PCR-Based Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Pregnant Women: Maternal and Foetal Health Implications in Southern Iran

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed protozoan parasite of major perinatal importance. Maternal infection during pregnancy can result in congenital toxoplasmosis, leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, and severe neonatal complications. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of T. gondii infection among 200 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in southern Iran (2022–2023). Whole blood samples were analysed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the B1 gene. Demographic and risk factors were documented, including age, parity, contact with cats, consumption of undercooked meat, and rural or urban residency. PCR revealed an overall prevalence of 11% (22/200 samples). Women aged 18–25 years showed the highest infection rate (14%) compared to those above 30 years (7%). The infection rate was significantly associated with undercooked meat consumption and direct contact with cats (p < 0.05). No significant associations were observed between residence and parity. These findings highlight the value of molecular diagnostics in pregnancy screening and emphasise the importance of targeted public health education in reducing congenital toxoplasmosis.