Nigerian Journal of Parasitology

Epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in school children at Umuikwu-Anam, Anambra West LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria

Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Urinary schistosomiasis is one of the parasitic diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. This cross-sectional, prospective study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in school children at Umuikwu-Anam, Anambra West LGA, Anambra state, Nigeria. A total of 232 children aged 7-14 years (Males 127, Females 105) were recruited into the study through systematic random sampling. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain sociodemographic data with the help of their teachers and mothers. Urine samples were collected in clean universal bottles and packaged in ice packs and were taken to the Parasitology Laboratory of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi for analysis. Haematuria was tested using Combi-9 test strips. Microscopic examination of urine sample was done for ova of S. haematobium. Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) test was also employed as a diagnostic tool. The results showed that out of 232 children tested, 17 (7.3%) were positive for eggs. Out of 127 males, 12 (9.4%) were positive while 5 of the 105 females (4.8%) were positive. Children aged 13-14 years were significantly more affected than other age groups (P<0.05) Male children were significantly more affected than females (P<0.05). Children who visited the streams more often were more affected than others (P<0.05). Sixteen (16) out of 232(6.9%) children tested positive to CCA test. The study concludes that urinary schistosomiasis was prevalent in the study area and was significantly influenced by socioenvironmental factors. Further studies are suggested.

Prevalence of human intestinal helminths in Nnewi South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria

Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

study on human intestinal helminths was conducted across eight primary schools in Nnewi South LGA, Anambra State. Stool samples were collected from 495 randomly selected pupils and examined using the direct smear technique to determine the prevalence of helminthic infections with predictor variables being regressed against outcome variables. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain biodata from the pupils to assess the association of intestinal helminths with socio-economic variables. The overall percentage of intestinal helminth-infected pupils had no statistical significance (p=0.1294). The probability of the outcome variable occurring rose by approximately 1.18 and 1.15 times for every unit higher in the predictor variable, as indicated by the positive coefficients for S1 and S4 schools (0.164821 and 0.136310). Only Trichuris infection exhibited a negative coefficient (-2.535188) among single infections and was significantly associated (p=0.0249). Ascaris + hookworm and Ascaris + Trichuris infections among the multiple infections revealed negative and positive coefficients (- 9.730077 and 1731.696, respectively), and they were strongly related (p=0.0001 and 0.0000). The number of infected students in (14-18) age range had a positive coefficient (0.020680) and was significantly (p=0.0441) associated with odds ratios of about 1.02, meaning that the odds of the dependent variables increase by about 1.02 times for every unit increase in the independent variable. The proportion of males with the infection displayed positive coefficients (0.980800) and was significantly (p=0.0052) associated with odds ratios of about 2.67, indicating that the likelihood of outcome variables occurring increases by approximately 2.67 times for every unit rise in the predictor variable. Conclusively, the findings observed could be attributed to the poor socio-economic status and poor personal hygiene arising from the lack of basic amenities such as pipe-borne water and other sanitary facilities in the study location. Adequate health education on sanitation, provision of portable drinking water, toilet facilities and mass deworming programmes are highly recommended in the area.

Preliminary assessment of Moringa oleifera seed as a flocculation agent for purification of drinking water

Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Sachet and borehole water are the major sources of drinking water for many in Nigeria. However, there are still concerns about drinking water purity in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the parasites associated with sachet and borehole drinking water and to determine the efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed in the flocculation treatment of sachet and borehole water. A total of 75 sachet water from 15 brands, and 10 different borehole water samples were collected from the study area. Moringa seed was processed and maceration was done to extract the active ingredients. Of the 75 sachet water samples from 15 brands examined, none had any parasites. However, all the brands contained varying degrees of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Brand N had the highest (147.1mg/L), while Brand G had the least (4.62mg/L). After treatment, the TDS values of all the water samples were reduced by more than 50% in each of the brands. There was no significant association in the particle load among the sachet water brands (P>0.05, P=0.141). All 10 borehole water samples examined also contained varying degrees of TDS. The highest level of TDS in the study (635.4mg/L) and Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides was observed in sample E. After treatment, the TDS values of all the water samples were reduced. Also, ova of A. lumbricoides was no longer observed in the sample E. In this study, M. oleifera seed has demonstrated a high level of efficacy as a flocculation agent for the purification of drinking water. Therefore, we recommend further studies to determine how the seed could be used safely as a household and industrial water flocculant.

Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and its associated risk factors among large truck drivers and their assistants in Zamfara State, Nigeria.

B. I. Aguh, Z. R. Sani, A. A. Agba , A. Mohammed, V. C. Ukwaja — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Hepatitis B is a viral hepatitis of global public health concern causing inflammation, liver damage, and occasionally cancer. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among truck drivers and their assistants towards guiding health campaigns aimed at its possible eradication. This was a cross-sectional study that included 264 consenting adult male truckers and assistants aged 19–70 years recruited from large truck transit parks in Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. The data collection spanned three months from December 2022 to February 2023. All participants completed a questionnaire to assess their risk of exposure and were screened for hepatitis B virus. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 20.8% in the study participants. Truck assistants were 2.4 times (p-value <0.01) more likely to be HBV positive than the actual drivers. Unprotected multiple sex (p-value = 0.00; adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.40 – 5.43), family history of HBV infection (p-value < 0.01; AOR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.62 – 7.49) and sharing of personal hygiene items (p-value < 0.01; AOR = 3.8; 95% CI: 1.58 – 9.35) were statistically significant risk factor for contracting HBV infection. Hepatitis B virus positivity was significantly (p<0.05) associated with age, education, and marital statuses of the participants. This study unravelled high prevalence of HBV in the study population. The population being a highly mobile one calls for concern as it could be a vehicle for the disease's rapid transmission. Therefore, more resources should be apportioned to scale up
interventions such as vaccination, rigorous test campaigns and increasing capacity to deliver effective treatments.

Molecular characterization of Radix natalensis (Krauss, 1848) from Gombe and Plateau States, Nigeria

J. Luka, O. J. Ajanusi, N. P. Chiezey, J. O. O. Bale, J. T. Tanko — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Radix (Lymnaea) natalensis (Krauss, 1848) is an essential host in the completion of the life cycle of Fasciola gigantica especially in large areas of Africa, where it is reputed to serve as the main, if not the only intermediate of Fasciola. In this study, 18S rDNA gene was employed for the molecular characterization of morphologically identified Radix natalensis collected from Nigerian Northern cities of Gombe and Jos. The obtained result revealed that the amplification of the 18S rDNA gene at 450bp identified and confirmed the collected species as Radix natalensis. BLASTn search showed that sequences of Nigerian isolates of Radix natalensis had high (99-00%) degree of similarities with each other and with other sequence deposits in the NCBI GenBank. The Nigerian sequences on phylogenetic analysis formed a separate clade distinct from other sequences of Radix natalensis from other parts of Africa and the rest of the world, suggestive of clustering based on geographical location. Thus, the availability and confirmation of Radix (Lymnaea) natalensis from the study locations as evidenced by the results of this study further justifies the assertion of Lymnaea natalensis, being a putative intermediate host of Fasciola spp. in Nigeria.

Evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of Curcuma longa (turmeric - Zingiberaceae) on Plasmodium berghei in laboratory mice.

A. Dawet, C. H. Golnaan, K. Yusuf, E.T. Lengnen, N. B. Kamji, D. P. Yakubu — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries and in sub-Saharan Africa where most malaria cases and deaths occur. The resistance of malaria parasites to most anti-malaria drugs, coupled with the high cost and the toxic effects of some drugs has posed a challenge for the search of new effective anti-malarial compounds of low cost. The study aims to determine the antiplasmodial activity of Curcuma longa against Plasmodium berghei in rodents. A total of 110 Swiss albino mice weighing 18-30 grams were used for the study: 35 for the toxicity test and 75 for the antimalarial study. For each test, 25 mice were inoculated with drug-sensitive Nk65 Plasmodium berghei and divided into five groups of five animals each and each group was administered one of the following: 120mg/kg of ethanol extract, 120mg/kg water extract, 120mg/kg nHexane extracts of C. longa, 1.2mg/kg of pyrimethamine or 5mg/kg of Chloroquine (positive control) and 0.2mls of normal saline (negative control). The lethal dose concentration was above 1500mg/kg and the extracts showed significant (P<0.05) antimalarial activity with the highest percentage inhibition (67.49%) recorded in the group treated with ethanol in the curative test, followed by the group given water in the suppressive test with (65.03%) and nHexane in the prophylactic test with percentage inhibition of 64.98%. There was a slight difference in the antimalarial activities of the extracts of different solvents which all had lower activities compared with the standard drugs (Chloroquine administered at 5mg/kg or pyrimethamine, 1.2mg/kg/day) but no total clearance of the parasite was recorded. C. longa possesses considerable antiplasmodial activity, which can be exploited in malaria therapy.

Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in meat-producing ruminants in Kashan, Central Iran.

H. Hooshyar, M. Akhavan Taheri, T. Mazoochi, B. Shahabi Ghahfarokhi — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasites that infect many domestic and wild animals worldwide. Ruminants as one of the sources of meat products for the human are exposed to contamination with these parasites. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis in slaughtered ruminants, using the histology method in the Kashan region, central Iran. In this cross- sectional study, 96 heart muscle samples, including 29 samples from cattle, 36 from sheep, and 31 from camel (approximately 5-10 g in weight), were randomly collected from the slaughterhouse of Kashan. The samples were subsequently, preserved in 10% formalin for histological processing and staining using haematoxylin and eosin stain. In total, Sarcocystis cyst was found in 72 (75 %) out of 96 animal heart samples. The prevalence of Sarcocystis infection was 100%, 97.2%, and 25.8% in cattle, sheep, and camel, respectively. The present study showed a high prevalence of infection to Sarcocystis in ruminants slaughtered in Kashan similar to another region of Iran. So, the conduct of preventive measures for the reduction of animal infection is recommended.

Trypanosocidal activity of methanolic extract of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus)

D. Yandev, J. I. Ngbede, G. C. Abongaby, O. A. Idowu, T. T. Kyernum, P. Adikwu — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study determined the in vitro trypanocidal activity of lemon grass(Cymbopogon citratus) methanolic extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and its bio infectivity in an in vivo study using male albino rat as the experimental animal. Five treatment levels were applied (0.002mg/ml, 0.02mg/ml, 0.2mg/ml, 2.0mg/ml and 0.0mg/ml). Trypanosome was inactive at all treatment levels of lemongrass. PCV was statistically the same at all exposure times whereas the control mice had significantly lower PCV than all treated mice apart from the control, all other treatments gave similar PCV results, but the highest grand mean value (51.87%) was obtained at 0.02mg/ml while week 4 recorded the highest value (51.53%). All treatment levels had equal effects on the mice’s rectal temperature, but exposure time had significant effects on the temperature parameter where the grand mean temperature readings significantly varied from 35.55oC in week 2 to 37.47^oC in week 5. The weight of mice varied significantly with both treatment (F=16.01, p<0.05) and time (F=5.10, p<0.05) factors. The highest mean weight recorded was 38.37±2.46g at 2.0mg/ml treatment in week 5 thus, the weight of mice increased as lemon grass treatment concentration and exposure time increased. Treatment concentrations significantly affected mice PCV and weight where the control level had the lowest values for these physical parameters. Also, exposure time significantly affected both the temperature and weight of mice. A general fluctuation but decline in feed intake was observed in mice at different treatment levels of methanolic extracts of lemon grass from weeks 1-7. A strong positive significant correlation exists between PCV and feed intake (r= -0.930, p<0.05) as well as between rectal temperature and weight of mice (r= -0.948, p<0.05). PCV and weight had a strong positive correlation though insignificant (r= 0.728, p>0.05). Therefore, lemon grass extract showed trypanocidal efficacy in the control of trypanosomiasis in Africa.

Molecular Evaluation of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax isolated from orthodontic patients in Maysan Province, Iraq.

E. Mushtaq , A. K. Al-Abboodi, — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) and Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) are two species of parasitic protozoans that inhabit the human buccal cavity. Poor hygiene increases infection with these parasites. There has recently been a need to use orthodontics, despite its benefits, but the damage caused by orthodontics cannot be overlooked. The current study aims to assess the prevalence of oral parasites among individuals who use orthodontic appliances (fixed and mobile). The study included 200 participants, 100(76 females and 24 males) orthodontics patients, and 100(75 females and 25 males) nonorthodontics participants (control). Gathered one pair of swabs from each participant for microscopic analysis, culture, and implementation of the nested PCR method. Chi-square and Fisher’s tests were conducted to identify any statistically significant connection between parasitic infections and orthodontic treatments. The findings indicated that orthodontic patients had elevated infection rates with these parasites. Specifically, the infection rate of E. gingivalis in orthodontic patients was more infected (47%) than in non-orthodontic subjects (25%) which were the control. The prevalence of T. tenax was only 2.0% in the orthodontic patients while it was 1.0% in the control group. The prevalence rates of both parasites (E. gingivalis and T. tenax) in the orthodontic patients exhibited the highest prevalence of 19% and 16% respectively among the control subjects. The study found a significant correlation between infection and orthodontic applications at P= 0.01. The effects of other factors on oral parasite infection such as (sex, age, and orthodontic type) were also studied and compared between the two groups.

Animal parasitic diseases and treatment strategies at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan

P. O. Odeniran, I. O. Ademola, D. A. Oyelade — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The epidemiology and management of parasitic diseases are essential in its strategic control. A 20-year retrospective study of parasitic diseases among dogs, ruminants, and wildlife at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Ibadan, Nigeria from January 1997 to September 2016 was analysed. Case files totaling 3,013 were retrieved from small animal clinics, University of Ibadan farm and the zoological garden units, respectively were examined. The VTH and client’s locations were determined using qGIS. The prevalence of parasitic diseases in dogs examined revealed 20.6% (95% CI: 19.2- 22.2) with a peak prevalence of 76.5% (95% CI: 50.1-93.2) in 2002. Puppies (≤ 6 months) had significantly higher (P < 0.05) parasitic diseases compared to adult dogs. The ruminant case files revealed a total prevalence of 53.9% (95%CI: 43.0-64.6) with large ruminants having significantly higher (P = 0.013) prevalence compared to small ruminants. Total prevalence of 63.3% (95%CI: 46.8-81.4) was observed in animals from the zoological garden. The prevalence of parasitic diseases between 2001-2004 was the highest with 41.9%, while the least prevalence was between 2009-2012 with 14.9%. Records for large animal units were highest between 2009-2012 with a prevalence of 85%, while university zoological gardens records showed the highest prevalence (88.9%) of parasitic diseases between 2009-2012. In all the units, infection with helminth was significantly higher as observed in the importance index when compared to other parasitic diseases. For helminthosis, the common drugs administered were levamisole, ivermectin and piperazine in that order depending on the species and age of animals. Regular deworming, public health education and proper prophylactic treatment are recommended for dog owners while improved management practices and engagement of veterinarians are advocated in the farm and zoological garden as efficient ways of controlling parasitic diseases.

Malaria among the trans human pastoralists along the Gurin-Cameroun International Border, Fufore Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

C. Jockthan, G. Chessed , A. K. Ibrahim — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria parasite infection is one of the global commonly ignored infections. Nigeria has both the highest case and mortality rate of malaria infection. This study examined the prevalence and intensity of malaria among transhuman pastoralists along the Gurin- Cameroun international border, Fufore Local Government Area, Adamawa State after major ITN distribution in the study area. Five nomadic settlements: Jaringel; Wuro-nelbi Waziri, Wuro-nelbi Marafa, Wuro-Kosau and Mbodere were assessed using thin film slides blood samples for the presence of malaria parasites. The total malaria prevalence in the sample areas was 24.23%. The study showed that Wuro-Kosau had the highest malaria prevalence of 35%, and the lowest prevalence was found in Wuro-nelbi Marafa which had a 20% malaria prevalence. Also, the highest malaria prevalence of 57% was recorded in the children within the age distribution of (1-10) years, while the lowest prevalence of 5.4% was observed in the 41-50 age distribution. The study also established a link (x² = 4.471, p = 0.023) between malaria prevalence and gender in the study population. The higher malaria prevalence occurred mostly in males (62.4%) compared to females (37.6%). Malaria intensity was also higher among males (52.7%) compared to females (46.3%) (x² = 20.78, p = 0.011). This called for a proactive measure to ensure a malaria-free society. There is a need to intensify ITN campaign and the importance of using ITNs. Proper monitoring of the use of ITNs should be put in place.

Evaluation of hormones and other biochemical parameters among chronic liver disease patients infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

B. A. Fingan, H. S. Al-Warid, H. J. Al-Sultan — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq from December 2021 to May 2022. The goal was to determine the effect of Toxoplasma gondii on liver function by examining the relationship between Toxoplasma infection and hormones. One hundred and twenty male patients with Chronic liver disease (CLD) (age:14-75 years) and 120 control males (age: 24-70 years) participated in this study. Serum samples were taken from all individuals and were then analysed for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Hormonal tests were conducted for all participants which included (Cortisol, testosterone, prolactin, insulin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH). Biochemical tests included (Prothrombin time PT, international normalized ratio INR and albumin); liver enzymes evaluated were (aspartate aminotransferase AST, alanine aminotransferase ALT, alkaline phosphatase ALP and gamma-glutamyl transferase GGT) and interleukins (Interleukin 13 IL-13 and transforming growth factor TGF). According to the anti-Toxoplasma antibodies results, 32 (26% of the control group) of the participants tested positive for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, compared to 60 (50%) of the CLD patients. Four sub-groups were formed in response to prior results: Control-Toxoplasma positive, control-Toxoplasma negative, CLD-Toxoplasma positive and CLD-Toxoplasma negative. The seropositive status of T. gondii did not affect the following hormones: cortisol, testosterone,
insulin and TSH while it was related significantly to prolactin. The results of liver enzymes showed that T. gondii positive status was significantly related to all enzymes among CLD patients except the GGT enzyme T. gondii positive status was not correlated with the other biochemical (PT, INR, and albumin) and immunological parameters (IL-13 and TGF).

Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection on the amplitude of accommodation of young adults in Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

Y. C. Azuamah, U. I. Nwabueze, A. N. Amadi, W. Braide — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Plasmodium falciparum is the parasite responsible for most malarial infections in Nigeria. Malaria is the most widespread parasitic infectious disease in the world. This study aimed to determine the effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection on the amplitude of accommodation (AA) in young adults. The study was a prospective laboratory and clinical study carried out at the Madonna University Teaching Hospital Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria. Young adults between the ages of 18 and 35 years were included in this study. Informed consent was obtained from the subjects to participate in the study. To confirm the presence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection, preliminary tests including case history, external and internal eye examination, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction were performed to determine subjects who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The amplitude of accommodation using the push-up method was measured just before treatment and two weeks after recovery from malaria infection. Results show that the mean AA during malaria infection was 7.25±1.73D and 9.03±1.72D after recovery; showing a mean difference of -1.78D (24.55%). This reduction in AA during malaria infection was found to be statistically significant (t(119) = -33.3, p(0.00)˂0.05) when tested using the paired sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

Ameliorative effect of Quercetin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on haematological and liver function impairment induced by mosquito coil smoke in male Wistar rats

E. O. Aribo, S. U. Uquetan, S. U. Phillip, A. O. Uduak — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The use of mosquito coils is one method adopted to control malaria Inhalation of the coil smoke causes adverse effects, including hepatic and haematological toxicities associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of phytochemical antioxidants (Quercetin and Omega-3) on mosquito coil smoke-induced haematological and hepatic impairments. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups viz control, mosquito coil-only (MC), mosquito coil+Quercetin (MC+Q) and mosquito coil+Omega-3 (MC+OM3) groups of five rats each. Quercetin and Omega-3 were administered daily at 20mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively. The duration of daily exposure and treatment was 42 days after which blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for determination of relevant haematological and hepatic parameters. The RBC count was significantly reduced in the MC group compared with the control (P<0.05) but was higher in the MC+Quercetin group than in the MC group. Haemoglobin was decreased in the MC and MC+Omega-3 groups compared with the control (P<0.05). White blood cell count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P<0.05) but lower in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups than in the MC group (P<0.05). The lymphocyte count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P<0.05). Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the MC group compared with the control group but were reduced (P<0.05) in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups compared with the MC group. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the MC group than in control (P<0.05) but significantly lower (P<0.05) in the MC+OM3 group than in the MC group. Serum total bilirubin was significantly elevated in the MC group compared to that in the control group (P<0.05). The serum concentration of direct bilirubin was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the MC group than in the control group. We conclude that Omega-3 and Quercetin ameliorate haematological and hepatic function impairments in Wistar rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke.

Population dynamics of freshwater snails in three towns in Ekiti State, Nigeria

O. F. Olorunniyi, L. K. Olofintoye — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Many rivers and streams in Nigeria are habitats of freshwater snails. Many of these snails are edible, whereas others are intermediate hosts of various flatworms. Nine rivers and streams from three towns in Ekiti State, Nigeria, were examined for the presence of freshwater snails. Each freshwater habitat was sampled for snails at the designated sites for 15 min on a monthly basis using a 0.2 mm mesh scoop. The collected snails were transported to the laboratory in pre-labelled plastic containers. Two thousand three hundred and thirty-one (2331) freshwater snails were collected from all habitats. Lanistes libycus had the highest population, 1044 (44.8%). The other species were Melanoides tuberculata 550 (23.6%), Bulinus globosus 401 (17.2%), and Potadoma moerchi 336 (14.4%). Freshwater snails were more abundant at the beginning of the rainy season (March-May) than during heavy rainfall (July–October). The environmental conditions of the study area supported the occurrence of these snail species. Although some species of these snails are edible, others can serve as intermediate hosts for parasitic flatworms, which requires urgent attention.

The prevalence of Trypanosoma species in cattle in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State in Southern Nigeria

S. S. Akpan, A. A Bob, M. Mbah — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Trypanosoma species in cattle due to the increasing movement of animals within the metropolis. Blood specimens were collected from 1200 cattle during slaughter at four abattoirs (Bogobiri, Nasarawa, Ibesikpo, and Ikot Eneobong) between February and May 2022. Dry universal containers were positioned in the stream of blood oozing from the cut neck of each cow. From these containers, 4 mL of blood was aspirated into an ethylenediamine- tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) bottle using a 5 mL syringe. Blood specimens were processed for microscopy at the Parasitology Laboratory of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Wet preparation of each specimen was performed and examined for motile haemoparasites. Triple centrifugation was performed on 2 mL of each blood specimen at increasing speeds of 1000, 1500, and 3000 revolutions per minute for 5 min. During each centrifugation process, the resulting plasma was harvested and re-centrifuged. Finally, the resulting buffy coat layer and deposit were resuspended and used to prepare smears on clean microscope slides. After drying in air, blood smears were stained with 3% Giemsa solution for 30 min. The microscopy results showed that 570 stained blood specimens were positive for Trypanosoma species, which morphologically resembled Trypanosoma brucei because of their long free flagellum. The overall prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle was 47.5%. Of the total number of infected cattle, 330 were males and 240 were females. The
prevalence rates in male and female cattle were 27.5% and 20 %. There was no statistical difference in the occurrence of trypanosomes in the male and female cattle (X² = 9.41; p > 0.05). However, the findings suggest that male cattle tend to forage more into the bush and are thus more likely to be exposed to bites of infected Glossina flies than their female counterparts. The high prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle, as shown in this study, may have major epidemiologic significance, considering the increasing rate of open grazing by cattle within residential areas in major cities all over Nigeria.

Impacts of water physicochemical parameters on schistosomiasis vector snail distributional-abundance and infectivity rate in South-Eastern Nigeria.

C. O. Anorue, I. O. Onyali, I. N. Anyanwu, C. J. Nweke, O. J. Okesanya — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Schistosomiasis, an NTD, poses public health problems for rural communities. The parameters controlling its intermediate hosts are scarcely studied. 24 human-water contacts were sampled for 12 months to understand the impacts of water parameters on the vector. Sampling was done by monthly handpicking of the snail vector with a net to analyze the water parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, depth, and rainfall). 546 snails recovered from the water sites showed that Bulinus globosus had the highest occurrence (50.5%), followed by Lanistes varicus (27.7%), and Bulinus truncatus species (3.7%). Ohaukwu LGA recorded the highest occurrence of freshwater snails at 55.3%, while Amovu stream had the highest number of snails with an overall abundance of 35.9%. May had the highest cercariae shedding at 26%, followed by June at 20%. No shedding occurred in September, November, December, and January. The infectivity rate of freshwater snails collected showed a significant difference based on the month (X2=6590.079, p- value=0.006). The study reveals that water physicochemical parameters significantly influence the abundance of intermediate snail hosts, with all parameters positively correlated except for temperature, conductivity, and TDS. This poses a significant public health threat due to vector snails' presence.

Comparative assessment of malaria diagnostic techniques updates

K. Sahira, A. K Al-Abboodi — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that enter the bloodstream via insect vectors, such as mosquitos. The disease has devastated parts of Africa and the wider human population throughout human periods and thus remains a significant global health challenge due to the difficulty in the procurement of a vaccine and the nature of its spread. While many have turned towards preventative methods, the first thing that must happen is a timely and accurate diagnosis of malaria. This is crucial for the effective management and control of the disease. However, the current diagnostic methods have various limitations, including cost, availability, and accuracy. This review aims to unmask the challenges of malaria diagnosis by exploring existing diagnostic techniques and shedding light on emerging technologies that show promise in improving malaria detection. Furthermore, it examines the potential of innovative approaches, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and molecular diagnostics, in transforming malaria diagnosis and contributing to global efforts toward malaria elimination.

Effect of mangostin on the functional activity and integrity of the Plasmodium falciparum infected and Uninfected red blood cells membrane

Z. O. Ibraheem, R. A. Majid, S. M. Noor, M. D. Farook, R. Basir — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mangostin is a natural xanthanoid obtained from various parts of the mangosteen tree Garcinia mangostana with diverse medicinal effects, such as; antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and anti- inflammatory. This study aimed at exploring its impact on the integrity, and the physiological function of both Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected red blood cells (RBCs). This was achieved by studying its impact on the RBCs morphology, integrity and osmotic fragility. On the one hand, its effect on the plasmodium-infected cells was achieved by screening its impact on the parasite-induced new permeation pathways (NPPs) and the plasmodial invasiveness to the RBCs and these were related to its growth inhibitory effect against the parasite. On the other hand, its molecular characteristics were determined using the In Silico Molispiration simulation software and its anti-oxidant activity was measured using conventional in vitro tests and the anti-lipid peroxidation assay. The results showed that mangostin had a good growth inhibitory effect against Plasmodium falciparum with a moderate selectivity as compared to its effect against RBCs. Furthermore, it showed a good inhibitory effect against merozoite invasion and the plasmodium-induced new permeation pathway at concentrations less than the cytotoxic dose against RBCs and the parasite. Besides it succeeded in hampering the oxidative stress- induced RBCs damage without affecting the RBC fragility when it was added at low doses. Overall, the results suggest that their anti-plasmodium effect is not related to their impact on the RBCs membrane. Further studies are recommended to explore their precise mechanism of action.

Occurrence of intestinal parasites in effluent slurries from piggeries in Enugu, Nigeria

N. B. Agumah, M. H. Effendi, E. N. Ugbo, A. M. Witaningrum, — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There is a growing concern for pig parasites as a bottleneck for low productivity and reduction in the market value of pork meat. Parasite infection is a common problem in organic pig production, which can threaten the food safety of pork products, and cause economic losses to organic farmers. Hence assessing various channels by which these diseases can be transmitted is very important. This study was carried out to ascertain the distribution of intestinal parasites in slurries from a piggery in Enugu, South East Nigeria. In this study, a total of 100 pooled samples were examined from 5 farms. These samples were analyzed using the formol ether concentration technique. Out of 100 pooled samples examined, 67% of the samples were positive for intestinal parasites. The occurrence rate of the different parasites encountered was: Ascaris suum (11.9%), Trichuris suis (10.4%), Taenia solium (7.6%), Strongyloides ransomi (3.0%), Schistosoma sp.(3.0%), Entamoeba suis (28.6%), Entamoeba polecki (1.5%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (20.9%). This study is of utmost importance as findings from this study highlight the presence of various intestinal parasites in effluent slurries. There are prospects of the spread of these slurries from piggeries into the surrounding environment (which includes residential areas, commercial areas and even farmlands). Deworming of pigs to reduce parasite load is highly advocated.

Co-infections of malaria and hepatitis B among pregnant women in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria

Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) and malaria infections pose serious health risks to the general population and may worsen victims' physical and financial well-being. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of HBV and malaria co-infections during LGA among expectant mothers. This study used a cross-sectional, prospective design. Blood samples were collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women for parasitological and serological examinations in the study area. This was performed to compare the severity of infections between pregnant and non- pregnant women, as pregnant women are more susceptible to infections. The study included 50 women who attended antenatal care at the time of this project and 10 non-pregnant women who came to the hospitals for check-ups. Samples of people aged 18 to 52 years were collected. Age groups of 18-28 and 40-50 years had the greatest 30(50%) and lowest 8(13%) populations of women screened for malaria and hepatitis B co-infection, respectively. The 1st and 3rd trimesters were followed by the 2nd trimester, which had the highest prevalence. Only the second trimester had a 2% prevalence rate of hepatitis B. Farmers were the group most likely to contract malaria (92%). The percentage of government employees who had malaria and hepatitis B was the highest 20%), followed by traders (5%). Ogrute, the seat of the Local Government had a high rate of malaria infection despite having several medical facilities and less farming activities. Olido (25%), followed by Ogrute (14 point 3%), had the highest rate of co-infection with hepatitis B and malaria. The PCV ranges of 25–27(100%) and 28–30(100%) had the highest prevalence of malaria. This study shows how persistent malaria and hepatitis B are also associated with decreased packed cell volume (PCV) in pregnant women.

Knowledge, attitude and practices in relation to the prevalence of ascariasis among primary school children in Mkpat Enin Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State

E. G. Edelduok, B. E. Effiong, L. E. Udofia — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. The knowledge, attitude, and practices related to the prevalence of ascariasis among primary school children in Mkpat Enin LGA, Akwa Ibom State, were investigated. Two hundred sixteen faecal samples were examined for ascariasis. Data on socio-demographic and hygiene habits were obtained using a structured questionnaire. The formol-ether sedimentation concentration technique was used to diagnose the ascariasis. Chi-square at a 5 % level of significance was used in assessing the relationship between the prevalence of ascariasis and other variables. The overall prevalence of ascariasis among the pupils was 86.67 %. Prevalence of ascariasis among schools was highest (91.67%) for Primary School, Ikot Ebak, while True Church Primary School, Mkpat Enin, had the lowest (75.00 %) prevalence (p > 0.05). Based on the age distribution, pupils aged 3–5 years had the highest prevalence of ascariasis (92.00 %), while pupils aged 6–9 years had the lowest (84.71 %) prevalence (p > 0.05). Males had a higher (72.22 %) prevalence of ascariasis than females (70.37 %) (p > 0.05). Pupils with good knowledge about ascariasis, positive attitudes towards ascariasis, and good hygienic practices were less infected. There were significant associations between the prevalence of infection and some of the variables of knowledge, attitude, and practices. The high prevalence of ascariasis in the study area could be reduced through health education on proper hygiene habits and regular de- worming exercises.

Geohelminthiases: Soil contamination and associated physicochemical parameters favouring ova dispersion in public schools in Ondo State, Nigeria.

Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Geohelminth infections are common diseases in sub-Saharan Africa and are a major contributor to setbacks in the socioeconomic and health status of people. This study assessed parasite ova/larvae dispersion in public schools and the associated physicochemical parameters in Akungba Akoko, Ondo Statestate, Nigeria. A total number of five hundred and sixteen (516) soil samples were collected from all the public primary schools (6) in the study area and examination was done in triplicate in all the primary schools in the community using standard procedures, a total of six thousand and twenty-eight (6,028) parasites were recovered after laboratory analyses; hookworm larvae n=2210 (36.66%), followed by Trichuris trichiura n=1572 (26.08%), hookworm ova, n= 1001 (16.61%), Strongyloides stercoralis ova, n= 636 (10.55%) and Ascaris lumbricoides ova, n= 600 (9.95%). The physico-chemical parameters of soil samples at different cardinal points within and around the study area revealed the highest pH (7.82 and the highest electrical conductivity (612.54mS/cm, soil temperature ranged from 22.61 and 26.08 and the highest total dissolved solid was 337.72ppm. Correlation analyses carried out on the recovered parasites with physicochemical parameters revealed that hookworm larvae showed a positive correlation with temperature, with a weak negative correlation with electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, and Trichuris trichiura had a significant negative correlation with pH and total dissolved solids. The other parasites also showed varying correlations with the physicochemical parameters. Based on these findings, environmental modifications are recommended as an effective preventive measure. Harnessing the results of the physicochemical parameters in relation to the parasites, mass chemotherapy of schoolchildren, health education campaigns, improved sanitary conditions, provision of toilet facilities, and personal hygiene are equally recommended.

Urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria: Knowledge, risk factors and prevalence

C. E. Onwuma , O. Ochei , N. S. Awunor, A. B. Aremu, E. C. Ucho — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

x`Undiagnosed and untreated cases of urinary schistosomiasis in females usually lead to severe gynaecological complications, collectively known as Female Genital Schistosomiasis. Periodic assessment of schistosomiasis in vulnerable endemic communities will prevent late diagnosis and treatment. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. A Cross-sectional research design and multi-stage sampling technique were used to select 401 female secondary school students in the Ndokwa East Local Government Area. Participants’ urine samples were obtained and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on the knowledge of schistosomiasis and exposure to known schistosomiasis risk factors from each participant. Urinary schistosomiasis was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Most students were uneducated (8% had good knowledge) regarding the infection. The absence of egg- patent prevalence in the samples may be due to mass administration of praziquantel to control the disease in the LGA. Knowledge about the disease was low. None of the independent variables was a significant predictor of knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis.

Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with fairly used clothes (Okirika) sold in Eke Awka Market, Anambra State

M. I. Ikeh, P. N. Chukwujekwu, C. O. Ishar — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The use of previously worn clothing poses a risk of transmitting infectious diseases as the history of previous users is unknown. Despite this, used clothes are commonly sold as they are cheaper compared to new ones. Research was carried out to investigate the presence of pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in used clothes bought at Eke Awka Market in Anambra State, Nigeria. A variety of clothing items, including trousers, shirts, caps, bras, panties, baby clothes, towels, socks, head ties, and bed sheets were purchased and analysed for the presence of contaminating microbes. Techniques such as culture and plate count methods were used for the isolation of these microorganisms, and further identification was done through morphological and biochemical methods. Additionally, protozoa were specifically isolated through a washing method, which involved centrifuging the samples at 500g for 10 minutes and then observing the sediments under a microscope. The study found microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus spp, Rhodoborula spp, Candida glabrata and Entamoeba coli on the clothes examined. The highest number of bacteria isolates (2.00±0.000) were from caps and socks while the least (1.00±0.000) were from bras and bed sheets. The highest number of fungi isolates (2.50±0.707) were from trousers, bras, and baby cloths while shirts, socks, and bed sheets had the least number of fungi isolates (1.00±0.000). The only protozoan isolate was found in socks. In terms of colonies formed per unit, panties had the most colony-forming units (132.5±10.607) for fungi and (63.5±4.95) for bacteria organisms while caps had the least (16±1.414) for fungi and (8.5±2.121) for bacteria organisms, respectively. It is important to note that used clothes can act as a bearer of harmful bacteria for the epidermis and other diseases and should, whenever possible, be washed and sanitized thoroughly before use.

Host immune response, nutrition, and metabolism in Schistosoma parasite-host interactions

K. C. Onyekwelu, A. A. Eze — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Human schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, is caused by a parasitic worm of the Schistosoma genus that resides in the veins of its host for many years. In parasite-host interactions, there is competition for survival between the parasite and its host because the parasite depends completely on the host for the maintenance of homeostasis. The host must protect itself from the harm caused by parasites in the process of obtaining food and shelter by attacking parasites with a strong immune defence system. Parasites have evolved strategies to survive in these unfavourable conditions created by the host. In this review, we examined the host immune response in Schistosoma parasite infection, the immune evasion mechanisms of Schistosoma parasites, nutrients, and the metabolic dependency of the parasite on the host.