (AAA) 'Cavendish']

2023-08-10T20:51:56+00:00

This study was conducted to compare the effect of foliar and soil application of FertiGroe Nano fertilizer on the growth performance of the Cavendish banana plant. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatments (foliar and soil application of FertiGroe). Each treatment was replicated four times with 15 meriplants per treatment and replicate. FertiGroe N, P, and K rate were dissolved in 1 litre of distilled water and stirred thoroughly. The mixture was applied four weeks after transplanting using a hand sprayer as a foliar application while FertiGroe was side dressed at about 2 cm and FertiGroe covered with soil and then irrigated as media application. The research result turned out to show that the media application of FertiGroe Nano fertilizer was more effective in shoot and root growth characteristics compared to foliar application. There was a signiﬁcant difference between the soil application of FertiGroe Nano fertilizer and foliar application in terms of shoot growth parameters. FertiGroe is a slow-release fertilizer developed primarily for soil application. Hence should be applied as such on Cavendish banana seedlings instead of foliar spraying.

Effects of Contract Farming Models for Increased Productivity in Nigeria: An Empirical Evidence

2023-08-10T20:56:21+00:00

This paper explored the different types of contract farming models and their effects, with a focus on their potential for increased agricultural productivity in Nigeria and their challenges. The study adopted the unique Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) framework. An online search for relevant literature in the English language that was peer-reviewed and grey literature was used. Data were collected through a web search, Google Scholar, and open-access journals. Contract farming models identiﬁed included centralized, nucleus estate, multipartite, informal, and intermediary models. Furthermore, low pricing by ﬁrms and a lack of regulatory frameworks, among others, were challenges to contract farming schemes identiﬁed. Empirical evidence reveals that contract farming models increase the agricultural productivity of beneﬁciaries in Nigeria by giving farmers better access to inputs, technical support, and market opportunities. The study suggests the need for government, non-governmental organizations, and other relevant stakeholders' support through regulatory frameworks to ensure that the rights of contracting farmers are not marginalized.

Phenotypic Diversity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L. R. Rr.]) Accessions in Zamfara State, Nigeria

2023-08-10T20:59:34+00:00

This study was conducted in the Bobo and Tashar Taya areas of Zamfara State, to examine the phenotypic characteristics of pearl millet and identify the varieties with a good physical appearance. Little is known about the phenotypic diversity of pearl millet accessions in the State. Methods used for data collection involved transect walks and in-depth interviews. Sampling involved two phases ﬁrst, two study villages were sampled secondly, thirty-nine respondents were sampled for semi-structured interview administration. Data on phenotypical traits were collected based on 4 qualitative and 6 quantitative traits, presented in tabular form, and analyzed using simple percentages. The ﬁndings revealed that spike shapes vary from cylindrical; spindle, candle, and monkey tail. The entire collection displayed 6 types of seed colours; black 11%, brown 5.5%, whitish 5.5%, grey 28%, light green 28% and brownish 22%. Different spike lengths were observed between a range of 34 and 93 cm long. Spike diameter also varied among the accessions between 2.0 and 3.6 cm. It was discovered that Maiwa Gajera MLVBB10 with a grain weight per 1000 of 18.8 g had the highest grain weight of 1000 seeds and the least was Tarmekuwa MLVBB9 with 6.9 g/1000. It revealed that the 2 accessions Dandigali Dogo MLVBB5 and Soso MLVBB11 with the highest total seed per spike of 10416 and 8125 seeds, were collected from Bobo. This study recommended that farmer-based millet crop selection and improvement should be encouraged through initiatives like seed selection, seed exchange, seed fairs, and seed treatment.

Unveiling Cocoyam Potentials: Physiology and Agronomy

2023-08-10T21:06:11+00:00

Cocoyam is one of the world's oldest food crops grown purposely for food. Though commonly produced by smallholder, resource-limited and mostly female farmers, it plays important roles in nutrition, food security and agrobiodiversity in Africa. However, it has been identiﬁed as an underutilized crop that may suffer genetic erosion and an uncertain future due to limited research interest and demand. This study aims to provide more insight on the physiology of cocoyam, to aid innovative technologies and agronomic practices that will increase its productivity and production efﬁciency. The information and data used were collected from sources such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, FAOSTAT and research activity reports of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria. Though the cocoyam production area in Nigeria has increased, yield per unit land area decreased from 6.6 in 2000 to 4 t ha in 2020. Growing cocoyam and optimizing the yield sustainably will boost food and nutrition security, protect biodiversity and reduce climate risks. The study suggests that an in-depth understanding of the crop's physiology, growth stages and characteristics will inform better agronomic practices and guide technological breakthroughs that will increase yield and value, thereby reinstituting its relevance in the food system and the environment.

Comparative Analysis of Egg Production in Deep Litter and Battery Cage Technologies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2023-08-10T21:09:31+00:00

The study analysed and compared table eggs production in battery cage and deep litter systems in Akwa Ibom State. Primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary data was obtained through the administration of a structured questionnaire to 100 respondents. The speciﬁc objectives were to determine and compare the socio-economic characteristics of battery cage and deep litter farmers, obtain and compare the number of eggs produced in both systems, estimate and compare gross margin and proﬁtability in both systems and identify the factors that determine egg output in the study area. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques, and the ordinary least squares multiple regression models. The result showed that the average stock size in the study area in battery cage and deep litter systems were 2176 and 2091 respectively. For one production cycle of about 18 months, the total variable cost (TVC) was N33, 458, 889.00, the gross margin was N7,275268.00 and the gross margin per bird was N3,387.00 for the battery cage system. Also, the TVC and gross margin were N33, 398, 709.00, and N6,198185.00 respectively and the gross margin per bird was N2,964.00 for the deep litter system. The Total costs of production were N34, 287, 884.00 and N34, 076, 858.00 for battery cage and deep litter technologies respectively. The proﬁts were N6,446,274.00 and N5,186,698.00 for the battery cage and deep litter systems respectively. The rate of return on investment was found to be 17.49% and 13.93% for battery cage and deep litter technologies respectively. The regression result for poultry production in deep litter and battery cage technologies showed that education (α ), age of birds (α ), Experience (α ), and stock size (α ) were signiﬁcant variables affecting the number eggs produced. The study, therefore, concludes that egg production under battery cage was more proﬁtable in the study area than deep litter technology. Due to the huge cost outlay associated with layer production, it is recommended that grants and loans should be provided to poultry egg farmers at low-interest rates, the farmers should be trained and encouraged to produce their feed to offset the high cost of feed incurred in the production.

Improvement of Bambara Groundnut Productivity using Organic Manure Fertilization Doses on Plinthite Soil in sub-Saharan Agrosystem of Burkina Faso

2023-08-10T21:13:35+00:00

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) is a seed legume native to West Africa with significant agronomic, nutritional, economic and socio-cultural potential. In Burkina Faso, its cropping faces enormous constraints from poor soil fertility and poor nutrient management practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of organic manure on Bambara groundnut production. Experiment was conducted in experiment site of Tenkodogo University Center from July to October 2021. The treatments consisted of 0; 2; 3; 4; 5 t ha^-1of cow dung. Experimental design consisted of the trial following a completely randomized block design with four replications. Crop management consisted of a flat plowing, direct application of organic manure, sowing distances of 0.40 m x 0.20 m and ridging at 49 days after sowing. Compared to the control, results showed that application of 5 and 4 t ha^-1 of organic manure significantly increased plant heights of Bambara groundnut by 19 and 20% (P < 0.001); 4 t ha^-1 of organic manure treatment increased plant widths by 19% (P < 0.001); 5 and 4 t ha^-1 of organic manure significantly increased the Bambara groundnut haulm yields by 37 and 30 % (P < 0.05) respectively. Significant improvement by 25% (P < 0.05) of nodules dry weight was observed under 2 t ha^-1 of organic manure application. However, no significant correlations between plant biomass and numbers or weight of nodules was recorded. Thus, application of 2 t ha^-1 of organic manure should be able necessary for Bambara groundnut nodulation and 4 or 5 t ha^-1 of organic manure for high growth and haulm production of Bambara groundnut. Further investigations are needed to better understand the combined effects of soils and organic fertilizer interactions on Bambara groundnut productivity and soil fertility.

Maize Production Scale Efﬁciency and its Socioeconomic Determinants among Smallholder Farmers in Funtua Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria

2023-08-10T21:23:16+00:00

This study was conducted to analyze the scale-efﬁciency of maize production in Funtua Local Government Area (LGA) of Katsina state, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the selection of 80 maize farmers for the study. The cross-sectional data collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, Tobit regression model, and net farm income. The results of the socioeconomic analysis show that maize farmers in the study area have an average age of 45 years, an average household size of 11 persons, and an average maize farming experience of 20 years. The net farm income analysis revealed a total maize production cost of ₦96,958.00 per hectare; and total revenue of ₦179,363.04 per hectare. Meanwhile, the return per naira invested is ₦1.85, indicating that for every ₦1 invested in maize production in the study area, a proﬁt of ₦0.85 was made. Furthermore, the result shows maize farmer's scale efﬁciency average score of 0.701 with a range and standard deviation of 0.203 to 1.00 and 0.225 respectively. The age of the farmer and their educational level were found to signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) inﬂuence the scale efﬁciency of the farmers. The major constraint associated with maize production in the study is high cost of inputs. The study concluded that farmers in the area are scale efﬁcient and are breaking even. The study therefore recommended building educational capacity of farmers and inputs subsidy to strengthen the scale efﬁciency of maize farmers in the study area.

Assessment of Labour Choice Decisions among Smallholder Cassava Farmers in Ikom LGA, Cross River State, Nigeria

2023-10-15T17:40:25+00:00

The study examined the assessment of labour choice decisions among smallholder cassava farmers in Ikom LGA of Cross River State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 60 farmers using a multistage sampling method. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as means, percentages, tables, frequency, Multinomial logit regression, and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression. Results of the study showed that 66% of farmers were married, with females dominating agricultural activities in the study area. Farmers' average farm size was 0.8ha, 70% have a household size of 6-10 people, and 70% have farming experience
ranging from 1 to 20 years. Family labour was the most common type of labour activity. Results of multinomial logit regression revealed that farming experience, educational level and income status were positive and significantly related to the probability of choosing hired labour while the household size and prevailing labour cost in the study area impacted positively the choice of hired labour. Also, the coefficient for farm size was positive and significantly related to the choice of both family and hired labour. Multiple regression analysis showed that factors such as hired labour, family labour, farming experience, farm size, and farmer household size
were significant predictors of cassava output in the study area. It was therefore recommended that policies encouraging land access be pursued and that a campaign promoting the profitability of cassava production in the study area be advocated for and intensified. Other incentives such as farm inputs, subsidies, access to loans, and training should be made available to cassava farmers to improve production and profitability.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Gas Fermentation Evaluation of Selected Cereal Stovers Hay

2023-10-15T18:00:16+00:00

The study investigated the chemical composition and In vitro gas fermentation evaluation of selected cereal stovers hay. Thus, the study was carried out to determine the nutritive value of these selected cereal stovers processed to hay using proximate analysis to x-ray the nutrient composition and in vitro gas fermentation technique. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), ether extract (EE), Ash, non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) organic matter (OM), carbohydrate (CHO) and fibre fractions (neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose and hemicellulose of selected cereal stovers hay were significantly (P < 0.05) different except for ether extract (EE) that was similar across the treatments. The in vitro gas fermentation parameters such as methane (CH₄), total gas volume (TGV), fermentation efficiency (FE), organic matter digestibility (OMD), dry matter degradability (DMD), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and metabolisable energy (ME) varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the treatments. Furthermore, in vitro gas fermentation characteristics such as zero time which idealy reflects the fermentation of soluble fraction (a), extent of gas production from insoluble but degradable fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a+b) and rate of gas production at time (c) were similar across the treatments, however, incubation time (t) and (mlh^-1), volume of gas produce at time (Y) varied significantly (P<0.05). The results of chemical composition and in vitro gas fermentation evaluation obtained in this study indicate that ruminant livestock farmers can utilise these unconventional feed resources as basal diet with concentrates supplement when fed out to ruminant animals.

Cassava Flowering Effect Influenced by Biostimulant and the Effects on Cassava Breeding

2023-10-15T18:06:24+00:00

For efficient crossing schemes, the onset of flowering marks a significant developmental change in cassava. In order to overcome this difficulty, a three-year experiment was conducted at the main and substation experimental sites of the National Root Crops Research Institute in Umudike, Nigeria, to examine the effects of 6-benzyladenine (BA), its lingering impact on flowering, and its implications for cassava breeding. Three replications of this experiment were set up using a randomized complete block design. The first-year experiment was subjected to foliar spraying with the following treatments: 0 ppm BA (control), 50 ppm BA, 100 ppm BA, and 150 ppm BA throughout a 4-week period beginning 8 weeks after planting. Stem cuttings from the first-year experiment were planted for the second and third years of the experiment without further treatment of BA in order to evaluate the residual effects of the BA application. Using the GenSTAT statistical tool, agronomic data were gathered, analyzed using the Analysis of Variance, and the means were separated using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level of significance. According to the studies, the second-year experiment's performance of the flowering characteristics under the influence of the BA application's residual effect was about 85% higher than the first-year experiment with a direct spray. However, the third-year experiment's flowering characteristics were discontinued and instead reduced by 99%. Additionally, the growth features (plant height and architecture) of the plants were reduced by around 40%; however, this was recovered in the third year after stake replanting by a 25% rise in plant height. According to the results of this research, the BA spray has a seasonal residual effect on cassava plants. This effect was positive for the beginning of flowering but stopped in the years that followed. This has the consequence that the BA residue may cause non-flowering cassava genotypes to flower, which may be advantageous in the cassava breeding program.

Computation of Melting Point from Iodine Value of Heated, Unheated PKO and POL using Correlation and their Fatty Acid Composition

2023-10-15T18:15:50+00:00

Utilization of PKO and POL in Nigeria is on the rise, because PKO is inexpensive and in easy reach. The melting point of fats is used to identify oils and fats related to their physical properties, such as hardness and thermal behaviour. Heated PKO and PO were insistent on iodine values, melting point and fatty acid profiles at temperatures of 100, 150 and 200^ᵒC and duration of 20, 40 and 60mins were ascertain. The fatty acid profile of PKO shows that lauric acid and oleic acid were the assertive fatty acids with a total of about 60.13% to the fatty acid pool of the oil. The fatty acid profile for palm olein showed palmitic acid (C_16.0) give a total of 36.60% and oleic acid (C_18.1) contributing 46.18%, making both palmitic acid and oleic acid the major fatty acids with a total of 84.78% of the total fatty acid profile. PKO was more persistent during heating than POL concerning iodine values. A negative correlation was observed between iodine values and melting point which was statistically not significant at P≤ 0.05 except for oils heated at 100^ᵒC for 40mins which was statistically significant at P≤ 0.05. The results indicate that the melting point of heated, unheated PO and PKO can be predicted from the measurement of iodine number with precision similar to experimental methods, on condition that the mechanism used in the determination of iodine value is adequately precise and the estimation meticulously made.

Analysis of Palm Oil Marketing in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State

2023-10-15T18:22:00+00:00

This study examined the analysis of palm oil marketing in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the socio-economic characteristics of the palm oil marketers in the study area; marketing channels; determined the marketing costs and return incurred by palm oil marketers in the study area; determined the Factors that Affect the Marketing of Palm oil in the area and to determine the constraints experienced by palm oil marketers in the study area. Data was collected through the administration of a questionnaire and was analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics such as frequency, and percentages and determined multiple regression. The result showed that palm oil marketing is a women-dominated business as revealed by (92.7%) of the respondents were female. The results also indicated that people from the ages of 40 – 49 are more interested in palm oil marketing as they formed the majority with about 50%. The majority of (66.67%) of the marketers were married which showed that there were more married people involved in the marketing of palm oil in Ikwerre Local Government Area. Also, a greater percentage (53.33%) of the marketers have been in the palm oil business for 1 to 5 years. The results further showed that all respondents had formal education. The majority (60%) of palm oil marketers have household sizes of 1– 5 persons, with N 21,000 – N 30,000 being the income of the majority of the marketers. Also, the result showed that the total variable cost incurred was N26,000 while fixed cost amounted to N300, on the return side the average total revenue amounted to N26,300, the gross margin of the marketers was estimated to be N2,800, the profit of N2,500 while the net return on investment was 0.10% per gallon per day The constraints affecting palm oil marketers were High cost of transportation, Price fluctuation, inadequate capital, Poor marketing channel, High market levy, Bad road network, Competition and Lack of storage facilities while the factor affecting palm oil marketing are Transportation cost, Competition, Production cost, low patronage, poor access to market price information, substitution by other oil, lack of access to credit facilities, unstable measurement, unfavourable government policy and poor quality of the product. The study concluded that palm oil marketing was profitable and solvent with a return on investment of 0.10 and a profit of N2,500 per gallon per day and recommends that there should be an improvement in the transportation system to reduce the high cost of palm oil transportation.

Molecular Detection of Tetracycline Types (A) and (B) Resistant Genes in Bacteria Associated with Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus from Abeokuta, Nigeria

2023-10-15T18:27:13+00:00

The study aimed at isolating and using molecular tools to characterize the bacteria found in the gills intestine and skin using Tetracycline types A and B resistant markers. A total of forty four bacteria samples were isolated from the gills, skin and intestines of fifteen Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus and their antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to tetracycline type A was determined. The bacteria isolates collected were grown on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Salmonella-Shigella Agar. The pure colony of the bacteria was inoculated on Nutrient Broth overnight at 37⁰C and DNA extraction was done along with PCR analysis using Tetracycline resistance genes type A and B markers. The antibiotic sensitivity test was also conducted using the Maxi disc high profile (-ve) diffusion method. From the result, the mean values of the body weight, total length, and standard length of the fish samples were 147.99 ± 66.4g 126.55 ± 5.55g and 20.05 ± 4.13g respectively. The result of the physical and chemical properties of Ogun River showed temperature (29.0°C), pH (7.8), Dissolved Oxygen (4.9mg/l) and Ammonia (2.3ug/dL). The total mean bacteria count in the gill samples was 1.06 ± 0.20 X 10⁶CFU/g, while in the intestine samples, it was 1.36 ± 0.27 X 10⁶CFU/g and in the skin samples is 0.77 ± 0.21 X 10⁶CFU/g. The 45 samples gave 135 isolates and in total, there were five bacteria found in the gills, intestine and skin of the Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus. The five bacteria isolates included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Salmonella spp and Pseudomonas auregenosa. It was revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Pelfloxacin, and Tarivid. It was also indicated that all the bacterial isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Sparfloxacin. The result on Escherichia coli showed susceptibility to Pefloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Tarivid while it equally showed resistance to Streptomycin, Augmentin and Amoxacillin, Gentamycin, Septrin and Chloranphenicol. The molecular detection shows that Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp is susceptible to Tetracycline Type A while other are resistant to it, so therefore tetracycline type A can only be used to treat infection with Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.

Analysis of Tigernut Processing and Marketing in Port Harcourt Local Government Area, Rivers State

2023-10-15T18:31:51+00:00

The study analyzed the profitability of selected tigernut processors and marketers in Port Harcourt Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of tigernut marketers and processors; described the channels of distribution linking the marketers and processors, ascertained their processing method, determined their marketing cost and return, and identified the constraints encountered by them. A multistage sampling technique was employed in selecting the sample size for the study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 30 respondents. Descriptive statistics such as tables, means, frequency and distribution table, percentages, Gross Margin Analysis and Likert scale were used to collect the data. The result of the study showed that 63.3% of the sampled respondents are within the economically active age bracket of 31-40 years. About 63.3% of respondents are females while 36.7% are males, which shows that women are more involved in tigernut processing and marketing in the study area. About 70 % of the respondents were married, household size is about 63.3% of 6-10, Average level of experience is about 6-10years indicating that most of the marketers have been in the business for a long time and are therefore conversant with the problems of tiger nut processing and marketing in the study area and how to manage the risk involved in the business. Four distribution channels were identified, these are producers through wholesalers and retailers to consumers, producers through wholesalers to consumers, producers through retailers to consumers and producers to final consumers. The results also showed that a total variable cost (TVC) of N213100 was incurred during business while a total revenue (TR) of N603000 with a gross margin (GM) of N389900. The findings of the study also show that N0.65 was obtained as the rate of return which implies that for every N1 invested N0.65 kobo was gained by the respondents. The major identified constraints were multiple taxation, transportation, lack of finance and lack of processing machines while the minor constraint was storage.

Nutrient Composition, Phytochemical Properties and In Vitro Gas Fermentation Assessment of Some Selected Legume Forage Seeds that can be utilized by Ruminants

2023-10-15T18:36:28+00:00

A total number of seven legume seeds (Senna hirsuta, Senna obtusifolia, Senna occidentalis, Pueraria phaseoloides, Tephrosia bracteolate, Centrosema pubescence and Mucuna pruriens) that could be utilised in ruminants feed were investigated for their nutrient composition, phytochemical properties and in vitro gas fermentation assessment study. The seeds were collected within the University environment and each one served as a treatment (T_1,T_2,T₃, T₄, T₅, T₆ and T₇). Then samples were dried and milled for laboratory analysis to determine nutrient composition, phytochemical properties and in vitro gas fermentation assessment using standard technique. The results of chemical composition (proximate, fibre fractions, minerals and phytochemicals) varied significantly across the treatments. Crude protein (CP), Ash and crude fibre (CF) varied significantly (P<0.05) from 16.06% to 35.77%, 9.35% to 13.66% and 15.47% to 22.59% respectively. Similarly, fibre fractions such as Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF, Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL), hemicellulose and cellulose also differed significantly (P<0.05) across the board. Minerals composition such as calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg) copper (Cu), potassium (K), sodium (Na), sulphur, (S) manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) and phytochemicals (tannin, phytate, phenol, saponin, oxalate alkaloids and lectin) were also varied significantly (P<0.05). In vitro gas fermentation parameters methane (CH₄) production, Total Gas Volume (TGV), Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), Metabolisable Energy (ME), Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD %), Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD %) and Fermentation Efficiency (FE) were significantly (P<0.05) different across the treatments. The results of the chemical composition of selected legume seeds showed that crude protein and ash content were on the high side while crude fibre was relatively low. Also, the protein contents of all the selected legume seeds were enough to support and enhance growth, reproduction and milk production in dairy animals if properly processed. In vitro gas fermentation assessment revealed that ME and SCFA were relatively high an indication that the energy would be available to the animals when fed. Moreover, CH₄ production of legume seeds was relatively low which indicated that the seed was environmentally friendly in terms of global warming and climate change due to CH₄ emission and other contributory factors and more energy would be available to ruminants to utilize efficiently.

Chemical Composition of Kaolin Clay (Nzu) and Bentonite Clay (Ulo) and Consumption Prevalence among Women in Southern Nigeria

2023-10-15T18:41:49+00:00

Food cravings are common during pregnancy, but in addition is craving and ingestion of non-food substances such as soil, and soft stones, termed ‘pica’. A common form of pica is the ingestion of soil (geophagia). This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of kaolin and bentonite cla edible clays collected were ground to fine powder and sieved for analysis. Proximate analysis was carried out using AOAC standard methods. For the determination of macro minerals, heavy metals and anti-nutrients, the samples were digested and analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. To assess the consumption prevalence, a structured questionnaire was designed, content-validated, pre-tested and used. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The results of the proximate analysis showed a high content of ash (85%) in both samples. Kaolin had significantly (P<0.05) higher content of sodium and magnesium while calcium was significantly (P<0.05) higher in bentonite. For the heavy metals, kaolin had significantly (P<0.05) higher content of lead, arsenic and aluminium. Among the respondents, about 75% admitted to consuming both clays (during and after pregnancy). The two edible clays are commonly consumed by women, irrespective of age and educational status. Both kaolin and bentonite clays contained appreciable quantities of important micronutrients but also contained some anti-nutrients and heavy metals, hence they should be consumed with caution, especially during pregnancy.