Assessing Choice of Canine Delivery Methods Among Dog Owners in Southeast Nigeria: A Survey

Abstract

This cross-sectional survey assessed choices of canine delivery methods among 384 dog owners
in Southeast Nigeria. It focused on patterns of natural birth versus caesarean section (C-section),
owner perceptions, and reported neonatal outcomes. Data were collected between August and
December 2025 using structured questionnaire. Natural birth alone was the predominant method
(76.0%), while C-section alone was used by only 7.8% of owners while 16.1% had used both
methods. Majority of those who used C-section, did so only on emergencies (55.5%), with only
2.3% opting for elective procedures. Owners perceived natural birth as superior for neonatal
survival (mean rating 4.26±1.06 vs. 3.79±1.22 for C-section), and 63.8% believed natural birth
yields the highest survival rates. There was a significant association between the delivery method
and reported puppy survival (χ²=81.77, p<0.001), though causality cannot be inferred. Notably,
25.5% of owners reported no assistance during their bitches’ deliveries. Only 27.6% had licensed
veterinarians present, indicating substantial gaps in professional obstetrical care. The findings
revealed a strong preference for non- interventional delivery methods, a preference for C-section
only on emergency, and critical deficiencies in access to veterinary obstetric services. There is
need for targeted education on dystocia recognition, breed-related risks, and timely veterinary
assistance to improve canine neonatal outcomes in resource-limited settings.