Nigeria Agricultural Journal

Effects of Perceived Extent of Climate Variations and Socioeconomic Characteristics on Food Crops Farmers’ Income in Southwest Nigeria

Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Nigeria agricultural sub-sector is often susceptible to climatic changes and vulnerability, thus leading to immense stresses on the plants, livestock and soil fertility. Therefore, this study aimed to establish farmers’ local knowledge of climate change and determine the effects of perceived climate change incidence on food crop farmers’ income. The study was conducted in the four divisions of Ogun State, Nigeria using a multi-stage sampling technique to select 480 crop farmers. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, dominance analysis, and linear regression. Results indicated that the mean score of incidence of variation experienced by farmers, household headship, sex of farmer, level of formal education, household size, farm size, and distance of the market from the farm were the factors that significantly affected the annual farm income generated by farmers. Furthermore, low usage of adaptation strategies was evident in the study area. The study recommended policies targeted at cassava and maize farmers to boost food crop production in the state. In addition, the formulation of policies centered on increasing the income-generating ability of the farmers to enhance their usage of coping strategies to ameliorate the adverse effects of climate change.

Utilization of Mobile Phone Application for Improved Service Delivery Among Extension Agents in Southwest, Nigeria

R.A. Mufutau, A.K. Olayide, A.R. Ilori, N.R.B. Modum — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study assessed the utilization of mobile phone applications for improved service delivery among extension agents in southwest, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 100 extension agents. Data were obtained with the use of structured questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics while Chi-square and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation were employed for testing the hypotheses. Results revealed a mean age of 45 years for the extension agents. The majority (74.0%) were male with a very high literacy level. The extension agents had a mean age of 15 years of experience and an average of 1:2570 extension agent-farmer ratio. Extension agents had a high (53.0%) usage of mobile phone applications for improved service delivery with WhatsApp and Facebook being the most used. Also, extension agents had a good (53.0%) perception of the effects of mobile phone utilization. Some of the socio-economic characteristics that influenced the utilization of the mobile phone application for improved service delivery were marital status (ꭕ²= 9.301), educational level (ꭕ²= 9.828), household size (ꭕ²= 4.889), years of professional experience (ꭕ²= 7.737), had professional training in service delivery (ꭕ²= 12.604), access to resources needed to deliver extension service (ꭕ²= 52.241) and utilization of smartphone application (r= -0.285). Conclusively, over half of agents showed high usage of mobile phone applications. It is recommended that there is a need for enhanced knowledge levels through training and retraining and the provision of a supportive environment for agricultural extension agents aimed at improved utilization and benefits associated with mobile phone applications.

Characterization of Starch Properties of Five Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata Genotypes each and Impact of Boiling and Pounding on the Textural Properties

M.A. Ofoeze, C.E. Ogbete, S.T. Ubwa, J.S. Alakali — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigates the functional, pasting, textural, and syneresis properties of Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata starch samples, aiming to understand their potential applications in food processing. The water absorption capacity, swelling power, and solubility index of these starches demonstrate significant variability across different varieties, with WAC ranging from 73.88% to 98.77%. Gelation properties indicate that starches like TDr1000031 and TDr8/9/2665 form firm gels at 8% concentration. The pasting properties also show diverse viscosities, with peak values ranging from 4080 RVU to 8082.5 RVU for D. rotundata, indicating variations in thickening potential. The textural analysis of boiled and pounded yam samples highlights significant differences in chewiness, gumminess, and adhesiveness. For boiled yams, chewiness ranges from 609.5 to 1878.5, with TDr8/9/2665 having the highest value. Gumminess is highest in TDr8/9/2665 (2263), indicating a denser texture, while adhesiveness ranges from 9.685 to 71.705. Pounded yam samples show that TDr003 has the highest gumminess (8533), suggesting a firmer, alata sample exhibited chewiness values as high as 1309 for TDa316. Adhesiveness varied widely, with D. rotundata showing values from 9.685 (TDr459) to 71.705 (TDr873). In D. alata, adhesiveness was highest in TDa201 (223.24). D. alata samples such as TDa374 had lower gumminess values (302.5). Syneresis measurements highlight differences in gel stability, with samples like TDrAMULA demonstrating the highest stability and lowest water release over time. The study provides insights into the suitability of different yam starch varieties for specific food applications, based on their texture, stability, and retrogradation behaviour.

Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis of Determinants of the Adoption of Soil Erosion Control Measures by Rural Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

G.O. Sunday, F.E. Ebe, I.E. Obioma — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study identified the causes of erosion and measures adopted to control the erosion and used the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model to analyze the determinants of soil erosion control measures used by farmers in the study area. A purposive sampling meth33od was used to select 356 respondents from a group of farmers in Akwa Ibom State. A questionnaire was used to gather data from the farmers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model. The study revealed that causes of soil erosion in the study area included overgrazing, sand excavation, climate change, road grading, topography, bush burning, land pollution, land clearing, and deforestation. It was also revealed that the most practice measures adopted by the farmers in controlling the effect of soil erosion in the study area were structural and vegetative measures respectively. The results also indicated that age, education, household size, credit, non-farm income, sex, training, extension visit, bumper harvest, and topography significantly determined the adoption of the various soil erosion control measures in the study area. The study therefore recommended that the government and other policymakers should encourage access to advisory services, literacy, and training of farmers especially the young ones as they play a key role in the adoption process of better soil management practices as major labor suppliers within the farm.

Assessment of Early Growth and Silviclutural Requirements of Brachystegia eurycoma (HARMS), Afzelia africana (SM), Milicia excelsa (WELW.) C.C. BERG in Umudike, Nigeria

B. Nwajiobi, R. Mbakwe, E.C. Nzegbule — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The experiment investigated early growth and the silvicultural requirements for enhancing the growth of Afzelia africana, Brachystegia eurycoma, and Milicia excelsa in Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Seeds of the species were collected from under parent trees and raised in the nursery. Vigorously growing seedlings of the species were used to establish a 3x3x3 factorial in RCBD experiment with manures (Cow dung, Poultry droppings, and no-manure) and planting densities (4,444; 10,000 and 40,000ha^-1) as the other two factors, all in three replications. Data collected on the plant’s growth parameters of height, collar diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, and leaf area were subjected to statistical ANOVA. Significant means were separated at LSD_0.05. The result shows that the highest plant height was recorded with B. eurycoma at 40,000ha^-1with poultry manure (115.56 cm) while least height was recorded in A. africana at 4,444ha^-i with no-manure (44.56cm). B. eurycoma recorded the highest number of leaves (48.35), M. excelsa had the highest number of branches (4.25) and highest unit leaf area (429.00 cm²), while A. africana had the least values. The high growth rate of B. eurycoma indicated the greater potential for establishment and colonization in forest gaps and preference over the others for forest management objectives of biomass production. The silvicultural treatments of species selection, have the most significant influence on growth parameters than spacing and manure treatments, indicating that the genetic predisposition of the plants is a key factor determining growth performance of plantations.

Factors Influencing Child Labour Utilisation in Agriculture among Rural Households In Mafeteng District, Lesotho

A.M. Rantlo , L. Mosuoe-Salemane — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study was aimed at assessing the utilization of child labour in agriculture and factors influencing it amongst rural households in Ramoetsane Community Council, Mafeteng District in Lesotho. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select 156 household heads as respondents in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which was analysed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. The descriptive findings revealed that parents/guardians engaged children in agricultural activities such as herding animals, harvesting and carrying food and fodder, administering veterinary drugs and vaccines to animals, ploughing the fields, sowing seeds, removing weeds, and selling fruits and vegetables in the streets. The majority (60%) of the household heads were married females and mostly aged 70 years and older. A lot of household heads had primary education and earned their living from agriculture with a monthly household income of less than M1000.00 and a mean household size of 7 members. Binary regression analysis revealed access to farm machinery (p=0.017), land size (p=0.028), cost of children’s education (p=0.025), education level (p=0.172), household income (p=0.139) and culture (p=0.000) as statistically significant factors that influenced child labour engagement in household agricultural activities in the study area. It was, therefore, recommended that free education should be extended to secondary education and that law enforcement agencies should enforce all legal provisions to protect the rights and welfare of the children.

Effect of Zinc-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria on Zinc Accumulation, Microbial Activity, and Growth of Cassava

E.E. Amajor, E. Nwachukwu, O.K. Achi — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth, but its limited bioavailability in soils affects cassava productivity. Zinc-solubilizing rhizobacteria (ZSR) can enhance Zn availability, promoting better plant uptake and growth. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. in improving Zn solubilization, microbial respiration, and Zn accumulation in cassava (Manihot esculenta). The experiment was conducted at the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria, under screen house conditions. A completely randomized design was used with eight treatments and three replications. Pseudomonas (P), Bacillus (B), ZnSO₄ only, Pseudomonas + Bacillus (P+B), Pseudomonas + Zn (P+Z), Bacillus + Zn (B+Z), Pseudomonas + Bacillus + Zn (P+B+Z), and a control. Bacterial isolates were screened for Zn solubilization ability, and their growth was monitored in different Zn sources and times. CO₂ respiration rates were measured to assess microbial activity, while Zn accumulation in cassava roots, stems, and leaves was determined at harvest using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp showed higher solubilization efficiency during the screening with 300% and 280% respectively. The ZnSO₄treatment exhibited the highest turbidity bacterial growth rate (OD600) of 2.5nm and 2.0nm under pseudomonas and bacillus sp and P+B+Z treatment showed a significant increase in CO₂ respiration level at 8MAP (52.6mg/kg), indicating enhanced microbial activity. Zinc accumulation followed the trend: P+B+Z > P+Z > B+Z > P+B > Zn only > Control, with the highest Zn concentrations of 3.93 mg/kg and plant height of 150.13cm. In conclusion, the combined application of Pseudomonas and Bacillus (ZSR) with ZnSO₄ significantly improved Zn solubilization, microbial activity, and Zn uptake in cassava. These findings suggest that ZSB-based biofertilization could enhance cassava nutrition and productivity. Field validation is recommended to optimize bacterial formulations for large-scale applications.

Physicochemical Properties of Extra-Virgin Olive and Soybean Oils Flavoured with Rosemary and Oregano Extracts

B.I. Offia-Olua, F.A. Usuwa, U.A. Onwuzuruike, A.N. Ukom, J. Ndife — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are well-known natural antioxidants. This study was conducted to ascertain the influence of essential oils (EOs) from rosemary and oregano, on the physicochemical properties of extra-virgin olive (EVOO) and soybean oils (SBO) for culinary uses. Refined EVOO and SBO were obtained from commercial stockers and infused with EOs of rosemary and oregano using established protocols to obtain flavoured oil samples assessed for chemical, physical properties, and volatile compounds using standard methods. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), (version 20) at a 95 % probability level. Results of the chemical composition of the oil samples showed a range of 180.80 mg/KOH/g - 212.67 mg/KOH/g for saponification value, 1.17 – 4.44meq O₂/kg fat for peroxide value, 0.64 – 1.95 mg/g for thiobarbituric acid value, 73.12 to 87.09 g I₂/100g for iodine value and 2.14 – 4.53% for free fatty acid value. Physical properties were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after aromatizing with EOs of rosemary and oregano. The values ranged from 240.00 to 372.00°C, 303.00 to 380.00°C and 325.00°C to 400.00°C for smoke, flash and fire points respectively. The volatile components of the six oil samples were significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other. EVOO samples had higher squalene concentrations than SBO samples. Tocopherol was not detected in EVOO samples but was detected in soybean oil, particularly delta- and gamma-tocopherol. Cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl, cyclooctasiloxane hexadecamethyl, cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl, squalene, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and gamma-sitosterol are similar compounds found in considerably all oil samples. Conclusively, flavoured oils not only protect the oils against lipid oxidation but also improve their sensory and health benefits.

Unveiling the Potential of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review of Their Application in Agriculture and Food Industries

A.F. Onyegbula, S.O. Oyeyipo, T. Ahmed, B.I. Adediran, R.Q. Adegbola — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The field of nanotechnology has brought about a remarkable transformation in the food industry, introducing new technological advancements that have the potential to revolutionize the Agrifood sector. Nanoparticles, in particular, have become a viable resource for enhancing global agricultural production, enhancing nutritional value, and ensuring food safety and quality. One of the many varieties of nanoparticles is Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs),, which are widely utilized for their potent antibacterial and bactericidal properties and their wide range of antibacterial effects. The nanoparticles are typically produced by utilising three distinct methods, including chemical, physical, and green synthesis (biological techniques). The green synthesis strategy is the most commonly used, since it is affordable and environmentally beneficial. AgNPs have a wide range of uses in the food and agricultural industries, including Nanofertilizers, Plant Growth Aid, Pesticide Remediation, Plant Disease Management, Crop Protection, Food Processing, Food Packaging, Safety Enhancement, Quality Monitoring of food, Nano-sized Additives, Nutraceuticals, etc. Nanoparticles continue to drive innovation in the food and agricultural industry, from innovative packaging solutions to advanced sensing technologies and novel processing techniques. Nanotechnology has become an indispensable tool for addressing existing difficulties associated with packaging materials, positively impacting the quality, safety, and security of foods, and being advantageous to producers and consumers.

Attainment of National Food Security through Mitigation of Post-Harvest Losses: Role of the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI)

M.B. Lawi, O.O. Olaleye, I.M. Abdul, D.O. Salami, A.A. Sabo — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

While the proportion of the global population facing food insecurity remains unacceptably high, a significant portion of food is lost due to spoilage and infestations during the journey to consumers. Before reaching the hands of the final consumer, agricultural produce passes through a series of activities and processes that expose it to numerous conditions and factors that cause or promote deterioration, making post-harvest loss one of the greatest problems facing agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa, of which Nigeria is no exception. Reducing post-harvest losses offers a costeffective and environmentally sustainable way to promote household food security and nutritional status, particularly in a country like Nigeria, where a large proportion of the population is inadequately fed. More so, with just about six years to the 2030 deadline set for the fulfilment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target of zero hunger, curbing food loss and waste is crucial to actualizing this agenda. No doubt, reduction in post-harvest loss is invariably linked to the availability and profitability of technologies that can reduce or eliminate losses. The Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) plays a critical role in addressing the issue of post-harvest loss through research and development of technologies and innovations aimed at improving post-harvest handling and storage practices. This work attempts to look at some of the roles that the institute has played towards the attainment of national food security through post-harvest loss reduction.

Estimation of Variance Components, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and Yield Traits in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz)

J.O. Mbe — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated 265 diverse cassava genotypes under low and optimum nitrogen conditions using an augmented block design at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, during the 20202021 cropping season. The objective was to estimate variance components, heritability, and genetic gain for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield-related traits. The findings showed that environmental variance contributed more to the phenotypic variance of most traits than genetic variance, except for leaf nitrogen content, where genotypic variance accounted for 65.45%. Under low nitrogen conditions, two traits exhibited low genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), four had intermediate GCV, and six had high GCV. Similarly, under optimum nitrogen, three traits had low GCV, three had intermediate GCV, and six had high GCV. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was consistently higher than GCV across all traits. Broad-sense heritability (H2b) was low for six traits under low nitrogen, with the rest showing intermediate or medium heritability. Under optimum nitrogen, eight traits had low heritability, three had moderate heritability, and only leaf nitrogen content exhibited high heritability. Genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) was highest for starch content, indicating strong additive gene effects, especially under both nitrogen regimes (373.69% and 96.77% GAM for low and optimum nitrogen, respectively). The study suggests that direct selection could effectively improve cassava yield traits, particularly starch content, due to the presence of significant additive genetic effects.

Phytobiotic Efficacy of Spotted Pumpkin (Lagenaria breviflora) Extracts on Growth Response and Carcass Yield of Broiler Chickens

A.A. Adeyemo, T.A. Akanji, O.J. Odutayo, D.J. Ibigbami, O.M. Sogunle — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Many plants have beneficial properties obtained from their bioactive constituents. This plant extract offers a promising effect in enhancing nutrient absorption and utilization in livestock which in turn improves production performance. This study investigated the efficacy of aqueous extract of lagenaria breviflora on the growth response and carcass yield of broiler chickens. A total of 160 -day -old broilers were used for this experiment. The birds were allotted into four (4) treatment groups of four (4) replicates containing ten (10) birds each. Treatments consist of aqueous extract of lagenaria breviflora at 0g/l, 250g/l, 500g/l and 750g/l. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Results revealed that final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were significantly influenced at starter phase while, final weight, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake were significantly influenced by the aqueous extract of lagenaria breviflora at finisher phase. Best feed conversion ratio was obtained from birds administered 750g/l of lagenaria breviflora at both phases of the experiment. Carcass yield was not significantly influenced except for the kidney and gastro-intestinal tract. Highest kidney weight was obtained from birds administered 500g/l of lagenaria breviflora compared to lower weight obtained from birds administered 0g/l and 250g/l of lagenaria breviflora. Highest gastrointestinal weight was obtained from birds on 250g/l and 500g/l of lagenaria breviflora compared to mean value obtained for birds on 750g/l. In conclusion, aqueous extract of lagenaria breviflora can be administered up to 750g/l as a phytobiotic for improved growth and better feed conversion ratio.

Evaluation of the Effect of Drying Methods on the Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Leafy Spices

Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the effect of sun drying and kiln drying methods on chemical, composition and antimicrobial properties of selected indigenous leafy spices Uziza leaf (Piper guineense), Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii), and Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum). The three leafy spices were divided into 500 g each. The fresh sample of each leafy spices served as control. Two portions of 500 g each of leafy spices were separately washed and subjected to two drying methods (sun drying and kiln drying) for 2 days for sundried samples while kiln dried sample was done at 100 ⁰C for 4 days. The leaves were ground and stored in an airtight container prior to analysis. The mineral, phytochemical, and antimicrobial properties were analyzed based on standard methods. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance of a completely randomized design while mean separation was done with Duncan multiple range tests at 95% confidence level. Results showed that drying did not affect the phytochemical components of the leafy spices. The mineral contents of the leafy spices varied from 21.07 to 34.00 mg/100g Sodium, 0.32 to 0.60 mg/100g, Zinc, 1.37 to 11.25 mg/100g, Iron, 107.60 to 297.30 mg/100g, Calcium, and 184.80 to 698.90 mg/100g Potassium respectively. The antimicrobial results showed that extracts of sun-dried and kiln-dried O. gratissimum leaves gave maximum inhibitory zone diameters (IZD) of 16.0 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans at 4000 µg/ml which was less compared to the control, extracts from kiln dried and sun dried leaves of P. guineense were effective against E. coli and S. aureus with maximum IZD range of 15mm at 4000 µg/ml while sun dried and kiln dried leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii showed strong growth inhibition against S. aureus and C. albicans with IZD range of 17 mm and 16 mm at 4000 µg/ml which is also less compared to the control.

Agronomic performance of 42 genomic selected genotypes across three Agroecological zones in Nigeria

A.S. Nwaogu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Forty-two (42) genomic selected cassava genotypes were planted, drawn from the germplasm of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike (NRCRI), and evaluated in an advanced yield trial (AYT). Umudike is located in the rainforest, Otobi is in the derived savanna, and Kano is in the semi-arid area. Three replicates of 20 plants per plot with an inter- and intra-plot spacing of 1 x 8m are used in a randomised complete block design (RCBD). The goal is to determine the impact of genotype x environment on the performance of the cassava genotypes by choosing those that perform well throughout the zones for future improvement. Minjibir displayed the lowest total rainfall and relative humidity, measuring 536.22 and 63.10, respectively, while Umudike had the highest total rainfall and mean relative humidity, measuring 2075.90mm and 88.00, respectively. Otobi followed with a total rainfall and mean relative humidity of 82.00. On the other hand, Minjibir recorded the greatest mean temperature (40.33) and total solar radiation (106.15), followed by Otobi (78.30 and 35.30), and Umudike (50.10 and 29.30) with the lowest values All agronomic characteristics (apart from plant architecture) showed extremely high significant differences (p<0.001). Plant vigour, height, cbb, cgm, and cmd all displayed very high genotypic significant differences, with mean square values of 2.55, 0.52, 0.49, 2836.40, and 0.24, respectively, although plant architecture exhibited no significance. Genotype x Environment showed significant differences (p<0.001) across the agronomic traits. Genotype x Location interactions showed very highly significant difference (p<0.001) with means square of root number= 130.57, shoot weight= 49.59, DMC= 27.33, and fry= 120.33; on the other hand, root weight was significantly different (p<0.05) with means square of 34.78. Combining a simple correlation analysis of the major cassava evaluated across locations revealed that DMC correlated negatively with fry = r0.43, plant architecture = r-0.34, plant height = r-0.33, cmd = r-0.09, and cgm = r-0.06, and very positively with starch (r=0.99 at p<0.001). Additionally, a substantial association between root number and sprout (r0.77) and root weight (r0.87) was found in this study at p<0.001. The following traits showed a p<0.01 connection with root number: shoot weight = r0.57, fry = r0.47, and dry = r0.49 (Table 4). The analysis's result showed a strong link (p<0.001) between dry and fry (r=0.96). At the same time, vigor had a negative correlation (p<0.01) with the following variables (plant height = r0.65, shoot weight = r0.61) and a negative correlation (p<0.001) with DMC = -0.36 and starch = r-0.36.

Fortification of Broiler Chicken Feed with Shistocerca americana for Nutritional Improvement

S.A. Yerima, F. Buba, J.S. Pudza, N.I. Dibal, A.A. Ali, M.A. Milala — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Consumption of chicken and its products has remained one of the primary sources of protein globally. The study evaluated the protein content and weight of broiler chickens that received feed fortified with Shistocerca americana (SA). Thirty-day-old broiler chickens were grouped into 6 (n=5). Group A was fed with normal broiler feeds while the test groups B-F received the broiler feed fortified with SA at 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 ratios, respectively. SA was found to have a protein content of 60.7%, 17% fibre, and 1.6% carbohydrate. Consumption of SA-fortified feed significantly increases (p<0.05) the body weight and feed intake of the broiler chicken compared to the control. The serum protein concentration of the broiler chickens that received SA-fortified feed at 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 was significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the control. In conclusion, the high protein content and flavour of SA are attributed to the increase in body weight and feed intake. Therefore, SA can be fortified in both human and animal feed for its palatability and high protein content.

Frame Survey, Catch Composition and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Artisanal Fisherfolk around Lake Alau, Maiduguri, Nigeria

A.N. Olanrewaju, M.O. Awoyale, B.A. Isa, M. Waziri, S. Ebenezar — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Lake Alau is an important water body for artisanal fisheries where hundreds of fishermen earn their livelihood, but recently its fisheries are faced with dwindling fortune and imminent over-fishing. This study therefore surveys the socioeconomic characteristics and catch composition of artisanal fisherfolk in Lake Alau, Maiduguri metropolis, Borno State. Two hundred structured questionnaires and personal communication were used for the survey in ten fishing communities purposively selected in the study area. However, 180 questionnaires were retrieved and used for the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage distributions). The results show that a large number of fisher folks are males (75.0%) and full adults within the economically active range (79.99%). Most of the fisher folks are married (83.33%) and highly experienced in fishing activities (56.0%) with full-time commitment (68.89%). The study revealed Brycinus nurse (91.67%), Protopterus annecens (84.44%), Clarias species (82.22%), Tilapia species (83.33%), and Alestes dentex (82.78%) as major fish species caught by fishermen in Lake Alau. The common fishing gears used by most of the fishermen include gillnet (94.44%), Malian trap (87.78%), cast net (82.22%), and clap net (80.56%). The high cost of netting materials (76.11%), lack of a good road network (48.33%), fish spoilage (47.78%), and no access to credit facilities (47.22%) are the serious problems faced by the fishers in the study area. Government intervention by providing subsidized netting materials and good road networks is recommended for the development of artisanal fishing in the area.

Effect of Cassava Variety and Pigeon Pea Bud-nipping on the Productivity of Component Crops in Cassava/Pigeon Pea Intercrop in Umudike, Abia State

A.C. Okafor, E.U. Mbah, K.O. Orji — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This experiment was carried out between the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 cropping seasons to assess the effect of cassava variety and pigeon pea bud-nipping on the productivity of component crops in cassava/pigeon pea intercrop in Umudike, Abia State. The research was carried out at the eastern research farm of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike (NRCRI). The research site was slashed, ploughed, harrowed, and ridged 1 m apart with tractor-coupled implements. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The plot size of 4 m x 4 m (16 m²) was used. There were fourteen treatments. The cassava cuttings were planted at 100 cm x 100 cm while the pigeon pea seeds were planted on the crest of the ridges 50 cm x 100 cm apart. Two seeds were sown per stand and later thinned to one plant per stand. The productivity of sole and the intercropping systems was determined using the following indices: land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), gross monetary return (GMR), total cost of production (TCP), net return (NR), and benefit cost ratio (BCR). The results indicated that the Umucass 38/pigeon pea/no nip bud and NR 8082/pigeon pea/no nip bud were more productive in gross monetary return, net return, and benefit-cost-ratio indices than the other forms of treatments in the two cropping seasons. For maximum yield and financial returns in sole cassava (Umucass 38) is recommended, while in the intercropping system, the combination of Umucass 38/pigeon pea/no nip bud and NR 8082/pigeon pea/no nip bud was adjudged to be the best for high crop yield and increased monetary returns.

Insecticidal Activities of Bengal Dayflower, Commelina benghalensis L. Plant Powder and Extracts Against the Cowpea Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

O.Y. Alabi, T.O. Olagunju, E.F. Odeyemi — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The bioactivity of Commelina benghalensis (CB) leaf powder and extracts against the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (CM), was investigated in the laboratory. Adult mortality and oviposition of CM were assessed on cowpea seeds (20 g) treated with each of CB Powder (CBP: 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0%, 12.5% w/w); Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts (CBAE and CBEE: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.5, 8.0, 12.5% v/v) arranged in a completely randomised design. Pirimiphos-methyl (PM) served as the synthetic control. Adult Mortality (AM, %) and Number of Eggs Laid (NEL) were assessed daily, and the cowpea seeds were watched for adult emergence. Several Emergent Adults (NEA) and Sex Ratios (SR) were recorded. Plant materials were analysed for secondary metabolites. The highest Percentage of Adult Mortality (PAM) of 55.11% was obtained in PM-treated seeds at 24 hours, while the least was recorded from 0.5% CBP (39.11%), 2.5% CBAE (0.76%), and 0.5% CBEE (14.0%). There was no significant difference in PAM between seeds treated with PM (55.0) and seeds treated with 1.0% (69.3) and 4.5% (75.0) CBAE, but the highest mortalities occurred at 96 hours on 8.0% (77.0) and 12.5% (91.0) CBAE. No adult emerged from seeds treated with CBEE and PM. CBEE had the highest alkaloids (7.24±0.08h), followed by flavonoids (101.39±0.75), tannins (95.27±0.94), and phenolics (938.25±1.64) contents. CBEE inhibited adult emergence, possibly due to its phytochemical components. Commelina benghalensis leaf powder (5.0% and 12.5%), aqueous extract (8.0% and 12.5%), and ethanol extract (8.0% and 12.5%) could be incorporated into the stored product pest management.

Analysis of Investment and Performance of Poultry Feed Marketing in Abia State, Nigeria

C. Nwagbara, M.E. Njoku, F.A. Nse-Nelson — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed the investment and performance of poultry feed marketing in Abia State. Specifically, the study identified and categorized the investments made by the poultry feed marketers, estimated the value of investments, determined their performance, and estimated the determinants of the performance of poultry feed marketers in the study area. A multistage sampling technique was used. Data collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules from 120 poultry feed marketers were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, net profit analysis, frequency tables, and percentages. The result of data analysis identified Poultry feed + Drugs/Vaccines, Poultry feed + Drugs/Vaccines + Equipment, Poultry feed + Drugs/Vaccines + Equipment + Chicks as the various combinations of enterprises that poultry marketers diversified into. The total average investment made by categories of poultry feed marketers identified is N 390,970.45, N 1,109,425.50, and N 21,121,165.00, respectively. The net profits of N383,320.00, N1, 047,350.00 and N6, 650,050.00 accrued to the categories of poultry feed marketers, respectively. Also, Age (p₌0.01), marital status (p₌0.10), purchase cost (p₌0.01), price (p₌0.01), handling cost (p₌0.05), marketing cost (p₌0.01) and rent (p₌0.10) were significant determinants of performance in poultry feed marketing for category A. Age (p₌0.01), household size (p₌0.10), purchase cost (p₌0.10) and handling cost (p₌0.01) are the significant determinants of performance in marketing of poultry feed for category B. While education (p₌0.01), household size (p₌0.05), purchase cost (p₌0.05), handling cost (p₌0.05), and marketing information (p₌0.10) are the significant determinants of performance in poultry feed marketing. The result from the study shows that poultry feed marketing is a profitable business venture, as poultry feed marketers diversify into other enterprises within the poultry supply chain. Prospective investors are encouraged to invest in poultry feed marketing with as many associated enterprises within the poultry supply chain. This will reduce the current high unemployment rate that is experienced in the country.

Effects of Climate-smart Agricultural Practices on Cassava Farmers’ Output in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study assessed the effects of climate-smart agricultural practices on cassava farmers’ output in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 respondents. Data were analyzed using percentages, mean statistics, and correlation analysis. The results show that early planting was adopted by 100% of farmers. However, a lack of credit (78.33%) was ranked as the highest constraint. A statistically significant positive correlation (0.3131) was found between climate-smart agricultural practices and output. The study concludes that early planting practices are widely adopted, while a lack of credit presents a significant challenge to adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices. Despite these challenges, CSA practices were found to have the ability to enhance cassava farmers’ output. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends implementing robust extension services, providing financial support, and offering education programs to promote CSA adoption among farmers.

Soil Nutrient Dynamics in Ngor Okpala Cassava-Based Farming System as affected by Organic Manure

N.R. Njoku — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Understanding the dynamics of plant nutrients is important for addressing such issues as the fragility of tropical soils and their sustainability for crop production. Field experiments were conducted at Ngor Okpala of Imo State, Nigeria, to determine the effects of organic fertilizers on soil nutrient dynamics in a cassava (Manihot esculenta)- based farming system. The experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. Six organic manure treatments were chosen, each applied at the recommended rate of 400kg ha-¹ were poultry dropping (PD), Ash (PBA), pig manure (PM), cow dung (CD, a combination of all the organic manures (CB) and control

(without organic manures, CT). Over two cropping seasons, soil chemical properties sampled at 0 – 15, 15 – 30 cm depths showed nutrient changes in the soil. The addition of organic manures increased soil pH, TN content, available P, exchangeable cations, and ECEC over the control (CT) with no input. In 0 – 15 cm depth, PD has the distinctly highest TN content and lowest SOC, while the CD and PBA treatments have the highest P, the PBA and CD treatments gave significantly the highest increase in soil pH and ECEC over other organic manures. For most of the chemical properties in both depths, there was no significant difference between the treatments. The combination of organic manures (CB) treatment did not improve the soil properties and TN content above the other organic manures in both depths. Generally, application of organic manures significantly enhanced soil nutrients in the study area and thereby improved the soil fertility. For most of the soil nutrients evaluated, there were no significant differences between the PD and PBA. PBA was therefore recommended when compared with the cost effects of PD, and because PBA is readily available for farmers in the study area.

Adoption of Rice Farming Technology among Rural Women in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

O.E. Olagunju, O.S. Olagunju, M.O. Ariyo, A.J. Alli — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rice is a global staple and popular cereal of high nutritional value, grown and greatly consumed. The study assessed the adoption of rice farming technology among rural women in Igabi Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State. The specific objectives were to: identify the socioeconomic characteristics of the rural women, determine the various technologies of rice farming, identify the various adoption stages of rice farming technology, and examine the constraints of adoption of rice farming technologies. A multistage sampling technique was used. Primary data was used for the study. Descriptive statistics were used to achieve the objectives, while the T-test was used to test the hypothesis. The mean age of the respondents was 35.7 years, majority (93.0%) of the respondents were married, most (56.0%) of the respondents had between 6-10 household size, some (55.0%) of the respondents were into weaving, and trading (33.0%) as other income generating activities. Some (44.0%) of the respondents belong to a cooperative society, and the majority (80.0%) of the respondents use hired labour. The majority (94.0%) of the respondents sourced their information from market place, most (50.0%) of the respondents adopted the Faro 47 variety. The majority (94.0%) of the respondents adopted supply and replacement, and weeding frequency techniques. T-test result (p = 0.001) showed that there is a highly significant relationship between the rice technologies and adoption. The major constraint faced by the respondents was a lack of credit facilities. This study recommends the provision of adequate loan facilities at a low interest rate to help rural women be more involved in rice farming.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil beneath Okoubaka aubrevillei in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria

V.A. Olayiwola, O.A. Onilude — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the soil characteristics of two transects under the Okoubaka tree, examining the effects of depth and transect on soil dynamics. This study compares soil characteristics across two transects (Transect 1 and Transect 2) at varying depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm), investigating the effects of depth on the dynamics of soil properties. The Levene's Test was applied to evaluate the variance in soil characteristics between the transects, revealing significant differences in the variances of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P). In contrast, other soil characteristics displayed similar variance. A two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence interval further examined the effects of various factors on soil characteristics, revealing significant mean separations for most measured variables. The results show that the pH, organic carbon, organic matter, and total nitrogen content remained consistent across both depths and transects. However, differences in micronutrient content were observed, with higher concentrations of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) found in the topsoil (0-15 cm). Significant differences were also observed in the exchangeable cation content, with varying levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) between treatments. The study found that Transect 1 had higher levels of organic carbon, organic matter, and phosphorus, while Transect 2 exhibited elevated levels of manganese and iron. These findings suggest that soil characteristics can vary considerably across different landscapes, underscoring the importance of adopting site-specific soil management strategies for effective forest management and ecosystem conservation. By understanding the soil dynamics under the Okoubaka tree, this study provides insights into maintaining soil fertility, supporting tree growth, and preserving ecosystem services.

Effects of Communal Conflicts on Agricultural Programmes in Southeast, Nigeria

C.N. Odom, G.N. Umeh, J.O. Enyigwe — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analysed the effects of communal conflicts on agricultural programmes in Southeast Nigeria using 405 respondents selected through a multistage sampling procedure involving random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected from primary sources using a structured questionnaire administered in the form of an interview schedule. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logit regression, and factor analysis. Results showed that the causes of conflicts included boundary dispute (99%), destruction of crops by herders (97%), struggle for power (94%), encroachment into farm land (90%), disregard for local traditional authority (84%), contamination of streams by cattle (76%) and non-compliance with rule (71%), International Fund for Agricultural Development Projects (99%), N-power-Agro (98%), Agricultural Small and Medium

Enterprise Investment Scheme (96%), Agricultural Development Programmes (95%), National Fadama Project (89%) and Agricultural Transformation Agenda (71%) were agricultural programmes in the study area. Conflicts between families, farmers, groups, communities, and herders were significant and negatively related to agricultural programmes. The constraints to mitigating communal conflicts were traditional, political/religious, and institutional constraints. It was concluded that communal conflicts have deleteriously affected agricultural programmes in Southeast Nigeria. It was recommended that herders should be encouraged and assisted to adopt an intensive system of rearing cattle to reduce the increasing farmers-herders’ conflicts, among others.

Effects of Partially Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Based Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Serum Biochemistry Profile of Weaned Pigs

Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the effects of partially defatted Black Soldier Fly larvae (DBSFL) meal as a replacement for soybean meal in weaned pig diets. Twenty-seven crossbred weaned pigs (Large White x Landrace, initial weight 8.26 ± 0.13 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: 0%, 5%, and 10% DBSFL meal, replacing soybean meal at 0, 25, and 50% inclusion levels, respectively. The 49day experiment assessed growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum biochemistry. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in growth performance parameters or nutrient digestibility. Serum biochemistry showed no significant differences in ALT, ALP, albumin, total protein, and LDL. However, AST levels were higher in pigs fed 5% DBSFL (56.07 U/L) compared to those fed 0% (36.82 U/L) and 10% (53.61 U/L) DBSFL. Total cholesterol and HDL levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the 5% DBSFL group (164.55 mg/dL and 74.91 mg/dL, respectively) compared to the 0% (138.56 mg/dL and 38.07 mg/dL) and 10% (148.94 mg/dL and 62.28 mg/dL) groups. Triglyceride concentrations increased with DBSFL inclusion (0%: 51.27 mg/dL; 5%: 61.43 mg/dL; 10%: 72.21 mg/dL). In conclusion, DBSFL meal can partially replace soybean meal in weaned pig diets without negatively affecting growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profile, and overall health of the weaned pigs.

Efficacy of Local Waste Products on the Control of Bacterial Spots of Telfairia occidentalis (Hook f.) in Umudike, Humid South East Nigeria

U.A. Okoronkwo, E.U. Opara — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the 2024 cropping season, a field trial was conducted at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, to test the impact of local waste materials on the control of bacterial spot disease of Telfairia occidentalis (Hook F.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The local waste materials produced from already used palm bunch, rice husk, biochar, poultry manure, and a control (water) were applied two weeks after germination at the base of the plants, and data were collected for 16 weeks of planting. The parameters assessed were disease incidence, disease severity, growth, and yield parameters. Samples of diseased leaves were collected from the field to the laboratory for pathogenicity test, isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogens. Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to separate the means at a 5% probability level. Results obtained from disease incidence and severity showed that poultry manure scored (6.75% and 1.28 respectively), while biochar scored 11.36% for disease severity which were significantly better than palm bunch ash which scored 20.47% for disease incidence and 1.64 for severity in reducing incident and the control (41.64% disease incidence and 4.04 severity). Generally, all the local waste was observed to enhance growth in all the parameters assessed (vine length, number of leaves, and number of branches) when compared with the non-treated plants (control). For instance, poultry manure gave the highest vine length (198cm), followed by palm bunch ash (188.33cm), and was statistically higher than the control (135.25cm). The result of the pathogenicity test showed that the organism was able to induce bacterial spot on the seedlings, and the organism isolated from infected leaves was identified as Xanthomonas spp. This study demonstrated the efficacy and potential of some locally produced waste in reducing bacterial spot of T. occidentalis. Therefore, these agricultural waste products can be used by farmers to minimize the risk of bacterial disease incidence in the field since they are readily available and can be produced by the farmers in the comfort of their homes.

Diameter distribution, maximum likelihood estimation, probability distribution function, generalized Weibull, 3-parameter gamma, parameter estimation

P.O. Ige, R. Israel — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Different diameter distributions are suited to various forests, influenced by factors such as species composition, site conditions, and estimation methods. Given this variability, it is crucial to fit and identify models that can most accurately characterize the secondary forest at IITA, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, where such functions are nonexistent. To address this gap, diameter distribution models were fitted for the IITA forest, using six probability distribution functions: 3-parameter Weibull, 2-parameter Weibull, generalized Weibull, Logit-Logistic, 3-parameter Gamma, and 2-parameter Gamma distribution functions. A straightforward systematic line technique was employed for data collection in the study area. Eight plots, each 25 m by 25 m, were sampled and alternately laid out with four sample plots on each transverse line at 50 m intervals. 241 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were measured in total. The six probability distribution functions' parameters were calculated using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), and models were fitted appropriately. The accuracy and consistency of the distribution functions were assessed using three goodness-of-fit statistics: The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic (D_n), the Anderson-Darling statistic (A²), and the Cramér-von Mises statistic (W²), to fit the diameter data. The results indicated that the highest proportions of the trees fell within the small diameter classes (20–29.9 cm, 30–39.9 cm, and 10–19.9 cm) and the distribution exhibited the expected inverse J-shaped pattern of natural forests. The generalized Weibull distribution function was identified as the model that is best suited for describing and projecting the DBH distribution of trees in the natural forest of IITA, as it exhibited the lowest relative rank sum.

Analysis of Livelihood Choices on the Economic Outcomes of Rural Households in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

R.O. Anyachukwudinarum — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analysed contributions of households’ livelihood choices on their economic outcomes using income and poverty status as parameters with a view to investigating the determinants in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted to select 390 households from the study area. The collected primary data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, tables, bar charts, Multivariate Probit Model, Foster (MVP), Greer and Thorbecke (FGT). The empirical results of all practised livelihoods, which are farm-based, off-farm, and non-farm, accounted for 52.66%, 7.64%, and 39.70% with average incomes of N142, N157.24, N63, 523.35 and N89, 642.37 respectively. Farming was most practiced and contributed more to households’ income, thereby reducing poverty. Overall average annual income amounted to N117,535.9. The pooled data of poverty status revealed 43.59% were poor, while 56.41% were non-poor. In addition, livelihood choices determinants included gender, education, market, credit, farmland, extension services, membership of a cooperative, and Climate Smart Agriculture.

Determinants of Adoption of Improved Yam Varieties Technology Among Smallholder Farmers in Southeast Nigeria

C.C. Nwakpu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed the determinants of the adoption of improved yam varieties technology among smallholder farmers in Southeast Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 270 households involved in the cultivation of improved yam varieties. To these respondents, a structured questionnaire was administered, out of which 264 were used for data collection. Descriptive and Inferential statistics of the Probit regression model were employed for data analysis. The study showed that the respondents had a mean age and mean farming experience of 38 years and 17 years, respectively; a mean farm size of 2.6ha; a mean household size of 8 persons with a mean household number involved in farm work of 2 persons. A majority (92.04%) of the respondents were members of farmers’ cooperatives, and a simple majority (57.95%) of the respondents had access to credit. The Probit results showed that out of the six socio-economic factors that positively and significantly influenced farmers’ adoption of the technology, access to credit, access to extension services, and membership to farmers’ cooperatives with elasticity (marginal effect) values of 0.316, 0.314 and 0.255 respectively had 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd highest positive significant effects on the adoption of the improved yam varieties technology. Household size and age had a negative significant impact with elasticity values of -0.356 and -0.303, respectively (P>0.05). Constraints to the adoption of improved yam varieties technology were a lack of finance, scarcity and high cost of improved yam seeds, poor extension services, high cost of labour, and climate change effects, among others. Policy measures aimed at the expansion of agric credit portfolios to enhance farmers’ access to the inputs required for adoption, provision of effective and result-oriented extension services on improved yam varieties as well as policies aimed at the recognition and strengthening by relevant stakeholders and farmers, of the efficacy of farmers’ co-operatives as potent tools in efforts to revolutionize the adoption of improved agricultural technologies were recommended to achieve increased yields and profitable yam business in Nigeria.

Role of Soil Microbial Diversity in Mitigating Soil-Borne Diseases and Postharvest Losses

S.N. Obasi, O.A. Peters, V.A. Tenebe, C.C. Obasi, M.A. Omodara — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soil microbial diversity plays a crucial role in maintaining soil health, suppressing soil-borne diseases, and improving agricultural productivity. This review explores the mechanisms through which diverse soil microbial communities mitigate soil-borne pathogens, including Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Phytophthora, thereby reducing their impact on crop yields and postharvest losses. Beneficial microbes suppress pathogens through competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial compounds, and induction of plant systemic resistance. The review also highlights the direct link between soil health and postharvest quality, emphasizing how improved soil microbial diversity reduces mycotoxin contamination and spoilage organisms. Furthermore, sustainable soil management practices such as crop rotation, organic amendments, biofertilizers, and conservation tillage are identified as key strategies for enhancing microbial diversity. The integration of precision agriculture and artificial intelligence (AI) in monitoring soil microbial dynamics presents new opportunities for predictive disease management and soil health optimization. However, barriers such as knowledge gaps, regulatory constraints, and inconsistent field performance hinder the widespread adoption of microbial-based disease suppression strategies. Addressing these challenges requires policy support, research advancements in microbial ecology, and farmer education on sustainable soil management. This review underscores the importance of an integrated soil health management approach that combines biological, ecological, and technological interventions. By leveraging soil microbial diversity, agriculture can transition toward more resilient and sustainable farming systems, ensuring improved crop productivity, reduced postharvest losses, and long-term environmental sustainability.

Cowpea Response to Organic Manure and Adaptability to Derived/Wet Savannah Ecological Zone

A.M. Petu-Ibikunle, B.B. Shanni, Y. Alawode, G. Okwuokenye, V.A. Tenebe — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This trial was carried out on two sites during the rainy season of the year 2022. The main objective was to introduce a well-adapted cowpea variety to the wet Savannah ecology. To achieve simultaneous research, technology transfer, and adoption, three contact farmer's fields in each location were used for the experiment and represented 3 replications. The trial was conducted as a 4×3×2 experiment factorial design, with treatments assigned to the plots in a Randomized block design. Cowpea varieties were the first, the second factor was sowing date, and the third factor was sources of N₂ (i Compost manure & ii, rhizobium inoculated seed)_.To achieve organic production standards, Tobacco leaf extract was used for pest control, rhizobium seed inoculation, and compost manure was used in place of starter N_2.Manual weeding was also used instead of chemical weed control. Cowpea cultivar/Ife Brown× sowing date (30/09/2022) recorded the highest nodule count. Some of the other various growth and development parameters estimated in the trial resulted in the highest grain yield of 1043.1kg/ha. The use of inoculated Ife Brown cowpea seeds to be sown on 30 /09 was recommended for the wet Savannah zone of Kwara State.

Effectiveness of Integrating Botanical Ash in an Underground Clay-Composite Storage on the Rate of Mass Loss (Decay) and Proximate Composition Profile of Stored Colocasia Esculenta

L.C. Oriaku, N.O. Nwohu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The investigation analysis of the effectiveness of using botanical ash in an underground claycomposite storage on the rate of mass loss (decay) and the proximate composition profile of stored Colocasia esculenta was carried out using standard methods. According to the results, the lowest percentage decrease in cocoyam weight was observed in walls integrated with iroko and palm kernel ash. This tends to suggest that Iroko tree bark (I) and palm kernel shell ranked best among the plant materials for cocoyam storage, having shown a great tendency in the level of weight retention and weight loss reduction of cocoyam. Cocoyam stored in pits with walls integrated with palm nut shell (P) ash has the highest drop in percentage crude protein when compared with a value of 21.3%, while Iroko tree bark (I) showed the least percentage decrease in crude protein content of stored cocoyam. Cocoyam stored in pits with walls integrated with Iroko tree bark (I) showed no drop (0%) in percentage ash, while Groose grass (G1) showed the highest drop of about 18.9% as compared with the control. The moisture and carbohydrate contents of stored cocoyam increased while crude protein, crude fibre, and fat progressively decreased as storage months increased. Statistical variations (p<0.05) existed across the different types of plants (leaves) utilized for the cocoyam storage for weight loss.

Haematology, Lipid Profile, and Serum- Biochemical Indices of Rabbits Fed Varying Levels of Clove Syzygium aromaticum bud (SABP)

N.L. Okocha, U. Herbert, M.A. Oguike, S. Urom, W. Amaduruonye — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) bud powder on haematological parameters, serum biochemistry, and lipid profiles in rabbit bucks and does. Four dietary treatments were used: T1 (0 g/kg), T2 (5 g/kg), T3 (7.5 g/kg), and T4 (10 g/kg). Results demonstrated that moderate inclusion, particularly at 7.5 g/kg (T3), significantly improved haematological indices, including haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), and red blood cell (RBC) counts, indicating enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity and erythropoiesis. Total white blood cell (TWBC) counts were also elevated in T2 and T3, suggesting improved immune responses. Differential leukocyte counts revealed increased lymphocytes and decreased neutrophils and eosinophils at moderate doses, reflecting enhanced adaptive immunity and reduced inflammatory stress. Serum biochemical analysis showed reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in T3 and T4, indicating improved liver function, while total protein levels peaked in T2 and T3, reflecting improved protein metabolism. Lipid profiles were significantly modulated by clove supplementation. T3 and T4 groups exhibited reduced triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), alongside increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), suggesting a cardioprotective effect. T3 (7.5 g/kg) emerged as the optimal inclusion level, enhancing haematological health, immune competence, liver and kidney function, and lipid metabolism without causing adverse effects. Excessive inclusion at 10 g/kg showed diminishing benefits and potential hepatic stress. The findings support the use of Syzygium aromaticum as a functional feed additive to improve physiological and metabolic health in rabbits.

Effect of Organic Manure Sources on Two Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) varieties in Southeast Rainforest Zone, Nigeria

C.P. Onuoha, D.A. Okpara, E.U. Mbah — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

An experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria, in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the effect of organic manure sources at 10t/ha on two cucumber varieties. The treatments consisted of four organic manure sources (Poultry manure, goat manure and cow dung and zero application) and 2 varieties of cucumber (CUM 100 and CUM 971) laid out in a 4X2 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Results showed that poultry manure consistently produced longer vines and more leaves in both years, higher total number of fruits, and higher total fruit yield in 2018 than other manure sources. Cucumber variety did not affect vine length, total number of fruits per plant and fruit yield in both cropping seasons but CUM 971 had significantly more leaves than CUM 100 variety in 2018. Poultry manure application had the highest gross margin and return per naira invested. For more profitable production of cucumber, poultry manure is recommended to farmers in southeastern Nigeria.

Chemical and Phytochemical Composition of Breakfast Cereals from Flour Blends of Corn, Millet, Sorghum, and Rice

C.J. Okakpu, K.G. Okakpu, M.C. Ojinnaka, U.C. Ebere, O.O. Onyenweaku, J. Ndife — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to produce breakfast cereals from flour blends of corn, millet, sorghum, and rice grits at different proportions. Commercial Quaker Oat was used as a control. Two precooking methods were adopted: steaming at 104 ^oC for 55 minutes and toasting at 250 ^oC for 55 minutes. A total of sixteen samples were formulated, eight were steamed (100:0 = SC, SM, SR, SS; 50:50 = SCR, SCM, SCS; 25:25:25:25= SBG), and the other eight were toasted (100:0 = TC, TM, TR, TS, and 50:50 = TCR, TCM, TCS; 25:25:25:25 = TBG). All the samples were evaluated to determine the proximate, mineral, and phytochemical compositions. The proximate composition ranged from 3.84 to 12.31% moisture content, 0.86 to 11.90% crude protein, 0.35 to 7.19% fat content, 0.94 to 3.47% crude ash, 0.56 to 3.16% crude fibre, and 66.43 to 90.53% carbohydrate. The mineral composition ranged from 0.95 to 131.31 mg/100g calcium, 7.16 to 634.00 mg/100g magnesium, 2.54 to 71.27 mg/100g sodium, 0.17 to 304.00 mg/100g zinc, 0.13 to 4.95 mg/100g iron, and 0.17 to 294.27 mg/100g potassium. The phytochemical composition ranged from 0.12 to 0.81 mg/100g phytate, 0.00 to 0.17mg/100g tannin, 0.00 to 1.22 mg/100g oxalate, 0.01 to 3.85 mg/100g flavonoids, 0.00 to 0.91 mg/100g alkaloids, and 0.05 to 1.63 mg/100g polyphenols. It can be concluded that breakfast cereals can be produced from blends of corn, millet, sorghum, and rice, which improved the nutritional quality of the products considerably, and the anti-nutrient compositions were found to be below the safe recommended level.

Economic Impact of Adoption of Cassava Disease Management Technologies on Income among Male Smallholder Farmers in Southeast Nigeria: An Endogenous Switching Regression Approach

B.A. Ukeje, M.E. Njoku, N.A. Agwu, C. Nkere — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluates the economic impact of adopting Cassava Disease Management Technologies (CDMT) on income levels among male smallholder farmers in Southeast Nigeria, where cassava is a crucial livelihood and food source. Employing an Endogenous Switching Regression model, data were collected from 128 respondents across Abia, Ebonyi, Anambra, and Imo states. Results indicate that CDMT adoption significantly enhances the income of male farmers, with an Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) of N2.3195 and a notable increase inaverage income associated with adoption, indicated by a t-value of 6.41, which is statistically significant at the 1% level, Key determinants influencing both the adoption and non-adoption of CDMT include educational attainment, access to credit, distance to markets, and farming experience. Findings reveal that while higher education correlates positively with CDMT adoption, barriers such as market distance and traditional farming methods hinder further uptake. The implications of this study advocate for targeted interventions to promote CDMT adoption, which could substantially improve economic conditions for male smallholder farmers in the region and bolster agricultural productivity amidst rising disease challenges.

Analyses of Market Demand for Non-Institutional Agricultural Credit among Rural Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria

O.S. Offor, C.R. Okezie — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Farmers participate in the credit market to get access to financial resources, and the extent of access will determine their farming decisions. This study focused on determinants of informal agricultural credit demand among rural farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire. In the absence of sample selection bias, the probit model was used to analyse the data collected. The study finds that rural farm households obtain credit for their agricultural activities from various informal sources within their reach. Findings of the probit regression analysis indicates that variables that significantly influenced decision to participate in informal credit market with their coefficients were: gender (p<0.01); age (p<0.01); education (p<0.01); income (p<0.01); distance (p<0.01); household size (p<0.01); farm size (p<0.05); major occupation (p<0.05); interest rate (p<0.05); and social capital (p<0.05). To ease the credit constraints often faced by rural farm households, stakeholders should make an effort to increase the presence of informal financial institutions in rural areas. The study also recommends that participation of farmers in the informal credit market should be encouraged through farmer’s association, this will help in involvement of borrowers in both operational and policy decisions which constitutes strong participatory elements in management of credit and also, help to unleash the inherent social capital and information advantages for improved informal financing.

Biochemical and Electrolyte Parameters of Broilers Fed Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Based Meal

I.K. Mba, C.E. Ukonu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical and electrolyte parameters of birds fed ginger-based meal as a replacement diet on the growth performance of broiler chicken. One hundred and twenty-day-old broiler chicks (arbo acre) were used, and were divided randomly into five treatments (T₁ - T₅) comprising twenty-four birds each and further replicated three times. Each treatment was fed one of 5 formulated diets containing ginger meal at levels of 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.2g/100kg for eight weeks in a completely randomized design. At the termination of the experiment, three birds per treatment were selected and used for the evaluation of biochemical and electrolyte parameters. The result of this study showed that increased inclusion levels of ginger across the treatment group caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in total protein. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the AST, ALP, and creatinine in the ginger groups compared with the control. This implied that ginger at the various inclusion levels did not significantly (p>0.05) alter these enzyme biomarkers. It was observed that at the least inclusion level (0.05 g/100 kg), the cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared with other treatment groups and the control, whereas the highest inclusion 0.20 g/100 kg, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the mean value from 80.32±1.50 mg/dl to 70.62 ±0.51 mg/dl. This suggests that ginger at the highest inclusion (0.20 g/100 kg) used in this study significantly (p<0.05) lowered serum cholesterol concentration. Normal levels of blood protein, glucose, and other serum indices indicate adequate nutritional status and normal internal organ function. The serum electrolytes of the broiler chicken fed with varying degrees of ginger inclusions did not present significant variations in the serum chloride, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium concentrations across the treatments. It can be concluded from this study that ginger inclusion in the poultry diet, in addition to other nutritional and health benefits, keeps blood cholesterol within the normal range. Also, the dietary inclusion of ginger did not adversely affect the serum biochemistry and electrolyte values of the animals, hence, its inclusion in the diet is encouraged.

Potency of Thaumatococcus daniellii Leaves on Selected Fungi Isolates of Cowpea

Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The dried and pulverized leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii were extracted with methanol using Soxhlet extraction. The extract was screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of the plant was determined via the following methods: 2,2’-diphenylpicrylhydrazine (DPPH) Free Radical Scavenging Assay, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Total Antioxidant Activity (TAC), Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) Assay, Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity, and Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Assay. Antifungal activity of the leaf extract was determined using three genera of fungi responsible for the growth of mold on grains, namely Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. These were cultured and isolated from cowpea. The result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenes, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. The antioxidant assays indicate moderate to high levels (P<0.05) of free radical scavenging activity. The antifungal assay revealed that T. daniellii leaf extract had a strong inhibitory effect on the organisms: Aspergillus flavus (82.7%), Fusarium spp. (84.5%), and Penicillium spp., (80.5%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The outcome of this study indicates the potential of T. daniellii as a natural bio-preservative for cowpea storage.

Analysis of Fishing Experience and Training Requirements among Artisanal Fishers on Nwonyo Lake, Ibi Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria

S. Saleh, J.B. Ogunremi — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed at assessing the analysis of fishing experience and training requirements among artisanal fishers in Nwonyo Lake, Ibi Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria. A multistage random sampling technique was adopted in selecting 80% of the respondents to make a total sample size of 264 for the study. A structured questionnaire and scheduled interview were used to collect data, which were analyzed with descriptive (frequency and percentages) and inferential statistics (Chi-Square). Results showed that artisanal fishers had between 6 and 10 years of experience in artisanal fishing (25.8%). Sustainable fishing practices (31.1%) were the most important training needs, artisanal fishers preferred the training method at workshops/seminars (37.9%), while (36.7%) preferred the training schedule during the weekend. Political party affiliation ( =2.74); Culture and language barriers ( =2.18) were constraints to training requirements. A significant relationship exists between fishing experience and training requirements in the study area (p<0.00). Hence, fishing experience influenced the training requirements of the artisanal fishers in the study. The study recommended that the Government should avoid politics to meet the training requirements of the artisanal fishers and engage the services of extension agents who can speak the local languages best understood by the artisanal fishers.

Influence of Use of Fish Processing Practices on the Economic Wellbeing of Riverine Dwellers of Rivers State, Nigeria

M. Oburu, L.O. Obinna, S.E. Onu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigated the influence of the use of fish processing practices on the economic well-being of riverine dwellers of Rivers State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to identify the processing practices used by the fish processors and, ascertain the extent of use of different processing practices in the study area. A multi-stage method, purposive and simple sampling techniques were used in selecting 120 respondents for the study. The primary data were sourced through the use of a structured questionnaire, analyzed using both descriptive (frequency, percentages, and mean) and inferential statistics (multiple and bivariate regression models). The result showed a grand mean of 2.95, which indicates that the respondents sourced their fish products from different sources. The result revealed that the fish processing practices utilized by fish processors in the study area were washing (90.0%), salting and smoking (85.8%), sun/air-drying (75.0%), cold-smoking (72.5%), use of preservative herbs (71.6%) and sorting/cutting (58.3%). The result revealed a grand mean of 3.34, affirming that the fish processors highly used the traditional fish processing methods in processing their fish products in the study area. The result revealed a grand mean of 3.12, confirming the positive economic well-being status of the fish processors in the study area. Again, the coefficient of use of fish processing practices was statistically significant at a 5% probability level and positively related to the economic well-being status of fish processors in the study area. The study concluded that the use of fish processing practices positively influenced the economic well-being of fish processors. It was therefore recommended that the fisheries unit of the agricultural extension agency and research institutes should devise appropriate or improved methods of processing fish locally that will be less hazardous to health and environmentally suitable.

Determinants of Utilisation of Social Media for Agricultural Extension Service Delivery in Ogun State, Nigeria

M.O. Fadipe, A.R. Ilori, A.A. Adewunmi, O.O. Oladele — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Social media has great potential in facilitating information to farmers and enhancing agricultural extension service delivery. Therefore, this study assessed the variables that could influence the use of social media for agricultural extension service delivery. Data were collected from all ninety-two (92) extension agents present in Ogun State, Nigeria, with the aid of questionnaires. The results revealed that the extension agents' average age was 44 years. The major social media platform used for service delivery was WhatsApp (91.3%). Furthermore, improved accessibility and availability of agricultural information to farmers (97.8%), and enhanced collaboration and knowledge sharing among extension agents and organisations (95.7%) were the highly ranked perceived benefits of social media integration into service delivery. The most severe challenges limiting the use of social media for agricultural extension service delivery in Ogun State were high charges of data by network providers and unstable power supply (Mean = 1.32). Additionally, constraints (β = 0.206) and perceived benefits (β = 0.563) were the only factors that predicted the social media usage for service delivery in the study area. Conclusively, over half of the respondents had a low level of social media utilisation for agricultural extension services delivery, and poor perceived benefits towards the utilisation of social media for agricultural extension services. Thus, the agricultural extension organisation, through the ADP, should provide a supportive environment and facilities for easy integration of social media in delivering agricultural extension services.

Gender Roles in Potato Production and Marketing in Jos Plateau, Nigeria

G. Amadi — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study was carried out in five LGAs - Jos South, Ryiom, Barkin-Ladi, Bokkos, and Mangu in Jos Plateau, Nigeria, to ascertain gender roles in potato production and marketing. A purposive and multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting one hundred and twenty (120) potato farmers as respondents. The instrument for data collection was a set of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. The primary data gathered included the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents and gender roles in potato production and marketing activities. Descriptive (means, frequencies, and percentages) statistics were used to analyse the data generated from the study. Results obtained indicated that of the 12 potato farming activities assessed, men dominated site selection and herbicide application; women dominated 4 operations including planting, manual weeding, rouging, and preparation of food for farm labour; while youths were the most involved in land clearing, gathering, and burning of trash and stumps, cultivation, earthing-up, and harvesting. Children played no major role in potato farming. Men dominated all the activities regarding marketing and control of the money realized from potato sales. The respondents also indicated that men had more access to and control of the inputs and finance required for farming and related activities. Gender gaps observed in this study can be addressed by allowing women greater access to finance and inputs required for production and encouraging their participation in the marketing of potatoes. This can be achieved through the establishment of gender-based potato development programmes.

A Review of Basic Chemical Reactions Affecting the Spoilage of Cassava Roots

N.O. Nwohu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cassava is one of the major carbohydrate sources and is cultivated annually in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is drought-resistant and does well even in poor soil. The root deteriorates easily. In recent studies, the rapid deterioration of cassava root is considered an important factor in postharvest studies. The postharvest deterioration of the root negatively affects the root quality and its proper utilization. The spoilage is always dependent upon the level of mechanical damage to the root as well as genotype and environmental conditions. The basic chemical reactions leading to the spoilage of cassava roots are biochemical and physiological. These reactions affect the postharvest life of the roots. They are associated with mechanical injury occurring during harvesting, transportation, and processing, such as peeling, cutting, during which the phenolic components in the root were brought into contact with the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. Examples of the basic chemical reactions causing the spoilage of cassava roots are: (1) enzymatic browning (2) cyanogenesis (3) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): (4) Cellular respiration: These chemical reactions which are physiological and biochemical leads to the postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava roots rendering the roots unpalatable and unmarketable.

Assessment of the Use of Digital Communication Tools by Extension Personnel for Effective Fisheries Information Dissemination in Ogun State, Nigeria

Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A cross-sectional research design assessed extension personnel's utilization of digital communication tools (DCTs) for effective fisheries information delivery in Ogun State. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered via Google Forms. A total of seventy-five extension personnel served as the sample size for this study. Data were subjected to frequency, percentage, mean, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, and Chi-square statistics. The most commonly utilized DCTs were WhatsApp (x ̅ =2.64) and Facebook (x ̅ = 2.29), and there were moderate (48.0%) to high (46.7%) levels of DCT utilization among the extension personnel. DCTs were utilized for providing updates (94.7%) and information dissemination to clientele (76.0%). The majority (81.3%) of the extension personnel positively perceived using DCTs for fisheries information delivery. Major constraints to using DCTs include the high cost of internet data (x ̅ =2.42), lack of farmers’ interest in DCT use (x ̅ =2.37), and lack of technical know-how among fish farmers (x ̅ =2.13). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between extension personnel’s exposure level and utilization of digital communication tools (r=0.578, p≤0.01). Also, extension personnel’s age was significantly correlated with their utilization of DCT (r=0.578, p≤0.01). The study concluded moderate to high utilization of DCTs among the extension personnel.

Green Solution: Harnessing the Insecticidal Properties of Jackfruit Extract for Sustainable Maize Protection

I.A. Nnebechukwu, N.M. Egbo, S.B. Chuku, C.G. Ikechi-Nwogu — Sun, 11 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The preservation of crops from harmful insect infestations has persistently constituted a critical concern in the domain of agriculture. Insects have caused substantial and disastrous harm to field crops. To alleviate the risks presented by insect populations while simultaneously maintaining ecological balance, aqueous extracts obtained from Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) were assessed for their pesticidal effectiveness against pests impacting maize. A total of fifteen distinct maize specimens were cultivated with a spacing of 1 meter apart within the greenhouse at the Centre of Ecological Studies. Three days following the commencement of leaf development, the plant pots designated as T2, T3, T4, and T5 underwent bi-daily applications over one month utilizing various concentrations of Jackfruit extract (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0%) dispensed through a 250 mL spray apparatus, while the pot labelled T1 received solely sterile water as a control condition. The evaluated extract exhibited pesticidal characteristics as indicated by the perforated foliage observed in the control treatment. Moreover, the findings revealed that Jackfruit acted effectively as a protective agent in shielding the leaves of maize from pest invasions. All concentrations of jackfruit leaf extracts exhibited notable pesticidal activity within the four weeks of the trial period, with the 100% concentration achieving the highest inhibition effect of 94.3%. The control had 0% inhibition. Variations in the inhibitory effects on the insects may be attributed to differences in their cellular metabolism. The efficacy of Jackfruit was consequently established as a natural pesticide in the protection of maize against pest encroachments.