Scientia Africana

Bacterial diversity and biofilm formation potential in well water sources

M.H. Muhammad, S.A. Khadija, M.A. Sulaiman — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a major public health concern, particularly in communities where well water serves as a primary source. This study aimed to assess the bacterial diversity and biofilm formation potential in well water from three sources (designated as Wells A, B, and C) in Gida Dubu, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected at three time points (morning, midday, and evening) over five days. Bacterial isolation was performed using the membrane filtration technique. Isolated bacteria were identified based on colony morphology, Gram reaction, and biochemical characteristics. The biofilm-forming potential of the isolates was evaluated using the crystal violet staining assay. The bacterial species identified included Escherichia coli (12.5%), Enterobacter sp. (16.0%), Pseudomonas sp. (14.6%), Klebsiella sp. (10.4%), Salmonella sp. (8.3%), Aeromonas sp. (11.1%), Citrobacter sp. (10.4%), Shigella sp. (6.3%), Serratia sp. (6.3%), Yersinia sp. (2.1%), and Proteus sp. (2.1%). Enterobacter was the most prevalent species across all wells (23 occurrences), followed by Pseudomonas (21 occurrences) and E. coli (18 occurrences). Well B exhibited the highest bacterial diversity. The study further revealed that Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., E. coli, and Aeromonas sp. were the most prominent biofilm formers, with Enterobacter sp. showing the highest frequency of strong biofilm formation (12 occurrences). Conversely, Yersinia sp. and Proteus sp. exhibited weak or no biofilm formation. The findings demonstrate the presence of a diverse array of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the well water sources, with significant biofilm formation potential among certain species, indicating a possible risk to water quality and public health.

Synergist bioassay in permethrin and DDT cross-resistance in the population of Anopheles funestus S.L complex from Sahel region of Katsina State Nigeria

Nura Lawal, M. Maikano Abdullahi, L. Zayyan Kabir — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Insecticide resistance, a phenomenon where most insect become less susceptible to the effects of insecticides, poses a significant challenge to mosquito-borne diseases control efforts worldwide. The aim of this study is to identify the Anopheles funestus s.l complex and it’s insecticide profile resistance. The study was carried out in Gajerar Giwa and Kadaji villages in the Sahel region of Katsina state. Using a mechanical aspirator, blood-feeding mosquitoes were captured indoors and identified morphologically and molecularly. Insecticide susceptibility test using F1 mosquitoes was carried out according to WHO procedure. Mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles funestus s.s and insecticide susceptibility test revealed that Anopheles funestus s.s from Gajerar Giwa and Kadaji hamlets were susceptible to deltamethrin recorded 98.5% and 65.23% respectively after 24 hours post exposure, but resistant to permethrin and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) recorded 44.2%, 31.4% from Gajerar Giwa and 32.7%, 28.1% from Kadaji after 24 hours post exposure. Synergist bioassay result of F1 Anopheles funestus s.s recorded increased in mortality rate from 44.2 to 62.4% after being exposed to 4% piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and permethrin, indicating P450 monooxygenase played a major role in pyrethroid resistance. The execution of an effective vector control strategy can be guided by the presence of permethrin and DDT cross resistance in the population of Anopheles funestus s.s.

Gene modulation and lipid lowering effects of Spondias monbin stem bark in dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats

N. Eluehike, O.A. Osagie, O.M. Onumaechi — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Colon cancer, often known as colorectal cancer (CRC), is the fourth most common cause of cancer death globally and the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide. This study is aimed at determining the effect of extracts of S. mombin stem bark on molecular biomakers in dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. A total of forty (40) male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were grouped into five: Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (DMH-induced only- negative control), Group 3 (DMH-induced + Xeloda - Standard Drug), Group 4 (DMH-induced + 500mg/kg body weight ethanol extracts of S. mombin stem bark), Group 5 (DMH-induced + 500mg/kg body weight hydroethanol extract of S. mombin stem bark). Extracts of Spondias mombin stem bark demonstrated remarkable anti-cancer properties by the activation of tumor suppressor genes such as phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) activity, Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and reduction of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) activity and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This study also revealed that Spondias mombin stem bark extracts have hypolipidemic activities and, similar to Xeloda, are chemopreventive targets in mediating apoptosis via PI3-K/PTEN signalling pathway regulation in the DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. The results of this study also imply that the active ingredients in Spondias mombin plant parts have the ability to reduce serum lipid profiles, including triglycerides and cholesterol, which may be helpful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Modeling heat transfer to magnetohydrodynamic dusty fluid flow past between two Riga plates in a porous medium

O.R. Jimoh , A.O. Jatto , S.I. Yusuf — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, modeling of an unsteady laminar heat transmittable dusty fluid flow past between two parallel stationary Riga plates is presented. The coupled non-linear partial differential equations governing dusty fluid flow past between two parallel Riga platesin a porous medium were nondimensionalized with the aid of some dimensionless variables and solved analytically using harmonic solution technique. The effects of the various physical parameters on the velocity and temperature of both the fluid and dusty flow were shown graphically and discussed. It is observed that Modified Hartman number increases the velocity of fluid and dusty particles, whereas Grashof number and dimensionless stress coefficient per unit volume decreases the velocity of fluid.

An unconformity and a possible cretaceous – Tertiary (K –T) boundary at Arochukwu – Obotme - Odoro Ikpe area southeastern Nigeria.

R.U. Ideozu, E. Sam — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This work is focussed on a possible unconformity and K-T boundary in the study area. This work looks at the K-T boundary from the perspective unconformity, structural interpretation and biostratigraphy and has suggested a possible unconformity and K-T boundary around Arochukwu-Obotme-Odoro Ikpe axis. The results and interpretation of biostratigraphic analysis, fieldwork and correlation shows there is lateral continuity of lithostratigraphic units from the Arochukwu Section - Nsukka Formation (Cretaceous sediments) to the Odoro Ikpe area where it is uncomfortably overlain by the Benin Formation (younger Tertiary sediments) defining an unconformity and a possible Cretaceous – Tertiary (K –T) boundary?

Pancreatic type 3c diabetes mellitus: a review

Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pancreatic Type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) is a less common form of diabetes arising from underlying or preexisting pancreatic conditions, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic cancer. Unlike type 1 and type 2 diabetes, T3cDM is characterized by the loss of insulin secretion due to pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. This disorder causes structural and functional abnormalities in pancreatic cells, affecting glucose control. Key mechanisms include pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, which impacts enzyme production and nutrition absorption, and disturbance of the enteroinsular axis, which reduces incretin hormone release. Beta cell failure worsens glucose dysregulation. Effective management entails treating exocrine insufficiency with enzyme replacement therapy, optimizing insulin therapy, and making dietary changes to promote nutrition absorption and glucose control.

Prevalence of malaria parasite in children 1 to 12 years attending Edo Specialist Hospital, Benin City

J.I. Ehiaghe, D.O. Ekhoguagbon — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria is an endemic challenge in Nigeria, with about 588 million people at risk. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria parasite in children 1 to 12 years attending Edo Specialist Hospital, Benin City. A sample size of (298) with 228 subjects diagnosed of malaria as test and 70 subjects as control (apparently healthy children) within the age of 1-12 years. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the subjects packed cell volume, to detect the presence of malaria parasites using rapid diagnostic test and microscopy methods. Data was analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that 29.8% of the children tested positive to malaria parasites. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of malaria among male and female subjects. The prevalence rates of the malaria were found to be higher among the children between the age of 9-12 years (36.9%). The analysis showed that there was no different in the reaction between RDT test result and microscope method results. The highest packed cell volume was recorded among children between 1-4 years ranging from 20% to 43% with Mean±Standard deviation value of 32.52±5.46%. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the PCV. The female had the highest packed cell volume ranging from 27% to 43% with Mean±Standard deviation value of 33.78±3.78%. Therefore, the information from this study is relevant for the proper management of malaria infection in children with the study area.

Determination of heavy metals and proximate analysis of Merluccius spp and Clarias gariepinus

O. Oriji, I.U. Nwabekee — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the heavy metal concentrations and proximate composition in stockfish and catfish samples from the Choba market near the University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State. The research aimed to provide comprehensive data on the safety and nutritional value of these commonly consumed fish species. Five samples of each fish species were analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and proximate composition following standard analytical procedures. The results revealed that stockfish contained higher protein levels (61.38%) and ash content (15.10%) compared to catfish (46.88% and 11.80%, respectively). However, catfish exhibited substantially higher fat content (13.81%) than stockfish (3.5%). While both species showed similar carbohydrate levels (approximately 15%). Heavy metal analysis demonstrated that stockfish generally contained higher concentrations of most analyzed metals. Iron showed the highest concentration in both species, with stockfish containing 4.102 ppm compared to catfish’s 2.231 ppm. Lead content was notably higher in stockfish (0.315 ppm) than in catfish (0.132 ppm). Arsenic and nickel levels were also slightly higher in stockfish, while manganese showed higher concentration in catfish. The findings suggest that while both fish species offer distinct nutritional benefits, the elevated heavy metal concentrations, particularly in stockfish, warrant careful consideration. The study recommends regularly monitoring heavy metal concentrations, especially lead, and advises consumers to vary their fish consumption patterns.

Status and prospects of fisheries eco-labelling in Nigeria

O.A. Bubu-Davies, B.E. Ogonodi — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Eco-labelling has emerged as a promising tool to promote sustainability in fisheries by providing consumers with information about the environmental impact of seafood products. This paper explores the current status of eco-labelling in fisheries in Nigeria, including its benefits, challenges, and prospects. Drawing on a review of relevant literature, this paper examines the prospects of existing eco-labelling schemes and their introduction in the Nigerian fish market, the challenges related to certification criteria and enforcement, and the potential for improvement through policy making by the government and creating more public awareness of the importance of fisheries sustainability and conservation.

Current status and practice of environmental health in Nigeria

O. E. Oriakpono, F. Onyekwere — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Human security is incomplete without excellent human health, which is fundamentally dependent on the environmental conditions in which an individual lives and conducts his or her daily activities. People thrive and perform better in a healthy environment free of infectious disease-causing agents, with fewer hospital visits, a safe and supportive workplace, clean air, safe drinking water, and healthy housing settlements. The primary goal of environmental health research is to prevent or control diseases and injuries caused by interactions between humans and their environment. This overview examines the current state of some environmental issues relating to human health and how environmental factors affect health, identifying specific diseases related with environmental concerns, and determining the existing state and future needs within the Nigerian system. A comprehensive search of multiple databases and literature was conducted to identify relevant reviews of environmental health topics. This was further discussed extensively based on the environmental problems, their sources, and associated ill-health within the Nigerian system. In conclusion, it will take more than the Government's involvement to ensure a healthy and sustainable environment in Nigeria. Individual awareness of the environmental risks of certain practices, as well as their participation in changing from what they perceive as a norm or conventional to acceptable methods practiced globally in living and interacting with their immediate environment, is critical. Another issue identified is the lack of financial dividends to fund contemporary infrastructures and approaches for sustainable developme

Evaluation of bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil amended with poultry droppings and pig dung

S.I. Musa, K. E. Enerijiofi, C. Okoji, B. Ikhajiagbe — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing use of petroleum hydrocarbon products as energy source has led to contamination of soil with ripple effects on agricultural products. Therefore, it is essential to devise sustainable ways of cleaning polluted regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation potential of poultry droppings and pig dung on diesel-contaminated soil. Pristine soil was polluted with different levels of diesel and then amended for 40 days using pig dung (PDG) and poultry droppings (PDR) at different mixture. Physicochemical parameters as well as microbiological properties of the polluted soil were evaluated before and after amendments with PDG and PDR. Significant increase (p<0.05) was recorded in the soil available nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and water holding capacity in the PDG and PDR amended soil. Furthermore, increase in the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (30%), and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (24%) were observed in the amended soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbon level in the amended soil showed significant (p<0.05) reduction after the 40 days amendment with organic manure. Fungi such as Nigrospora sp., Aspergillus sp., as well as bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Proteus sp. and Serratia sp. were isolated in the amended soil. The present study indicated that microorganisms obtained from organic manure can be used in enhancing remediation processes in diesel–contaminated soils.

Assessing the dual threats of oil spills and climate change on sustainable development in Ogbia, Bayelsa State Nigeria

K.G. Amos, E.O. Okoro — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the observed climate patterns and their potential impacts on livelihood in Ogbia Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study analyzes temperature and rainfall trends over the past three decades and their correlation with agricultural productivity (farming and fishing). The results reveal that oil spills are a prevalent concern, with 53% of respondents reporting regular occurrences, while only 5% indicated they have never experienced spills. Additionally, the findings highlight a significant rise in average temperature at a rate of 0.024°C per year, peaking at 32.74°C in 2023. Rainfall variability was also evident, with an average annual rainfall of 246.86 mm, and significant fluctuations between 2020 (187.74 mm) and 2021 (388.16 mm), while the rate of rainfall increases (1.32 mm/year) was weak, pointing to growing variability in precipitation patterns. The study’s major findings show that rising temperatures and erratic rainfall negatively impact agriculture, especially temperature-sensitive crops like cassava, yam, and plantain. These climate changes lead to heat stress, reduced crop yields, and water scarcity, which threaten food security in the region. Similarly, fish stocks are affected by rising water temperatures, which reduce oxygen levels in aquatic environments and disrupt breeding patterns. The study recommends adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices, improving flood management systems, and enhancing fishery management to mitigate these impacts. Additionally, the need for community awareness and education on climate adaptation strategies is emphasized to ensure sustainable livelihoods in the face of climate change.

Determination of effective dose of testosterone propionate for the induction of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats

O.H. Eruotor, O.E. Ezendiokwere, E.L. Oghenemavwe — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant growth or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a common cause of lower urinary symptoms (LUTS) in older men. The incidence of the condition and clinical burden has inspired the search for intervention strategies and deepened the study for better understanding of the disease etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and possible cure. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=5). Group 1 received normal rat chow and water ad libitum, and served as the normal control. Groups 2 and 3 received 3 mg/kg b.wt of TP for 11 days and 22 days respectively. Groups 4 and 5 received 6 mg/kg b.wt of TP for 11 days and 22 days respectively. Groups 6 and 7 received 9 mg/kg b.wt of TP for 11 days and 22 days respectively. Following euthanasia, blood was collected and serum decanted for biochemical assay. The prostate gland was harvested and prepared for histological study. The serum testosterone level increased significantly (p<0.05) from 3.67±0.81 ng/ml in group 1(normal control) to 6.67±1.16 ng/ml, 9.80±2.47 ng/ml and 8.20±2.14 ng/ml respectively for groups treated with 3 mg/kg b.wt, 6 mg/kg b.wt and 9 mg/kg b.wt of TP for 22days. PSA concentration was also significantly elevated in the TP treated groups. Histological sections showed alterations in the histoarchitecture of the prostate gland treated with TP, particularly at doses of 6 mg/kg b.wt and 9 mg/kg b.wt. TP treatment led to increase in prostate index. The biochemical changes and the typical adenosis seen in the histomorphology of the test groups proves that TP synthetically induces BPH. Duration above 10 days and up to 22 days show lasting BPH signs in experimental model. Doses of up to 9 mg/kg b.wt of TP should not be used for experimental purposes owing to the severe physical changes observed in the group treated with 9 mg/kg b.wt of TP for 22 days.

Pharmacological effect of fruits of Annona muricata on peptic ulcer induced in Swiss albino mice

P. O. Obaro, N.T. Omorodion — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ulcer, a skin disease affecting both the external and internal lining of the human body, comes in various forms, with peptic ulcers being among the most serious in the gastrointestinal tract. Traditional medications and plant-based alternatives are used for treatment due to their perceived lower side effects and cost. This project investigates the anti-ulcer properties of Soursop (Annona muricate extract) on the stomach of mice, focusing on peptic ulcers through microscopic analysis. Materials and Methods: A. muricata fruits were collected, dried, ground into powder, and extracted using methanol via cold maceration; the extract was concentrated, dried, and stored for use in animal experiments. Swiss albino mice were treated with varying doses of the extract following induced peptic ulcers, either via ethanol/HCl or indomethacin, with omeprazole as a reference drug. Ulcer severity was assessed by measuring the percentage of ulcerated stomach area in sacrificed animals after treatments, following standard protocols and ethical guidelines. The study showed that A. muricata extract significantly reduced ulcer indices in both ethanol and indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer models, with the highest reduction at 1500 mg/kg, followed by 900 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. Histological analysis confirmed significant mucosal restoration at all doses of the extract, with the 1500 mg/kg dose showing the most effective healing. Overall, the methanol extract of A. muricata demonstrated anti-ulcer activity comparable to the standard drug, omeprazole, in both experimental models.

Modeling the evolution of binary black hole mergers in dense stellar environments

M. Yakubu, O.J. Vwavware, A. Ohwofosirai — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Binary black hole (BBH) mergers are critical sources of gravitational waves detected by observatories like LIGO and Virgo. The formation and evolution of these binaries, particularly in dense stellar environments such as globular clusters (GCs) and galactic nuclei, are crucial for understanding the observed BBH population. In this study, we develop a Monte Carlo N-body simulation model to simulate the dynamical evolution of BBH mergers in such environments. We incorporate key processes, including two-body relaxation, three-body encounters, exchange interactions, and gravitational wave emission. Our results indicate that globular clusters can produce BBH merger rates of approximately 20 mergers per Gyr per 105M☉, in agreement with current gravitational wave observations. The simulated mass distribution of BBHs peaks at around 20 M ☉, with a tail extending to 50 M ☉, and the spin orientations are predominantly isotropic. These findings highlight the significant role dense stellar environments play in the formation of BBHs. We also discuss the uncertainties in the model and suggest future work to refine the simulations and better constrain the contribution of dense stellar environments to the overall BBH merger rate.

Can Cyperus esculentus ameliorate lung damage? Preliminary histological assessment in arsenic trioxide induced Wistar rats

S.B. Olukayode, S.O. Innih — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Inhalation of metal particles or fumes can be toxic and cause various health problems. Prolonged exposure to metal inhalation can lead to many respiratory issues. This study investigated the protective effects of ethanol tuber extract of Cyperus esculentus (ETECE) against arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced lung damage in Wistar rats. A total of 49 Wistar rats (n=7), weighing 190-210g, were randomly assigned to seven groups (all groups received feed and administration): Group A (control): received 1ml of distilled water, Group B: received 10 mg/kg body weight of ATO only, Group C: received 200 mg/kg body weight of ETECE + ATO, Group D: received 400 mg/kg body weight of ETECE + ATO, Groups E and F received 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of ETECE respectively, and Group G: received ATO + 100 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. Administration lasted for 60 days, after which the animals were humanely sacrificed. The lungs were meticulously harvested, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and then processed for histological examination using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Histopathological examination revealed that exposure to ATO induced significant pulmonary damage, characterized by interstitial infiltrates of inflammatory cells, congestion, severe bronchiolar ulceration, and vascular ulceration. Conversely, treatment with escalating doses of ETECE remarkably attenuated these detrimental effects. Notably, ETECE demonstrated a comparable protective effect to that of Vitamin C, a well-established antioxidant. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that ETECE exhibits mitigating effects against ATO-induced lung damage in Wistar rats, thereby underscoring its potential as a pulmonoprotective substance.

Sodium azide-induced genetic variation of morphological traits in Capsicum accessions

H.O. Owoeye, V.O. Ogundipe, A.A. Azeez, O.J. Olawuyi — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the effect of sodium azide-induced mutagenesis on the growth performance of various Capsicum spp accessions. Significant variation was observed across growth traits: number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, stem girth, and canopy width. While some accessions, such as NGB00622 and NGB00601, failed to germinate, others exhibited notable performance disparities. NGB00703 emerged as the top-performing accession, excelling across multiple growth traits, followed by NGB002642 and NGB00701. Conversely, NGB02626 and NGB02730 displayed consistently poor growth metrics. Sodium azide-induced variants demonstrated marked improvements in growth traits compared to their controls, particularly in plant height, stem girth, and leaf dimensions. These enhancements were observed not only in high-performing accessions but also in low-performing ones, indicating the mutagen's potential to induce beneficial genetic variability. The findings underscore sodium azide’s utility in generating genetic diversity within Capsicum spp., providing a basis for future breeding and genetic improvement programs.

Effect of papaya leaf powder as a feed additive on growth performance and haematological parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

P.O. Somdare, J.A. Badaki, O. Faokunla, K.U. Ogbe — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of supplementing papaya (Carica papaya) leaf powder (PLP) on growth, body indices, whole-body composition and haematological indices of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Four diets were formulated and prepared with PLP supplementation at 0% (control), 1%, 2% and 3%. Fries of African catfish (mean initial weight = 1.11 ± 0.01 g) were administered the diets in triplicate groups for eight weeks. The findings showed that fish fed diets containing 1% and 2% PLP supplementation demonstrated significantly improved growth performance parameters, including weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), viscero-somatic index (VSI), and hepato-somatic index (HSI), in comparison to the control and 3% PLP-supplemented groups. Feed intake was significantly higher in the groups fed the control and 3% PLP-supplemented diets compared to those fed the 1% and 2% PLPsupplemented diets. Whole-body composition analysis revealed increased crude protein and crude lipid content in African catfish fed with 1% and 2% PLP diets, aligning with their superior growth metrics. Haematological analysis revealed significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), and haemoglobin (Hb) in fish fed 1% and 2% PLP diets, indicating an improved health status. These findings suggest that PLP supplementation at optimal levels (1% and 2%) can positively impact growth and health parameters in African catfish, supporting its use as a growth promoter in aquaculture.

Biogenic synthesis, optimization, and characterization of novel silver nano particle using combined seed extracts

A. Shehu, O.J. Okunola, A.U. Uduma — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the biogenic synthesis, optimization and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant-derived extracts from black seed, neem seed, and baobab seed. The synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using the Taguchi response method and the optimized condition was used for the synthesis which was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which revealed a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 413 nm. The FTIR spectra for AgNPs exhibited characteristic bands at 566.56, 1028.75, 1394.02, 1632.57, and 3220.42 cm⁻¹, indicating metal-ligand interactions such as Ag-O and Ag-N bonds, suggesting the involvement of plant-derived compounds like polyphenols and amino acids in stabilizing the nanoparticles. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with characteristic diffraction peaks at 32.31, 47.24, 55.22, 68.90, 77.78, and 86.37°. The average particle size of the AgNPs was found to be 38.51nm. SEM analysis revealed the nanoparticles shape, and the AgNPs were found to possess a hexagonal shape. Elemental analysis from EDX confirmed the presence of silver in the nanoparticles showing 50.4% Ag alongside C, O, and other elements from plant-derived capping agents. Antimicrobial testing revealed the specific activity of the nanoparticle against various pathogens. AgNPs demonstrated good antibacterial activity, with significant inhibition observed against Staphylococcus aureus (23 mm), Escherichia coli (22 mm), and fungi. These findings highlight the potential of plant-derived nanoparticles as effective antimicrobial agents, with the silver nanoparticles being particularly effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.

Assessment and characterization of natural and anthropogenic sources of potentially harmful element in artificial lake-water in selected abandoned quarry sites, south-west Nigeria

A. M. Gbadebo, S.A. Ishola, O.O. Gbadebo, R. B. Fatungase — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study was aimed at assessing the quality and evaluation of potentially harmful element in these reservoirs using standard analytical and laboratory techniques. Water samples were collected from three (3) artificial lakes located on the abandoned quarry sites in Ojoru, Parakoyi and Unico Company (Sogbe-Erunwon). The collected samples were consequently assessed for physico-chemical parameters namely pH, Total Dissolve Solid, Electrical Conductivity among others; major Cation and Anion; heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Microbial/Protozoans Isolates using Laboratory and analytical procedures. The output from this study clearly reveals concentration levels of the identified parameters with the major physicochemical parameters and heavy metals concentration being found within WHO permissible standard. pH of 25% of the entire samples ranged from 5.0 to 6.7 which is slightly acidic; 2.8% were found to be within 7.0 which is neutral and the remaining 72.2% were found to be in the range of 7.1 to 9.8 which is alkaline, presence of dissolves mineral is attributable to these results. Also, 25% of the samples possess low EC and TDS values while 75% of the samples have high EC and TDS values. The observed high temperature was due to the effect of solar radiation of the exposed reservoir surface water while the recorded value of EC and TDS was due to the varying human activities on these water sources. Consequently, all the water samples seemed to meet the WHO standard for domestic and irrigation in terms of bacterial, protozoans, cations and anions level respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals (potentially harmful elements) in the samples were found to be low except for OJ (Ojoru) water samples that have higher concentration of cadmium (0.004) and Lead (0.026) compare to WHO of 0.003 and 0.015 respectively. This could be due to high level of human activities and the period (dry season) at which the samples were taken.

Impact of ethanol leaf extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera on the liver of Wistar rats

M. A. Olugbenga, D. Calmday-Ombo, S. O. Innih — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tetrapleura tetraptera¸ commonly known as Aidan fruit, is a tropical plant indigenous to Western and Central Africa severally reported to possess various medicinal properties. Despite its widespread use, comprehensive research on its hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effects remains limited. The study investigates the impact of ethanol leaf extract of T. tetraptera (Aidan fruit) on the liver of twenty-four adult Wistar rats divided into four groups: a control group and three treatment groups receiving 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, and 800mg/kg doses, respectively, over 28 days daily oral administration. Post-treatment, liver tissues were analyzed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results indicated no significant changes in body and liver weights across all doses compared to the control. However, the hepatosomatic index increased significantly in the 200mg/kg group, suggesting a possible adaptive or hepatoprotective effect at this low dose. Histological examination revealed periportal infiltrates of inflammatory cells, portal vasodilation, and vascular congestion across all treatment groups, indicating consistent liver tissue alterations due to the extract. These findings suggest that T. tetraptera’s ethanol leaf extract can induce significant histopathological changes in the liver, highlighting the need for cautious use and further research to understand the underlying mechanisms and safe dosage levels. The study contributes to the understanding of T. tetraptera's effects, essential for its safe application in traditional medicine and potential therapeutic use for liver diseases. Further studies are recommended to explore the biochemical pathways involved in the observed hepatotoxicity and to establish safer therapeutic doses.

Effect of nutrient supplementation on lactic acid production by lactic acid bacteria

E.O. Onyeanula, E. Nwachukwu, O.K. Achi, C.E. Onwuakor, C.N. Obi, E.N. Ejike — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this research, five substrates; yam, cassava, corn, potatoes and rice were used for lactic acid fermentation. The microorganisms were isolated using de Mann Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium using the spread plate technique. Ten pure colonies were identified and presumptively classified using standard morphological and biochemical identification processes. After optimizing culture conditions at 35oC, pH 6.0 and fermentation time 122hrs, the effect of Tween 80 supplementation on lactic acid production was investigated. Supplementation of culture medium with Tween 80 was done at two different concentrations (3.0 g/L and 5.0 g/L) and the quantity of lactic acid produced for each concentration determined using total titratable acidity (TTA) method. Tween 80 (3.0 g/L) in the culture medium had dual effects on lactic acid production by the lactic acid bacteria. The highest quantity of lactic acid concentration was produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strain Z2 (0.62 ± 0.01 g/L) in yam fermentation, a 113.7% increase in lactic acid production capacity over that of the un-supplemented yam broth. A percentage increase of 34.5% in lactic acid production capacity was observed for same microorganism (Lactobacillus plantarum strain Z2) in supplemented cassava broth over that of the un-supplemented one. Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (SL2) produced the highest quantity of lactic acid on the supplemented potatoes broth, a percentage increase of 153% over that of the un-supplemented potatoes broth. For supplemented rice broth, the highest quantity of lactic acid (0.63 ± 0.02 g/L) was produced by Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (C3P), a percentage increase of 35.9% over that of the un-supplemented rice broth. There was increased lactic acid production by Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (C3P), Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (SL2), Lactobacillus plantarum strain FM02 in the Tween 80-supplemented corn broth. However, there were decreases in lactic acid production by Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (C3P) in cassava broth, by Lactobacillus plantarum strain Z2 in both corn and potato broths supplemented with the Tween 80 at 3.0 g/L. The addition of Tween 80 at 5.0 g/L resulted in decreased lactic acid production. The percentage reduction in descending order of lactic acid production in yam, cassava, corn, potatoes and rice broths by Lactobacillus plantarum strain Z2 were 79.3%, 83.6%, 90.9%, 70% by Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (SL2) and 86.9% (Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (C3P)) respectively. For un-supplemented broths, Lactobacillus plantarum strain Z2 produced the highest lactic acid (0.56 ± 0.35 g/L) from potatoes broth. With supplementation of broths with Tween 80 (at 3.0 g/L), lactic acid production was enhanced, with Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (SL2) producing the highest lactic acid concentration (0.76 ± 0.01 g/L) from potato broth. It is recommended, for large-scale production of lactic acid, that potatoes broth be fermented with Lactobacillus pentosus strain BSR3 (SL2) under the optimized culture conditions.

Assessment of groundwater contamination using Duncan multiple range test and associated descriptive techniques in selected local government areas of Oyo State South-West Nigeria

A. M. Gbadebo , S.A. Ishola , O.A. Adebambo — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Groundwater is a major source of fresh water for the global population and is used for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. This study assessed the various Groundwater contaminations in selected local government areas of Ibadan Oyo State. Water samples were collected from 10 wells per location (50 wells in total) and insitu measurement of pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined using a Hanna Combo Tester. Two bottles were each filled with water from the well, notably samples for the Cations analysis were acidified by adding a drop of Nitric acid (HNO₃) in a sample in order to bring down the pH of the water and ensure that the metals are inert prior to analysis. The second samples for Anions test were labeled accordingly. The two water quality parameters analyzed were physical parameters, and chemical parameters. The concentration of Sodium and Potassium in water sample was determined using a flame photometer calibrated using the standard stock solution of sodium and potassium having a 30ppm concentration. Anion-selective electrode which is the most cost-effective, efficient and reliable analytical method for determination of the fluoride level was used for the water samples. Data for physical parameters in water samples were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) to evaluate the significance level. The result showed that mean pH concentration ranged from 4.7±0.15 to 8.9±0.21b, Temperature, 26.7℃±3.06c to 30.9℃±1.63b, TDS, 119±0.58a to 599.7±9.07g (mg/L), EC 15.6±0.51a to 82±2.0f (μS/cm). Significant variations (p≤0.05) were observed in the water concentrations sampled across the study area. The mean concentration of pH, EC, TDS and temperature were within the 2021 World Health Organization permissible limits. Quantitative analysis was carried out on the samples to determine Cations and Anions concentrations in the water samples. The concentration of the cations (Na⁺, K⁺ Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and Anions (HCO₃⁻, SO₄^2-, Cl⁻, F^-, NO³-) varied across the water sample with most samples having concentrations that were within the World Health Organization WHO maximum permissible limit. Most water samples fall within WHO permissible limit for drinking water except Oja-Oba samples whose cations and anions levels were significantly high, and therefore, most unsuitable for drinking purposes and consequently recommended for comprehensive treatment.

Geochemical and spatial distribution of minerals in the tailings of Ife/Ijesa gold mine zone, Nigeria

A. O. Fatoye, S. O. Oladejo, W. B. Tomori, A. O. Adebayo — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The main objective of this research is to identify the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics potential of unexplored tailings around gold deposit region of Ife/Ijesa using spatial statistics and map modeling. Some physicochemical parameters such as pH, redox potential (Eh), electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), total organic matter (TOM), residual humidity (RH), cation exchange capacity and particle size were determined from both the mine drains and tailing samples using standard methods. The physico-chemical parameters ranges of tailings obtained were pH (6.0 – 7.3), Eh (−16 - 95 Mev), EC (49 - 156 μS/cm), RH (0.20-2.60%), CEC (3.64-6.45 cmol/kg), TOC (3.57-18.62%), and TOM (6.15-22.93%). The geochemical oxide composition were identified using Proton Induced X-ray emission and the results indicated that SiO₂> Al₂O₃> Fe₂O₃> TiO₂> K₂O> MgO> CaO> Na₂O> P₂O₅> MnO> Cr₂O₃> SrO> K₂O> P₂O_5.The major mineralogical components in the tailing samples were determined by a quantitative x-ray diffraction techniques using Rietveld method. Geostatistical relationships among the known points were determined using ArcGIS 10.2 software to interpolate minerals concentration with respect to the study area. The Rietveld method gave generally quartz value as 73.73-92.76 %, limenite as 0.38-4.7 7%, kaolinite group as 3.19-20.83 %, and muscovite as 0.77-11.70 % with traces of other minerals. The high percentage of quartz is an indication of a sandy environment with loose binding site.

Qualitative detection of HBV and HCV infection in HIV positive patients in south-south, Nigeria

I. M. Moses-Otutu, F. O. Egbadon — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) co-infections in HIV pose significant health risks, particularly in regions with limited healthcare access. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infections among HIV-positive individuals in Benin city, Nigeria, and to identify associated risk factors. This cross-sectional study included 250 HIV-positive participants and 100 healthy controls. Serum samples were screened using rapid immunoassay kits for HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies, and clinical and demographic data were collected through structured questionnaires. No cases of HIV/HBV/HCV triple co-infection were detected while the prevalence of HBV and HCV among HIV-positive participants was 4.8% and 2.4%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, educational level, or marital status and HBV positivity. However, occupationally, Skilled workers were 4.3 times more likely to be HBV-positive than non-skilled workers. Fatigue and abdominal pain were significant indicators of HBV infection. HCV prevalence remained low, and no statistically significant correlation existed between HCV positivity and any demographic factor. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of routine screening and integrated healthcare strategies in managing viral hepatitis infections in HIV-positive populations. Public health initiatives should focus on HBV vaccination, early detection, and improved treatment access., alongside targeted occupational health programs. The absence of triple co-infection highlights the need for sustained preventive efforts in this high-risk group. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and evidence-based policy development.

Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats

A.R.O. Ehimigbai, K.D. Onyemachi, J. Ohirhian — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity involves oxidative stress, inflammatory response, etc. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is among the plants that is used to treat arthritis, kidney problems etc. This research aimed in evaluating the effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis on cadmium-induced kidney damage of adult wistar rats. Adult Rats (n=30), with an average weight of 167g were randomly assigned into 5 test (n=5) and control (n=5) groups. Rats in groups B-F were given 10mg/kg of Cadmium, extract of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 10mg/kg of Cadmium + 200mg/kg of extract and 10mg/kg of Cadmium + 400mg/kg of extract daily for twenty-eight days respectively, through the orogastric tube, group A received food and water. Rats were sacrificed and the Kidneys were harvested for histological and renal function analysis. Findings indicated that the kidney showed changes of the renal cortical structure in the cadmium treated group and showed no changes in the extract treated group as compared to the control group. There was a significant decrease in weights of the kidney treated with cadmium and significant increase on the urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels of the cadmium treated group and significant decrease on the total protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels of the cadmium treated group and no significant difference on the groups treated with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as compared to the control group. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a strong protective effect in the restoration of renal tubules and that it could be a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for treating cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity.

Effects of ethanol extract of Newbouldia laevis leaves on liver morphological changes in mercury chloride exposed Wistar rats

M.A. Olugbenga, D. Calmday-Ombo, S.O. Innih — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mercury chloride (HgCl₂), an extremely poisonous inorganic chemical, is widely used in industries and laboratories, posing substantial environmental and health concerns. This study investigates the preventive effects of Newbouldia laevis, a plant known for its therapeutic characteristics, on mercury chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Eighteen adult Wistar rats weighing between 160g and 200g were separated into six groups (n=6) and given simultaneous doses of mercury chloride and ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis (ELEN) for twenty-eight days. Mercury chloride exposure caused considerable changes in body and liver weights, with histological examination demonstrating severe liver damage characterized by vasodilation, vascular congestion, and periportal inflammatory infiltrates. However, co-administration of Newbouldia laevis had a protective effect, minimizing these negative alterations. Histological study of liver tissues from rats treated with Newbouldia laevis revealed low to mild damage, with doses of 250mg/kg revealing near-normal liver architecture and doses of 500mg/kg resulting in significant recovery, while some vascular ulcers remained. This study demonstrates that Newbouldia laevis ethanolic extract offers significant hepatoprotection against mercury chloride-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. The plant’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, likely due to its flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, mitigate oxidative stress and cellular damage caused by mercury exposure. Rats treated with the extract showed improved liver architecture and overall health, including significant weight gain compared to those exposed to mercury alone. These findings suggest that Newbouldia laevis could be a promising natural therapeutic agent for managing mercury-induced hepatotoxicity.

An integrated method for mapping groundwater potential in part of Abuja, Central Nigeria

J.B. Jimoh, O.K. Musa, J.B. Ahmed II — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study used integrated remote sensing, geophysical and borehole data to evaluate and delineate promising sites for groundwater development. Groundwater conditioning parameters including geology, lineament density, elevation, slope, drainage density, NDVI, land use/land cover, static water level, aquifer resistivity, aquifer thickness, and overburden thickness were analyzed and rated based on their influence on groundwater recharge. To minimize bias in the rating techniques, 23 literature sources were consulted to evaluate each parameter. Thereafter, a series of pairwise comparisons was performed, and parameters were given weights using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The final groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) map was created using the weighted linear overlay computation tool, which combines various factors influencing groundwater availability. Lineament and geology showed high percentage of influence. The GWPZs were classified into low (24.59%), moderate (64.36%), high (10.98%) and very high (0.07%) respectively. Given that low and moderate GWPZs cover a large proportion of the area, the GWPZs in the study area can be classified as low to moderate, which aligns with the findings of other researchers within Nigeria's basement complex. Model validation analysis revealed a 77.1% accuracy using existing borehole yield data. This suggests that the GWPZs results can act as a guide for the management and development of groundwater resources in the study area. It is recommended that comprehensive groundwater investigations, utilizing multiple approaches, be conducted to prevent the drilling of low-yield or unsuccessful boreholes in the study area