Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 22, 2026Keywords:
Article Details
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form may be downloaded from the NJTD Website (http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
Main Article Content
Consensus-based voltage restoration and synchronization of islanded microgrid in the presence of communication latency and noise
Abstract
Secondary control of microgrids (MGs) commonly employs consensus algorithms over communication networks to coordinate control objectives across distributed units. However, communication delays and noise, can adversely affect the dynamic performance of the system and, in severe cases, compromise overall stability. This paper proposes a robust distributed secondary control strategy for inverter based MGs operating within sparsely connected distribution networks. A consensus based control framework is employed to achieve voltage synchronization among distributed generators (DGs) in an islanded MG. The control scheme leverages a detailed MG model to design a consensus based secondary controller that compensates for voltage and local reactive power deviations, utilizing information exchanged over communication links subject to latency and noise disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach is validated through simulation studies conducted on a four-DG MG test system developed in the MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment. Voltage restoration performance evaluated under the following delay conditions: τt1 = 0.6 s, τt2 = 0.7 s, τt3 = 0.8 s, and τt4 = 1.0 s, indicate that the time required by the system to reach synchronization increases proportionally with the level of delay. At a maximum latency of 1.0 s, the system achieves voltage consensus approximately 3.3 seconds. Under communication noise impairment with varying noise variances, specifically σ² = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Voltage synchronization was achieved across all scenarios, with an average convergence time of approximately 3 seconds. Results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively maintains voltage synchronization across the DGs under varying load conditions, even in the presence of communication impairments.
