Science World Journal

Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos organophosphorous pesticide using Aeromonas hydrophila,/i> isolated from selected agricultural wastewater in Kaduna State

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chlorpyrifos are broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides used excessively for agricultural purposes to fight insects. The presence of such toxic compounds in watercourses exhibits harmful threats to the environment. The technology of bio-removal (or biodegradation) is nowadays the alternate method for environmental curing. The present study aimed to isolate and identify bacterial strains with strong capabilities of biodegrading such pesticides in wastewater from Nassarawa and Hayin Danmani, Kaduna State. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from agricultural wastewater and identified based on morphological, biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA analysis. The degradation conditions were optimized at 30°C and pH of 7. Preliminary screening assessed growth via optical density. Degradation efficiency was measured in inoculated samples compared to controls, with Chlorpyrifos concentration and degradation rates evaluated. Chlorpyrifos concentrations in water samples NA1-HB1 ranged from 2.71 ± 0.11 to 131.8 ± 0.2. Aeromonas hydrophila effectively degraded Chlorpyrifos, with optimal growth observed at an optical density of 0.74 ±0.002. Degradation was faster in inoculated samples, achieving a 73.6 % degradation rate at a Chlorpyrifos concentration of 30 mg/L. The metabolite 3, 5, 6- trichloro-2- pyridinol (TCP), responsible for Chlorpyrifos degradation was detected. Aeromonas hydrophila can efficiently degrade Chlorpyrifos in wastewater, utilizing it as a carbon source. Further research should explore more soil microbiota with Chlorpyrifos (CP) utilization capabilities and investigate the metabolic pathway of Chlorpyrifos degradation.

First principles study of structural stability, electronic and mechanical properties of lithium doped calcium hydrides as superconductors

Abdullahi Danlami, Sadiq Garba Abdu, Alhassan Shuaibu, Ismail Magaji — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Alkaline earth metal with Hydrogen-rich compounds hold promise as high-temperature superconductors under high pressures. Recent theoretical hydride structures on achieving high-pressure superconductivity are composed mainly of H₂ fragments. Through a systematic investigation of Ca hydrides with different hydrogen contents within both theoretical and experimental methods has become a major research area. In this work we used Density functional theory (DFT) coupled with some Quantum and classical theories to investigate the structural, Mechanical, electronic and superconducting properties of single Lithium atom doped CaH3 (Ca_1-xLi_xH₃). Our results show that both pure and Li doped are mechanically stable at 0 pressure with anisotropic structure. In terms of electronic properties both compounds show a metallic nature. Our theoretical calculated T_C are 1.18 K and 2.06 K for CaH₃ and Ca_1-xLi_xH₃ respectively at 0Gpa, indicating that even calcium hydride with H₃ can possibly be a superconductor.

Enhanced AI-Powered Customer Experience Model

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This journal will focus on the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and customer experience (CX), highlighting how emerging technologies enhance customer interactions, personalization and satisfaction.AI- powered customer experience models are revolutionizing how business interact with customers by offering real-time, personalized and data-driven interactions. Today’s customers expect brands to anticipate their needs, resolve issues instantly, and provide seamless interactions across all channels. The enhanced AI- powered customer experience model aims to transform traditional customer service into an intelligent, customercentric experience. This study presents an enhanced AI-powered customer experience model by integrating three (3) additional factors; data security, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty into an existing framework comprised of seven (7) factors, including AI-perceived services (service quality), perceived sacrifice, perceived convenience, personalization, relationship commitment, trust and AI-powered customer experience service. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the model was tested for statistical significance using ANOVA, which confirmed the overall model's validity. Further analysis revealed that AI-powered customer service, relationship commitment, perceived convenience, data security, and customer satisfaction significantly impact the dependent variable, customer loyalty. Data Security is statistically significant with p (0.000) < (0.05) which indicates that there is a substantial contribution from data security to customer loyalty. These findings highlight the importance of integrating data security and customer satisfaction into AI-driven customer experience strategies to effectively enhance customer loyalty. The enhanced model offers valuable insights for businesses aiming to optimize their customer experience initiatives through advanced artificial intelligence technologies.

New one-pot synthetic route and spectroscopic characterization of dinuclear triple carboxylatobridged cuii complexes of the polypyridyl ligands

Olufunso O. Abosede — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper describe a new one-pot synthetic route for the preparation of dinuclear triple carboxylato-bridged copper(II) complexes incorporating polypyridyl ligands. The ligands utilized were 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′- c]phenazine (dppz). Reaction of these ligands with copper(II) nitrate and acetylated lincomycin under mild conditions serendipitously yielded the complexes: [Cu₂(bpy)₂(CH₃COO)(OH)(H₂O)](NO₃)₂, [Cu₂(phen)₂(CH₃COO)(OH)(H₂O)](NO₃)₂ and [Cu₂(dppz)₂(CH₃COO) (OH)(H₂O)](NO₃)₂. The complexes were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis (C, H, N), while the structure of complex 1 was confirmed via singlecrystal X-ray crystallography. The X-ray analysis revealed a dinuclear core with a triple carboxylato bridge, confirming the proposed coordination geometry. The synthetic method highlights the role of acetylated lincomycin as a unique reagent in facilitating the formation of these dinuclear copper complexes. The findings underscore the potential of these complexes for further exploration in catalysis, molecular magnetism, and biomimetic chemistry.

Parasequence set analysis of the Maastrichtian to Paleocene stratigraphic succession in the Sokoto sector of Iullemmeden basin, Northwestern Nigeria

Y. Abdulganiyu, I. Hamidu , T. Najime, E.O. Obiosio — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Detailed geological field mapping of Maastrichtian - Paleocene sedimentary deposits exposed at the Sokoto sector of Iullemmeden Basin was carried out in this study. The principle of sequence stratigraphy was applied on the exposed outcrops for a better understanding of their depositional history. Results of the sequence stratigraphic analyses reveal three (3) parasequence types, Two (2) system tracts and one (1) condensed section. The parasequence of the lower and upper portion of Taloka and Wurno formations are made up of aggradational and progradational stacking patterns – which all belong to the Lowstand system tracts. Retrogradational stacking pattern was observed within the Dukamaje, Dange and Kalambaina formations which consist of fossiliferous limestone and shales. The retrogradational stacking pattern belongs to the Transgressive system tracts. The condensed section which was observed at the transitional boundary between Wurno and Dange formations near Gada village is represented by a 7 cm thick phosphate bed fused with glauconite and fossil bones. This indicate a strata associated with the maximum flooding surfaces, represented by sedimentary intervals    deposited during the maximum marine transgression.

Mathematical model to investigate effect of valves on transient hydrogen-natural gas mixture production in high-pressure, high-temperature gas producing wells

Jibrin H. Mbaya — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

High pressure, high temperature (HPHT) hydrogen mixture gas well is a well with temperature over 150^o C at the bottom and require equipment working pressure of 69MPa. In this situation, a mathematical model to investigate the effect of valves on transient highpressure hydrogen-natural gas mixture production is important to producing gas industries. Many work in Natural gas producing wells were done to find lasting solutions to problems that led to the premature closure of these wells. To date, no proven solution has been accepted to cover all of the issues encountered by Natural gas producing industries especially the effect of valves closing in high- pressure hightemperature hydrogen-natural gas-producing wells. In this paper, numerical computation has been carried out on mathematical models for the transient flow of hydrogen natural gas mixture (H2NG) in a Natural gas producing well. The model consists of partial differential equations of the conservation of mass and momentum with transient conditions. A transient state occurred during operation when control valves suddenly opened and closed at the wellhead and environmental formation. The model was solved using Steger Warming Flux Vector Splitting Method. The method has been proven to be unconditionally stable and has been applied in pipeline gas transportation network. The results obtained on the flow parameter characteristics namely the pressure and temperature are presented which shows good agreement with existing work. New results of density, velocity and sound wave propagation were also presented. We conclude that the work has provide a technical reliance to gas producing industries. It will served as a way forward for solution of problems encountered during hydrogen–Natural gas production with disturbances at the wellhead and environmental formation effect in high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) gas wells.

A web-based platform for disaster management

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Conventional approaches to resource allocation in disaster response management are often characterized by inefficiency and inadequacy, particularly in rapidly evolving disaster situations. Implementing a data-driven framework can significantly improve disaster response by assessing existing models, creating a cohesive framework that incorporates decision support systems, and testing its efficacy through simulations. Developing a Progressive Web App (PWA) utilizing contemporary web technologies and data analytics enhances coordination and the deployment of resources. This PWA enables real-time data integration and optimizes resource allocation, highlighting the transformative potential of computer science in disaster management. Future initiatives should focus on harnessing artificial intelligence and machine learning to further enhance resource allocation strategies and predictive analytics.

Bayesian seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average: Modelling two decades of inflation dynamics in Nigeria

Abiodun Oyelam, Rotimi Ogundeji — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is a growing recognition of the unique characteristics of individual economies, particularly in developing countries. These peculiarities necessitate country-specific studies, as they provide insights tailored to the economic realities and challenges of the nation under examination. This study was motivated by the need to explore these specific dynamics. This study employed Bayesian statistical methods to model and forecast inflationary dynamics in Nigeria over two decades (January 2003 to September 2024). Adopting a Bayesian Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, (SARIMA) framework, the analysis incorporates prior knowledge and provides robust uncertainty quantification in parameter estimation and forecasting. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique was used to sample from posterior distributions, yielding insights into the persistence of inflation volatility and its implications for monetary policy. This approach provides decision-makers with actionable forecasts and credible intervals, contributing to the literature on Bayesian time series modeling in developing economies.

Assessment of trace metal concentrations in drinking water samples from selected locations in Gezawa and Gabasawa Local Government Areas, Kano State, Nigeria

Z.A. Sule , K.A. Shehu , U.B. Jibril — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The problem of drinking water with high concentrations of trace metals is a major health concern in developing countries. Trace metal concentrations (Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Fe) in water samples of different locations in Gezawa and Gabasawa Local Government were evaluated. The water samples used for the study were borehole water, sachet water, well water and river water and were collected from different geographical coordinates on the site i.e. Gezawa and Gabasawa Local Government in polythene plastic containers of 7liters capacity. The concentration levels of selected trace metals, (Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, and Pb) were determined in water in (µg/L) using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPAES). The highest mean concentrations (µg/L) of the trace metals in the water sources are Cd (0.12), Fe (43.38), Cu (2.64), Ni (0.527) and Pb (1.52). When the highest mean concentrations of trace metals in the water were considered, Iron has the highest mean concentration in the water with a concentration of 43.38 (µg/L) and cadmium had the lowest concentration with a value of 0.12 (µg/L). Comparison of these results showed that, their highest levels are within the standard values obtained in Nigeria and some developed countries.

Effects of addition of banana peels on the rheological properties of transesterified calabash oil

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Biodiesel has emerged as a viable alternative to fossil diesel, offering a renewable energy source. However, most biodiesel produced through transesterification has a viscosity exceeding the diesel limit, leading to ignition delay and engine clutching. Research suggests that powdered additives can mitigate this issue. This study investigates the effect of banana peel additives on the rheological properties of transesterified calabash oil. The morphology and elemental composition of banana peels were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results show that adding banana peels reduces the viscosity of the biodiesel, with a significant variation observed at 0.5wt% additive concentration. These findings indicate that banana peels can be used as a biodiesel additive to improve the rheological properties of transesterified calabash oil."

Assessment of climate variability and meteorological drought in Lere, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Mawana Haruna, Rabi Zakari Muhammad, Muhammad Lawal Abubakar — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed climate variability in Lere by examining the seasonal and annual variability and trends of rainfall and temperature, as well as the trends of meteorological drought. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from NASA Power Data Access. The variability was examined using the Coefficient of Variation (CV), the trend was analyzed using the MannKendall trend test, and the drought was examined using the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The coefficient of variation revealed moderate variability in rainfall (18%) and low variability in temperature (minimum: 13%; maximum: 2%). The Mann-Kendall trend detected significant increases in minimum (Z = 3.014, p < 0.05) and maximum temperatures (Z = 0.23, p < 0.05), while rainfall exhibited a non- significant decreasing trend (Z = -1.431, p > 0.05). Seasonal trends showed significant increases in minimum and maximum temperatures (tau = 0.18, p < 0.0001) and a significant decline in rainfall (tau = -0.11, p = 0.004). Monthly trends mirrored seasonal results, with significant increases in minimum and maximum temperatures but non-significant decreases in rainfall. Drought analysis revealed durations of 25 and 30 months for SPEI-3 and SPEI-12, respectively, with maximum intensities of -2.762 and -1.975. All droughts exhibited significantly decreasing trends, underscoring the increasing climate variability in the study area. The study concluded that meteorological droughts are decreasing, even though seasonal and annual rainfall are decreasing. The study recommends that stakeholders should improve climate-smart agriculture practices while boosting afforestation activities to reduce the impacts of rising temperatures.

Spatio-temporal analysis of rainfall distribution in the northern part of Katsina State, Nigeria

Magaji Jabiru, I.B. Abaje, O.F. Ati — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analysed the characteristics and distribution of rainfall in northern Katsina State. Gridded monthly rainfall data (0.5 by 0.5) spanning a period of sixty (60) years (1962-2021) was used for the analysis. 5-year moving average, linear trend line equation, Cramer’s test, and student’s t-test were used to achieve this aim. The linear trend analysis results revealed that the annual and monthly rainfall amounts for June, August, and September had increased in the last two decades while the May rainfall has decreased. The results of the 5-year moving average and Cramer’s test indicated that the 1970s and 1980s were drier, while from 2000 to the end of the study period, experienced wetter conditions. Findings also revealed that the 1992-2021 climatic period was wetter than 1962-1991. It is recommended that scientists should develop genetically modified seeds suitable for the recent increase in rainfall in the study area. Farmers should acquire weather information to explore opportunities associated with climate change, significantly increasing rainfall in this drought- prone ecological zone. Lastly, communities and authorities should always take precautionary measures against floods, as the recent increase in rainfall exposes the area to flood risk.

Analysis of temperature variation in hydromagnetized flow in the presence of Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation

Soluade Joseph Aroloye — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

By incorporating joule heating, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, variable temperature, we analyse an MHD boundary layer flow over a flat plate, considering the effects of radiation, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation. An appropriate similarity transformation is applied to convert the governing nonlinear coupled PDEs into ODEs, which are solved using the shooting method combined with six order Runge Kutta method. The effect of embedded governing flow parameter such as Prandle number, Eckert number, magnetic parameter on the velocity and temperature profiles are presented graphically and discussed in details. Additionally, the heat transfer rate is computed for various parameter values and presented in tabular form. The results indicate that an increase in the Eckert number leads to a rise in the temperature profile, whereas a higher Prandtl number results in a decrease in the temperature profile. The present results obtained are validated by comparing with similar existing results in literature and there is excellent agreement.

Evaluation of the impact of mining activities and environmental remediation strategy in Udege-Beki Town, Nasarawa Lga, Nasarawa State

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A study was carried out to evaluate the impact of mining activities in Undege-mbeki town and ascertain the level of contamination arising from tin, columbite and tantalite mining. Soil and crop samples from farmlands in a derelict mine were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Micro elements were determined using flame photometer and the physicochemical properties of the soil were determined for chemical properties using standard method. Results of the physicochemical and metal concentration of the soil samples showed that pH ranged (6.49 - 7.04); electrical conductivity (28.88 - 138.88 μS/cm); organic carbon content (0.95 - 2.07 %); organic matter (1.44 - 3.16 %), nitrogen (0.12 - 0.73 %); phosphorus (2.68 - 3.20 ppm); sodium (3.36 - 4.69 ppm); potassium (2.79 - 5.49 ppm); magnesium (1.82 - 41.99 ppm); exchangeable acidity (0.12 - 0.73 %); exchangeable bases (11.12 - 18.52 %); cation exchange capacity (11.53 - 18.72 %) and base saturation ranged (74.55 - 96.73 %). For soil heavy metals the concentration of Pb ranged from (0.18-0.39 mg/kg); Cr (0.13-0.33 mg/kg); Cd (0.04-0.20 mg/kg); Ni (0.02-0.11 mg/kg); Zn (0.64-0.91 mg/kg) and Sn (3.94-6.59 mg/kg) while the crops heavy metal concentration showed that Pb ranged from (0.32-0.81 mg/ kg); Cr (0.14-0.21 mg/kg); Cd (0.04-0.18 mg/kg); Ni (1.02-3.17 mg/kg); Zn (2.00-10.52 mg/kg) and Sn (2.39-4.91 mg/kg). Pollution assessment of the soil samples using single pollution index/Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated medium elevation in pollution status in all the soil samples investigated. The significant values of some heavy metals in the crops suggest bio- accumulation due to the uptake of the metals from the soil. The ratio of the metal concentration in the soil to the crops indicated that there is high potential for the transport of heavy metals through the food chain. The levels of Pb, Cu, and Zn were found to be significantly high in both soils and crops when compared to other metals in the entire sampling locations though within the World Health Organization standards of 2 mg/kg, 36mg/kg and Zn 50mg/kg. The result obtained in this study is an indication that continued consumption of crops in the studied area poses severe health risk to the community. The crops cultivated within the mining area are unfit for human consumption and should be discouraged while the use of plant species with ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals should be cultivated as a bioremediation strategy.

Assessment of abattoir waste management in Hadejia Metropolis, Jigawa State, Nigeria

B.B. Sabo, M. Suleiman , A.H. Hashimu, A. Dauda — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nigeria, as a developing nation, has been characterised by inadequate waste disposal, treatment, and management technologies, leading to pollution. The high production of meat and meat products for human consumption has led to high waste generation from abattoirs. Hence, the study was conducted to assess the abattoir waste management in Hadejia Metropolis, Jigawa State. A structured questionnaire, personal observation, and one-on-one interviews were used to gather data for the study. Data on the number of animals (cattle, goats, and sheep) slaughtered daily was collected from records on abattoir operations. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results show that waste generated includes blood, dung, rumen fluid, carcasses, and bones. It is also revealed that the animals slaughtered in the abattoir range between 26 – 33 cows and 80-100 goats/sheep daily, which lead to the generation of about 0.34 tons of blood, 0.2 tons of gut contents, 0.14 tons of waste tissues, and 0.3 tons of bone. These translate into an annual total of 141.255 tons of blood, 77.562 tons of gut contents, and 78.48 tons of waste tissues discharged directly into the environment. Furthermore, the study revealed there is no proper strategy put in place for the management and treatment of abattoir waste within the study area, and the recycling potential of the waste products is not explored. The current disposal method utilised in the abattoir was unsatisfactory, not hygienic, contributed to global warming, and does not meet global standards. The study, therefore, recommends that Stakeholders, individuals, and government agencies need to explore the recycling potentials of animal waste for the production of valuable products, job creation, sustainable environment, wealth creation, a reduced waste product, and economic growth.

Evaluation of geothermal energy resource potential in northeastern Nigeria using spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

No Abstract

Robust Pearson correlation coefficient for imbalanced sample size and high dimensional data set

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Conventionally, datasets of practical applications often vary in terms of sample sizes and dimensions; for example, undersampling or oversampling techniques are often applied to solve the minority sample size problems. However, formulating the Pearson correlation for imbalanced sample size and high dimensional data poses impracticable challenges. This study addressed the imbalance sample size problem and proposed a new method that could be used as a dual enabler to solve correlation problems for high dimensional data sets. The mean variance cloning technique (MVCT) would be applied to solve the imbalance sample size problem and the absolute variance variable selection technique (AVVS) would be applied as transpose enabler to enhance the computation of the Pearson correlation. This study aimed at revealing how strong or weak the relationship of an imbalanced sample size and high dimensional data set between two objects could be determined. The comparative results showed that the MVCT and the AVVS Pearson correlation demonstrated robust performance for the imbalanced sample size and high dimensional data set. Therefore, the simulation results have shown that the two preprocessing techniques (MVCT and AVVS) are enabler to enhance robust performance of the Pearson correlation. This study concluded that the enhanced Pearson correlation coefficient (AVVS-PCC, MVCT-AVVS-PCC, MVCT-PCC) indicated robust association and potentially suitable to perform different practical tasks that are aimed at solving complex practical problems.

A deep learning model for gender recognition using voice data

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Gender recognition using speech signals has become essential due to the advancement in digital technology and the need for computer systems to be able to classify gender using voice information. Numerous studies have been conducted with an emphasis on enhancing feature extraction and development of better classifiers for gender recognition based on speech. Out of all the different kinds of models developed, the LSTM model yields the greatest results. Additionally, for various signal to noise ratios, the LSTM model showed outstanding generalization performance. However, LSTM models use feed-forward neural networks that has limitations in capturing frequency and temporal correlations. This paves the way for further research into alternate recurrent-network techniques, which have been demonstrated to handle contextual information better, in order to achieve additional performance gains. The study improves gender recognition using a Bi-LSTMLSTM architecture and voice data. The study adopts Relief-based method for feature selection. The results show that the BiLSTMLSTM model achieved better gender recognition than LSTM-LSTM model at an accuracy of 99.30%, sensitivity of 99.60% and specificity of 99.00%. The BiLSTM model is successful in achieving higher accuracy and sensitivity values than LSTM at 1.00% and 2.20% respectively. The model also outperformed classical machine learning approaches (Fine Tree, K Nearest Neighbor, Linear Discriminant, Logistics regression and Support Vector Machine) in terms of accuracy at a minimum of 2.20% to a maximum of 05%. The comparative analysis of the classification performance shows that deep learning approaches are more successful in gender recognition than classical machine learning models.

Mathematical analysis of Mpox model in the presence of early screening with therapy and isolation with treatment as control strategies

Solomon Mathew Karma, Peter Ayuba, Patrick Noah Okolo, Abubakar Saddiq Magaj — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

No Abstract

Deterministic model of anti-banditry dynamics in Nigeria with incorporation of vulnerable community (ies)

Abdulkareem Ibrahim Afolabi, Jibrin H. Mbaya, Buhari Sheu, O.J. Ejiwole — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The banditry-induced insecurity in Nigeria has negatively impacted the human and socio-economic well-being of the citizenry. Consequently, Nigerian governments at different levels have deployed both kinetic and non-kinetic approaches to stem the tide of banditry. But these efforts have not brought out the desired results in terms of total safety. In light of this, this work studies the dynamics of anti-banditry controls and its overbearing effect on the vulnerable communities using mathematical models and analysis. This effort hints of two equilibrium points, namely banditry-free and anti-banditry induced equilibrium points. The stability analysis suggests the continuous growth of the community in the absence of banditry and banditry-induced chaotic dynamics when there is bandit groups’ proliferation. To determine the optimal strategy to stem the chaotic dynamics obtained at the anti-banditry induced equilibrium point, sensitivity analysis is performed on model parameters, and this effort revealed the need for blockage of banditry access to weapons and checkmating banditry collaborators/informants within the ravaging communities as effective optimal anti- banditry measures.

Exploring small arms and light weapons control approach to anti-banditry measures using discrete time delay model

Abdulkareem Ibrahim Afolab, Jibrin H. Mbaya, N.O. Lasisi , O.J. Ejiwole — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Uncontrollable access to arms and light weapons by bandit groups across Northwestern Nigeria is adjudged to be responsible for the unsuccessful fight against banditry in Nigeria. This study explores the impact of control of arms and light weapons on the anti-banditry measures using a time delay model and analysis. The conditions for attaining a critical steady state for anti-banditry dynamics are obtained, and the stability analysis of its critical steady state is determined. This result suggests an unstable critical steady state when arms and light weapons control is not enforced. With the enforcement of arms and light weapons control, the critical steady state undergo a supercritical Pitchfork bifurcation characterized by a control-induced regression of activities of bandit groups coupled with the return of progress and prosperity to the banditry-ravaged communities. All analytical results were verified, and the impact of arms and light weapons control is graphically showcased. The work postulates that the ongoing kinetic approach will not bring about a desirable lasting solution as long as arms and weapons proliferations are not controlled. Also, the findings hint at postbanditry government forces’ persistence and over-concentration which might degenerate into adversity if not properly planned.

An experimental malware for smartphones

Nyamtswam Ngunengen, Agaji Iorshase, Gbaden Terlumun — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Android operating system has become one of the platforms developers used to introduce their malicious activities into the smartphone world through Android Applications (App). Although the Google Play Store implements security countermeasures against Android malware, these measures have vulnerabilities. A major weakness is that users often accept all requested permissions as mandatory when installing an application, without understanding the risks. This gives developers the basis to achieve their illicit actions. The aim of the study is to develop a malware application for identification and to exploit vulnerabilities within the android operating system. The work adopted the object-oriented analysis and design methodology (OOAD). Context diagram was used to represent data flow in the malware application and Sequence diagram was used to show the interactions between objects in the application and the sequential order that those interactions occurred. Further, a randomized algorithm was used for the detailed design. The work developed a malware application that kept track of user tasks but at the background modified contacts list causing inconveniences to the user. The malware application replaced the contact list with random strings from set of alphanumeric characters. The malware application simulated a real-world cyber threat, contacts modification, to uncover vulnerabilities that evade detection through conventional security approaches. By exploring this attack vector, the study provided empirical evidence of vulnerabilities that was exploited by the malicious application developed. This study contributed to the broader field of cyber security research by providing experimental evidence and insights into the specific vulnerabilities and attack vectors targeting Android operating system.

Legacy of extraction: Unraveling heavy metal contamination in water and soil at abandoned mine sites

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The global proliferation of abandoned mine sites (AMS) constitutes a significant and enduring environmental predicament. These sites represent a legacy of past extractive industries, frequently leaving behind contaminated water and soil, thereby posing substantial risks to human health and ecological integrity. These contaminants which are usually heavy metals including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) persist in the environment for extended periods. This review article synthesizes current studies on heavy metal contamination associated with AMS, focusing on the sources, pathways, extent and impacts of this contamination, along with assessment methodologies, and remediation strategies.

Assessing hardware-driven variations from workstations to personal computers in gate simulation time for radioembolization studies

Momoh Hameed Adavize, Mohammed Ahmed — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Monte Carlo GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) is widely used in medical physics for tomographic emission simulations, particularly in nuclear medicine procedures like radioembolization for liver cancer treatment. Despite its userfriendly interface, GATE simulations are often criticized for their slow computational speed, which poses challenges for students and researchers. Factors such as computer hardware (RAM, CPU, GPU, storage type), simulation settings, and the complexity of physics modeling significantly influence simulation times. This study investigates how hardware configurations impact GATE simulation performance by simulating a Yttrium-90 (Y-90) radioembolization procedure using a cylindrical phantom and tumor inserts. Simulations were conducted on three computers: an HP workstation, a DELL, and an HP Envy, with varying hardware specifications. Results revealed that the workstation, equipped with higher RAM, CPU, and GPU capabilities, demonstrated significantly faster simulation times compared to the personal computers. This highlights the critical role of advanced hardware in reducing computational time for GATE simulations. The study provides valuable insights for young researchers, emphasizing the importance of hardware optimization to achieve efficient and timely results in Monte Carlo-based medical physics research.

Microbial production of sweeteners and their industrial applications: Current status and future prospects

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sweeteners are chemical compounds with sweet taste. They are categorized into six groups, namely artificial sweeteners, modified sugars, natural calorie sweeteners, natural zero-calorie sweeteners, sugars, and sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols, like xylitol, erythritol, sorbitol, and mannitol are primarily produced via microbial processes. The increasing demand for natural, lowcalorie sweeteners is driven by health-conscious consumers and regulatory efforts to reduce excessive sugar intake. Microbial production of sweeteners has emerged as a sustainable and costeffective alternative to traditional sweetener production. Sugar alcohols can be efficiently produced via microbial fermentation of their precursors. Applications of sweeteners range from confectionery to oral care products, cosmetics, food and beverages and pharmaceutical products; thereby demonstrating the market potential of microbial-derived sweeteners. Microbial-derived sweeteners range from less calorie to a zero-calorie sugar. More accessibility to the sugars has led to increasing demand for scalable and economical microbial production methods. Advances in biotechnology have developed microbial strains that convert renewable feedstocks into sugar alcohols with high yields and purity, boosting their commercial viability. Microbial biosynthesis can produce erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol and mannitol. Metabolic engineering continues to enhance strain performance, substrate utilization, and product yields, making microbial sweetener production more scalable and cost-effective. This review focuses on the microbial production of sweeteners, their industrial production, current status and future prospects.

Investigation of flame retardancy, microstructure and water absorption properties of wood fiber composite for military gears

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The need for flame retardant polymers in high performance applications has amplified the search for sustainable materials that should address safety concerns. The research aims to investigate the flammability, microstructure and water absorption of wood fiber composites. Equal composition of PET and HDPE were used for this study with varying concentrations of wood fiber as follows 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Compression moulding and blending was carried out in fabricating the wood fiber composite. Characterization was carried out on the composite using FTIR and SEM techniques. Other properties such as flammability and water absorption were evaluated for the composite. The results of FTIR analysis revealed chemical modifications in treated fibers, which indicate the formation of new alkynes (2102.6 cm⁻¹) and carbonyl groups (1900.9 cm⁻¹, 1729.5 cm⁻¹), along with shift in hydroxyl peaks (3518.8 cm⁻¹, 3377.3 cm⁻¹). SEM micrographs showed uniform dispersion at lower filler ratios (20/80%) but agglomeration at higher levels (30/70%, 50/50%). Flammability tests demonstrated enhanced flame retardancy (UL 94 VO rating) compared to the control. Water absorption increased with higher fiber content (WFA: 1.61%, WFB: 3.45%, WFC: 4.83%, WFD: 9.65%, WFE: 10.85%). These results highlight the significance of filler concentration and fiber treatment in optimizing Wood Fiber Composites for applications in wearable materials and safety related industries.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Lactobacillus planetarium isolated from fermented sorghum bicolor and in vitro antimicrobial activities

Olajide J. Akinjogunla, Abigail E. Otong, Uko C. Etok, Opeyemi K. Fatunla — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The need for novel antimicrobial agents has driven interest in the synthesis of nanoparticles with broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. This study was undertaken to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Lactobacillus plantarum from fermented sorghum. The Ag-NPs were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, and IR-470 spectrometer. The antimicrobial efficacies of Ag-NPs were determined by the agar well diffusion method. The UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the Ag-NPs had an absorption peak at 420 nm. Of the sixteen isolates tested, 25 µg/mL of biosynthesized AgNPs inhibited 81.3% of isolates, 100 µg/mL of biosynthesized AgNPs inhibited 93.8% of isolates, while all the isolates were sensitive to biosynthesized AgNPs at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. The lowest and highest mean zone of inhibition obtained was 9.2 ± 0.2 mm and 20.0 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 6.25 μg/mL for S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa, C. dubliniensis, and C. parapsilosis to 100 μg/mL for S. flexneri and C. glabrata. The minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of biosynthesized AgNPs ranged between 12.5 to ˃200 μg/mL. The MBC/MIC biosynthesized AgNPs on bacterial isolates and MFC/MIC ratios of biosynthesized AgNPs on Candida isolates ranged from 1 to 4 and 2 to 4, respectively. The regression values of biosynthesized AgNPs, as exhibited by the bacterial and Candida isolates, ranged from 0.6049 to 0.9285 and 0.5750 to 0.8902, respectively. Biosynthesized AgNPs from the CFS of L. plantarum demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with MBC and MFC values confirming their bactericidal and fungicidal effects.

Phytochemicals and antibacterial efficacy of Annona muricata (soursop) stem bark and leaf extracts against some clinical bacterial isolates

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The threat of drug-resistant pathogens necessitates exploring plant-derived bioactive compounds to develop potent antibacterial solutions. This study determined the phytochemicals and antibacterial activities of Annona muricata (soursop) stem bark and leaf extracts against some clinical bacterial isolates. The phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of leaf and stem bark extracts of Annona muricata were analyzed following standard methods. Invitro susceptibility of bacteria isolates to the plant extracts was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts were also determined using the broth dilution method. The result of quantitative and qualitative phytochemical composition of the leaf and stem bark extracts of Annona muricata showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, and anthraquinones. The quantitative phytochemical composition of the leave extract revealed the presence of total alkaloids content (577.07±2.19), total flavonoids content (22.37±1.40), total tannin content (0.69±0.12), total saponin content (3.90±0.06), and total phenolic content (3.51±0.26) for leaf aqueous extract. The findings of this study revealed that Annona muricata (soursop) stem bark and leaf extracts were active against clinical Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The diameter of zones of inhibition observed was concentration dependent for both the stem bark and leaf extracts. Diameter of zones of inhibition ranged between 0.07 ± 0.033 to 8.07 ± 0.067 mm in leaf extract and 0.07 ± 0.033 to 3.39 ± 0.140 mm lowered in stem bark extracts. In conclusion, all Annona muricata extracts showed potential in preventing Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus infections, with the ethanolic extract demonstrating the strongest activity, highlighting the potential of plant secondary metabolites in controlling these infections.

Proximate analysis of ten selected spice plants for enhanced nutrition and health benefits

H. Audu, G.A. Ajibade, D.M. Dibal, Y. Magaji — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Herbs and spices have been an integral part of man’s food either
for their taste, colour, flavour and their nutritional value. Ten Spice
plants belonging to six families were collected, cleaned, pulverized
and analysed for their percentage proximate composition using
standard procedures. The result revealed that all spice plants had
acceptably and favourably low amount of percentage moisture.
Allium cepa and Xylopia had the highest percentage of
carbohydrates, Parkia top the chart for protein followed by Allium
sativum and Monodora. Ocimum had the highest percentage of ash
and fibre content while Parkia was richest in fat. The paper
recommends that harnessing these spices in our daily diet could
go a long way in enhancing nutrition by improving the immune
function, Boosts energy, enhance mental and body health, support
growth and development. It could also lead to better therapeutic
options and dietary recommendations for individuals at risk of
chronic disease as the body will be sure of getting all the nutrients
it needs to thrive..

Development of a lecture attendance monitoring system with multi-level authentication

E.I. Onwubiko, S.E. Chaku , V.E. Kulugh, G.I.O. Aimufua — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents the development of a Lecture Attendance Monitoring System that employs Multi-Level Authentication (MLA) techniques to enhance security, accuracy, and efficiency in attendance management. Traditional methods, such as manual roll calls or sign-ins, are prone to proxy attendance and human errors, undermining the integrity of attendance records in academic institutions. To address these challenges, the proposed system integrates Biometric Fingerprint Authentication and One-Time Password (OTP) mechanisms. During enrollment, students’ fingerprints are captured validating user identity before granting access . Additionally, an OTP is sent to the student’s registered email for verification during class sessions, combining authentication layers to ensure reliable attendance tracking while eliminating opportunities for fraud. Attendance records, including timestamps, are securely stored in a centralized database for easy retrieval and analysis. The system was developed using the agile methodology, allowing iterative development and continuous refinement through testing and user feedback. Results demonstrate significant reductions in errors and the need for human intervention, documenting the system's measurable improvements in throughput and stability to traditional attendance methods. This research highlights the transformative potential of multi-level authentication for applications requiring high security and reliability. While designed for academic settings, the system can be adapted for other domains where secure verification is   critical.

Fenton oxidation de-contamination of kerosene and gasoline contaminated surface water from the Ogbe Ijoh River: Process optimization and kinetic modelling

A.A. Choko, A.C. Ogonegbu — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Fenton oxidation decontamination of kerosene and gasolinecontaminated water from the Ogbe Ijoh River was investigated for its effectiveness as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The optimum conditions at ambient temperature and pH = 3, were 22,500 mg (22.5 g) H₂O₂ and 200 mg FeSO₄ per L of 10% contaminated water treatment. Pseudo-first and second-order kinetic equations were used to test the kinetic model. The result indicated that both the first and second-order kinetics were applicable even though the first order must fit. This indicates that there was a change in the mechanistic pathway during the degradation process. The rate constants of 2.06 X10^-2 and 2.14 X 10^-2 mg/L.S were obtained for the first-order kinetic plots for the degradation of kerosene and gasoline- contaminated waters respectively. The 90.90 and 94.11% reductions in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) values for kerosene and gasolinecontaminated water for the six hours of contact time represented significant achievement in remediation. However, some physicochemical parameters of the treated water have negative effects on the overall quality of the water. Thus, there is need for post- treatment to ensure safe discharge or reuse.

Investigation of groundwater potential in Tarauni lga using integrated geophysical techniques

S.A. Suleiman , Maitama A.Y. Hotoro, Samiru Auwal, H.S. Sambo, Z.I. Jamil — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

No Abstract

Perception of residents on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Kaduna North Local Government Area

Nafisat Bello, Haruna Garb, Abbas Abdullahi Ako — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined public perception of the impacts of climate change on water resources and explored adaptation strategies to mitigate it. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire randomly administered to 384 respondents. The questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive and Chi-square statistics. The results revealed that 62.4% were males, 37.7% were females, and 73.3% were below 40 years old; 65.6% were married, 28.7% were not married, and divorced and widowed were 3.5% and 2.2% respectively. For education, 80.5% of the respondents are educated up to the level of tertiary institutions, while 19.5% are educated up to the level of secondary school. For the awareness of climate change, 45% are moderately aware, 17.1% have low awareness, 13.8% have very low awareness, and 18.2% and 6.0% have high and very high awareness. With a Chi-square statistic (χ²) of 83.85, and a p-value <0.05, the study revealed that education significantly influences climate change awareness. For the adaptive strategies, 89.4% said there were no community initiatives, and 10.6% disagreed. For mitigation, 32.8% said there is a need for new water conservation measures, 27.6% said there is a need for community engagements, 26.3% believe there is a need for improvement of water-related infrastructure, and 13.3% indicated a need for changes in government policy to address climate change. The study concluded there was moderate awareness of climate change among the general public, which strongly correlates to individuals’ level of education. The study therefore recommended adequate water conservation measures to cope with the declining water resources.

Potential of producing organic fish and poultry feeds from agricultural and food wastes as sustainable alternatives for farmers in Kaduna, Nigeria

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The high cost of feed for fish and poultry has significantly contributed to the high cost of fish and poultry products, leading to reduced production and farmers’ interest and profit, thus, leading to food insecurity. This study investigated the potential of transforming locally available agricultural and food wastes into sustainable organic feeds for fish and poultry farming in Kaduna, Nigeria. A feed formulation was compounded from organic agricultural waste such as rice husk, cassava peel and fruit peels, and its proximate analysis was compared with those from foreign (Coppens) and locally available commercial feeds (Chikun), using standard methods. Locally produced feeds (A) exhibited high lipid (17.33%) and fiber (45.00%) content, making them suitable for poultry, but lacked sufficient protein (7.92%) compared to foreign fish feeds (25.65% protein). Nigerian poultry feeds (C & D) were rich in carbohydrates (38.92–41.37%) but low in lipids and proteins, limiting their suitability for fish. Feed compounded from these wastes is locally available, cost effective and has appreciable proximate content comparable with both foreign and locally formulated feed. Therefore pilot trials for feed formulation, farmer education, and policy support to promote adoption are important to ensure food sustainability.

Optimal site selection for nuclear power plants in Nigeria using geospatial multi-criteria-evaluation techniques

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To ensure safety, environmental sustainability, and operational efficiency, nuclear power plants must be meticulously planned and evaluated before they can be constructed. This study aims to determine whether nuclear power plants are suitable for construction in Nigeria based on a geospatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) approach within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Nuclear power presents a practical alternative because of its significant efficiency and minimal greenhouse gas emissions. To determine the most viable locations for nuclear power plants, the research combines a range of spatial datasets, including Digital Elevation Models (DEM), population density maps, drainage networks, transportation networks, and geological fault maps. A spatial data processing method is employed using ArcGIS 10.4.1, which includes; map overlay operations, buffer analysis, geoprocessing, and map algebra. The criteria evaluated in the study include; relief areas with elevations above 700m to avoid flooding, lower population density areas to minimize risks exposure, areas with 20km proximity to water bodies for cooling nuclear reactors, and 20km minimum distance from fault zones for seismic stability and safety. Results based on the identified criteria indicates several states (13)- Kaduna, Katsina, Plateau, Gombe, Borno, Adamawa, Taraba, Benue, Cross River, Zamfara, Ondo, Kano, Nassarawa, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) - exhibit optimal conditions for the selection of nuclear power plant sites. The findings of this study are consistent with those of countries such as France, South Africa, and Canada, which use spatial evaluation techniques for site selection similar to those used in this study. Providing insights into the optimal site selection could contribute to energy security and Sustainable energy development in Nigeria

Solution of volterra-fredholm integro-differential equations using Chebyshev least square method

A.F. Adebis, K.A. Okunola — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper investigates the application of the least squares method for obtaining numerical solutions to Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations. The least squares method is a wellestablished approach for solving integral equations, and in this study, it is utilized to find approximate solutions to such equations. To enhance the accuracy of the solutions, Chebyshev polynomials are used as basis functions for the approximation process. These polynomials are chosen due to their favorable convergence properties and their ability to provide accurate approximations over a wide range of problems. Several examples are included in this study to demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. The numerical results obtained using the least squares method with Chebyshev polynomial approximations are compared with exact solutions, showing excellent agreement. The outcomes of this study indicate that the method is both efficient and reliable for solving Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equations, offering a robust approach for practical applications.

Transvaginal scan cervical length measurement versus bishop score prior to induction of labour: A randomised controlled study in Osogbo Metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Induction of labour (IOL) is a common procedure, occurring in 20-25% of pregnancies, yet around 20% of women undergoing IOL require caesarean section. The traditional Bishop Score (BS) for assessing cervical readiness is subjective and has limited predictive value. This study evaluated the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) measurement of cervical length as an alternative to BS in predicting IOL outcomes. A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 76 pregnant women with indications for IOL at Osun State University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria, with participants assigned to either the TVS group (n=38) or the BS group (n=38). Primary outcomes included mode of delivery, delivery interval, analgesia, oxytocin use and Apgar scores. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics V20, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results showed that the TVS group had a higher rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery (84.2% vs. 73.2%), shorter induction-to-delivery intervals (5.71±2.32 hours vs. 7.26±2.34 hours), less postpartum blood loss (396.05±17.12 mL vs. 485.53±17.98 mL), and better neonatal Apgar scores at one and five minutes (7.21±1.54 vs. 5.09±1.62 and 9.16±0.72 vs. 6.18±1.77, respectively). In conclusion, TVS measurement of cervical length prior to IOL was associated with shorter delivery times, reduced blood loss, and improved neonatal outcomes.

Evaluation of antimalarial potential of a herbal preparation containing the fallen leaves of female Carica papaya L (Caricaceae) AND Citrus aurantifolia C (Rutaceae) on Plasmodium berghei infected mice

Mikailu Suleiman, Madeleine Owunari Bob-Manuel, Anthonia Chidimma Ejiofor — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Herbal preparations offers a complementary and alternative treatment of various diseases, including malaria.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimalaria potential of a herbal preparation containing Carica papaya and Citrus aurantifolia on malaria infected mice.

Methods: A 100g of the powdered female Carica papaya fallen leaves was decocted with 20%v/v Citrus aurantifolia juice. The extract was assessed for acute toxicity using Lorke’s method. The antimalarial assay involving prophylaxis, suppressive and curative assessment of the extract was done in vivo using Chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The extract was screened for phytochemical constituents. Fourier Transform Infra-red analysis was carried out.

Results: The LD₅₀ was estimated to be 5000mg because the animals showed no signs of toxicity. The prophylactic evaluation showed that 400 and 800mg/kg exhibited significant reduction of the parasitemia level against the control group. The suppressive study exhibited significant reduction of the parasitemia level against the control group while the curative study has no significant reduction. The phytochemical screening of the herbal combination showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenols, deoxy sugars and triterpenes. The FTIR showed the presence of -NH, -OH, =C- and -CH.

Conclusion: Herbal preparation of the 2 extracts is safe and has prophylaxis and suppressive effect but had no significant curative effect from the study. Therefore, the use of the herbal preparation in malaria prevention is evidently supported but not for malaria cure.

Development of a hybrid macroeconomic model for forecast of economic indicators

Y.A. Ibrahim , N.O. Nweze , M.U. Adehi , S.E. Chaku — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study proposed a hybrid modelling framework that integrates Random Forest (RF), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and Regression Analysis to enhance macroeconomic forecasting in Nigeria. Addressing challenges such as oil price volatility, structural shocks, and sparse high-frequency data, this approach combines RF’s ability to capture non-linear patterns, VECM’s cointegration of non- stationary variables, and Regression’s parametric efficiency through residual correction and ensemble averaging. Using macroeconomic data from 1993–2022, the hybrid model achieved a 23.4% reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) for GDP (from 15.23 to 11.67) and a 28.5% reduction in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) (from 20.45 to 14.62), alongside significant improvements for other variables: 17.6% MAE (exchange rate), 15.2% MAE (inflation), 12.1% MAE (unemployment), and 20.3% RMSE (exchange rate), 18.5% RMSE (inflation), 15.6% RMSE (unemployment). The optimized integration weights ( α = 0.61 for RF, β = 0.17 for VECM, γ = 0.23 for RA in GDP forecasting) highlight machine learning’s dominance in modeling non-linearities, while VECM anchors predictions to long-term equilibria and RA stabilizes parametric relationships. Residual correction and ensemble averaging further reduced systematic biases, as evidenced by tighter error distributions. By bridging machine learning and econometrics, this integrated approach provided policymakers with a robust tool for economic stabilization in resource-dependent economies. While data granularity influenced performance, it highlighted its potential for emerging markets facing structural constraints.

Modeling of groundwater level in River Mallam Sule Catchment Area, Nigeria

Kumo Hassan Ali — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The demand for water has increased over the last few decades, due to increase in population, social and economic development in different part of the World. The drying up of boreholes and wells worsens the problem of water scarcity in Yobe State because of the high demand for water. The study aimed at stimulating and predicting the groundwater level in River Mallam Sule catchment Area, Nigeria. Resistivity data, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, Digital elevation model, stream flow data, and Land Use Land Cover map. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used as a model to simulate and predict the groundwater level. It was calibrated successfully. Descriptive and Mann Kendall trend was used to compute trend in the variability of groundwater. The result of the study shows the level of surface water anomalies was lowest in 2008 and highest in 2015. Similarly, the level of soil moisture was lowest in 2018 and highest in 2004, terrestrial water storage was lowest in 2008 and highest in 2014 while groundwater level was lowest in 2006 and highest in 2008. The calibrated model was used to predict the future scenario of groundwater in the study area for 2030s, 2060s and 2100s, using 1981 to 2020 as the base line, the calibration was successful. The result of inter decadal trend analysis of projected groundwater from 2020 -2050 shows a negative trend from 2020-2049 and a positive trend in 2050. The study concluded that the temporal variation of groundwater, surface and terrestrial water storage anomalies has moderate variability with positive trend, while soil moisture and groundwater anomalies shows a negative trend, this implies that there is a decrease in the soil moisture and groundwater. The study recommended that there should be alternative source of water to reduced sustained pumping of groundwater which lead to the decline in groundwater.

Influence of settlement pattern on inter-religious and inter-cultural harmony in Kaduna metropolis

Abdulhakim Umar Adamu, Auwal F. Abdulsalam, Saadatu Umaru Baba — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Kaduna Metropolis has experienced increasing ethnic and religious segregation, influencing inter-religious and inter-cultural harmony. Settlement patterns play a crucial role in shaping socio-spatial interactions, with historical conflicts exacerbating divisions. This study examines the influence of settlement pattern on interreligious and inter-cultural harmony in Kaduna Metropolis. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires covering socio-demographics and study-specific factors, while GPS coordinates were used to map spatial distributions across four Local Government Areas (Kaduna South, Kaduna North, Chikun, and Igabi). A triangulated analytical approach was used, combining descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Frequencies, percentages, means, and chi-square tests assessed demographic factors, segregation influences, and intergroup relations, while GIS mapping visualized settlement distributions. Findings revealed significant gender disparity in responses (66.2% male, 33.08% female), influenced by cultural and religious restrictions. Religious representation was 58.4% Christian and 35.7% Muslim, though not reflective of Kaduna State’s actual composition. Ethnic diversity was evident, with Hausa/Fulani (33.1%), Yoruba (14%), and Igbo (13%) as the dominant groups. Unemployment (57.8%) emerged as a key socio-economic challenge, while 56.1% of respondents reported relocating due to past crises. Politics (72.8%) and ethnicity (59.8%) were major segregation drivers. The study concludes that historical conflicts, political interests, and socio-economic factors drive segregation, undermining inter-religious harmony. It recommends urban integration policies, strengthened community dialogues, economic empowerment programs, and political accountability to foster peaceful coexistence and sustainable development.

The effect of improved water and sanitation on health status of households in Zaria Local Government Area, Kaduna State

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Water is a basic asset for man's wellbeing. Sanitation is one of the main dangers to public wellbeing in Nigeria because it is the fore most ignored sector. it is therefore important to understand the impacts of improved water supply and sanitation. To this end this research is thus aimed at investigating the effect of improved water supply and sanitation on health of populace in Zaria. This study analysed possible links between WASH variables such as, sources of water, faecal disposal facilities and known WASH related diseases that households are susceptible to. The study classifies source of water and faecal disposal facilities into improved/unproved water source/ faecal disposal, and chi square test was performed to see if there is an effect on health. The result suggests that 74.5% of households with access to improved water sources reported suffering from one or more diseases. While this figure is lower than that for unimproved water sources, it is still high, suggesting that even improved water sources may not fully protect against disease transmission. 78.2% of respondents reported being affected by one disease or another in recent times. This high percentage indicates a significant burden of disease in the community, likely linked to poor sanitation, hygiene, and water quality. The unexpected results for improved toilet facilities warrant further investigation. Studies should assess the Studies should assess; the water quality at the point of use, other contributing factors, the functionality, accessibility, and usage patterns of improved toilets, as well as other contributing factors to disease prevalence.

Analysing the existence and uniqueness solution of a wildfire model with diffusion and convection of moisture

A.B. Zhiri , O.A. Ajala , A. Peter , A.O. Akindele — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wildfire spread modeling is governed by a complex system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) that capture the intricate
dynamics of wildfire behavior, including heat transfer and moisture interaction. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics is critical for developing effective management, mitigation, and intervention strategies. In this study, temperature-dependent diffusion and convection terms are incorporated into the volume fraction of moisture, enriching the model framework and improving its accuracy in representing wildfire spread. To ensure the mathematical robustness of the model, the non-linear PDE system is transformed into a dimensionless form using appropriate dimensionless variables, facilitating the analysis of the equations. The model equations describe the dynamics of combustible forest material (CFM) in terms of the volume fractions of dry organic matter, moisture, coke, heat, and oxygen. The conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the model equations are rigorously established using the Lipschitz continuity criterion. The results confirm that unique solutions exist when the Lipschitz conditions are satisfied.

Genetic diversity of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L Ellis & Saroja accessions from four states in Nigeria

Odunayo J. Olawuyi , Oloruntobi Francis, Abiodun A. Azeez , E. Ogie-Odia — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sixteen accessions comprising sixty-four cultivars of Jatropha tanjorensis were collected from four states (Lagos, Edo, Ogun, and Oyo) in Nigeria. The J. tanjorensis accessions were transplanted on the field at a depth of 8 cm in perforated polythene bags filled with 10 kg of dried sandy-loam soil. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with four replicates. The young leaves and roots from two-week-old plants were collected for DNA extraction. Five primer combinations were used, generating a total of 180 polymorphic amplifications across the J. tanjorensis accessions, achieving 100% polymorphism. Accessions JTshOg, JTaoOg, and JTowOg exhibited superior growth characteristics and performed best in the study. These accessions can be further improved for optimal productivity. The number of amplified polymorphic SSR bands per primer pair ranged from 18 to 80, with an average polymorphic percentage of 36.4%. The SSR20 primer produced the highest number of polymorphic bands (80). The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values ranged from 0.35 to 0.84, with the highest level of polymorphism observed for two primer combinations, SSR20 (0.84) and JCT7C (0.78). Factorial coordinate analysis based on molecular traits grouped the accessions into four clusters (I, II, III, and IV), highlighting genetic similarities and differences. This indicates the presence of substantial genetic variation among the accessions.

Antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant properties of the stem and leaf extract of Dodonaea viscosa

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dodonaea viscosa is commonly used in traditional medicine because of its purported therapeutic benefits in the treatment of bacterial infections, cancer and inflammation among others. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer effects of the leaf and stem extracts of Dodonaea viscosa. The antibacterial properties of the extracts of D. viscosa leaf and stem were evaluated using agar well diffusion method while the anticancer effect was evaluated using MTT (cytotoxicity) assay. The antioxidant potential of the plant was assessed via DPPH (free radical scavenging) assay method. Of all the extracts of the leaf and stem of D. viscosa evaluated, the methanol and chloroform extracts of the leaf as well as the hexane extract of the stem produced the highest antibacterial activity. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the 3 extracts with the highest antibacterial activity contain significant amount of flavonoids and polyphenols. In addition, the 3 extracts had cytotoxic effects on liver and cervical cancer cells, and high antioxidant properties in the DPPH assay. Therefore, this study presents D. viscosa as a plant with multiple therapeutic effects justifying its intensive use in traditional and folk medicine.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among children attending Daycare Centers in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State

V.D. Chakon, D.M Dibal, M.C. Emere — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

About 450 million individuals, primarily children, suffer from intestinal parasite infections, which are a common and dangerous medical and health issue, especially in underdeveloped nations. The purpose of the study was to find out how common gastrointestinal parasites were among kids enrolled in daycare facilities in the city of Jos. Stool samples from 200 children were randomly selected from 8 childcare facilities in Plateau State's Jos North Local Government. Direct wet mount, concentration, and flotation methods were used to examine stool samples. The result showed that seven (7) gastrointestinal parasites were identified which were Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Trichuris trichiura. Overall, 41% of the children had gastrointestinal parasites. The risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasites were grouped into the host factor and environmental factor. The host factors were lack of washing of hands from nannies before and after attending to the child and inserting of hands and toys in the mouth by the child. The environmental factors were the presence of stagnant water around the school premises, the lack of clean toilets and inadequate washing stations, and the presence of refuse around the school premises. Teachers, parents, guardians, caregivers, and nannies will all benefit from the adoption of community-based programs that promote sanitation, hygiene, and health education.

Tensile, flexural, impact, hardness and structural characterization of coir fiber/maize husk hybrid composites for electrical fittings

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The need for high performance and sustainable polymer
composites in the design of electrical materials for appliances has
amplified the search for hybrid composites of natural fibers. The
study aim was to evaluate the tensile, flexural, hardness, impact
and structural properties of chemically treated hybrid composite of
coir and maize fibers reinforced high-density polyethylene.
Fabrication of the hybrid composite was performed using
compression moulding technique. Impact, flexural, tensile and
hardness test were carried out using ASTM D-156, ASTM D-790,
ASTM D-638 and ASTM D2240 standards respectively.
Mechanical testing demonstrated that the incorporation of CF and
MHF significantly enhanced tensile strength, with the 7:3 blend of
Coir/Maize husk composite achieving the highest tensile strength
(27.27 MPa) and tensile modulus (300.00 MPa). SEM analysis
revealed that fiber concentration plays a critical role in the
composite microstructure, with lower filler concentrations with the
1:1 blend of Coir/Maize husk composite exhibiting improved
homogeneity, while higher concentrations (e.g. 30% Maize husk
composite, 3:7 blend of Coir/Maize husk composite) led to fiber
agglomeration. These findings underscore the importance of
treatment methods and filler concentration in tailoring CF/MH
hybrid composites for diverse applications, particularly in industries
such as automotive, electrical and construction, where optimal
mechanical properties and characterization are crucial. Further
research on the thermal stability of natural fiber reinforced hybrid
composites in this study should be investigated for their potential
use in electrical fittings.

Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric determination of some biochemical components from Crossopteryx febrifuga powered extracted using different media

O.N. Efusiauten, M.B. Ardo, A.G. Bobbo — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research was undertaken to determine the phytochemical composition of Crossopteryx febrifuga stem bark using various extraction methods and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The stem bark of C. febrifuga was collected from Sebore farm, formally identified, shade-dried at room temperature, and ground into fine powder using pestle and mortar. Three extraction methods using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and distilled water were carried out. The extracts were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. GC-MS results revealed the presence of phytosterols - β-sitosterol and genistein in the ethanolic extract only, while fatty acid esters (precursors of prostaglandins) were present in all three different extracts. In conclusion, the extracts contain phytochemicals with potential applications in veterinary medicine, particularly for reproductive health. Further studies on pharmacological activities of the plant should be investigated in animals.

Prevalence of depression among internally displaced persons in Abuja, Nigeria

Agbo Andrew Ofoma, Demsy Audu, Chioma-Machie Nkata — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Disasters displace millions of people globally, leading to internal displacement. Nigeria also faces challenges such as banditry, kidnapping, terrorism, and natural disasters. Internal displacement has numerous negative consequences, including mental disorders and psychological distress. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of depression among IDPs in Abuja, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two internally displaced persons` camps in Abuja in October 2023 using mixed methods. A total of 382 respondents were selected for the quantitative study using systematic sampling, while participants for the focus group discussions (FGD) were purposively selected. The data collection tools included an interviewer-administered questionnaire and an FGD guide. Psychological distress and coping mechanisms were assessed using validated tools such as the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the Brief COPE-28. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with multivariate analyses conducted to explore associations between trauma and mental health outcomes. This study revealed moderate distress in 42% of respondents, while 30.9% experienced severe depression. Common traumatic experiences included lack of food, insecurity, witnessing violence, and family separation. A significant correlation was observed between psychological distress and trauma (β=0.45, p<0.001). The adaptive coping strategies were however, inversely related to distress (β=-0.20, p=0.022). Unemployment and selfemployment were also positively associated with psychological distress. Qualitative findings highlighted severe emotional distress and trauma among participants, including persistent intrusive memories and social detachment. The study revealed a high prevalence of extremely severe depression and emotional distress among the IDP. There is an urgent need for targeted mental health interventions in the IDP settings, through coordinated efforts from governments, humanitarian agencies, and mental health practitioners.

Trace metal contents of vegetables in Ogbedigbo Afor, Delta State, Nigeria

N.T. Otukam, O.M. Agbogidi, E.B Ochekwu, I.G Ugiomoh — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigated the contents of trace metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe) accumulated in five vegetables: Talinum triangulare (waterleaf plant), Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf plant), Ocimum gratissimu (scent leaf plant) and Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) obtained from two different locations in Ogbedigbo Afor Delta State Nigeria, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (ASS) based on dry weight of the vegetables. The results of the trace metal contents in the vegetables ranged as follows: Pb (2.642-3.30 mg/kg), Cu (0.377- 0.864mg/kg), Zn (0.377mg/kg to 0.864mg/kg), Cr (<0.001-0.007mg/kg) and Fe (16.9-25.16mg/kg). The amount of Zn, Cu, Fe and Cr detected in all vegetables are typically lower than the FAO/WHO permissible thresholds while Pb concentration were significantly above these guidelines. Statistical analysis of trace metal concentration in Talinum triangulare, Vernonia amygdalina Ocimum gratissimu and Telfairia occidentalis from the two locations, samples indicated significant differences in Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe concentration with Zn and Fe showing maximum bioconcentration in all samples. The bioconcentration of Cr and Pb even at minimum accumulation within safe limit of FAO/WHO endangers locals who frequently eat these vegetables. Thus, governmental agencies must regulate and constantly monitor anthropogenic actions to decrease hazardous metals undue accumulation in the ecosystem food sequence. The study has a great implication in environmental monitoring and management.

Exploring cost-effective methods for extending shelf life of three pepper varieties (Capsicum species L) produced in Kwadon, Yamaltu Deba, Gombe State – Nigeria

Patrick Datheh Bello, Nsor Charles Ayuk, Abdullahi Ishaq Shehu — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of the study was to identify problems affecting the shelf life of pepper produced in Kwadom, Gombe state Nigeria. Data was generated through the administration of one hundred (100) structured questionnaires to farmers and traders. Physical treatment (perforated carton, and mango leaves) and biochemical (Aloe vera) solutions were investigated to determine the most effective approach of prolonging the shelf life of three pepper varieties (Capsicum abbreviatum, Capsicum grossum and Capsicum glabrisculum L). Biochemical data was obtained in the laboratory using Aloe vera extracts on each pepper variety at various concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %). The result showed that spoilage is variety related with Capcicum grossum having the ability to last longer in storage. The result obtained revealed that aloe vera has positive effect on some varieties with increase in concentration except for Capsicum glabrisculum. Samples covered with leaves and carton did better than controls. Post-harvest practices such as handling, transportation, packaging and storage were found to be the most common challenges of pepper production. This study underscores the notion that pepper is not shelf stable. If properly applied, Aloe vera could be potentially viable as a preservative of post-harvest fruits and vegetables.

Prevalence, risk factor and economic losses associated with Bovine cysticercosis in selected slaughter slabs in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

I.A. Kadir , D.M. Dibal , A.M. Haroun — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Bovine cysticercosis (BC) is a zoonotic infection affecting cattle, posing a significant public health challenge. This study analysed the prevalence, risk factors, and economic losses associated with BC across selected slaughter slabs (Kwata, Karshen Kwalta and Mando Slaughter Slabs) in Igabi LGA, Kaduna, Kaduna State. In this study, 300 cattle were inspected and 118 (37.7%) tested positive for BC, with specific occurrences 49% at Kwata, 43% at Karshen Kwalta, and 21% at Mando slaughter slabs. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association (P > 0.05) between BC and variables such as sex, age, body condition score, breed, or origin of the cattle. The anatomical distribution of C. bovis highlighted the masseter muscle as the most affected site (22.1%), while the heart was the least affected (7.1%). To confirm the identity of the parasitic larvae from inspected cattle carcasses, this study conducted standard microscopic and molecular analysis, revealing the presence of fluid-filled cysts with many having welldefined scolex, and two larvae (out of the three analysed by PCR) yielding a diagnostic band at 253bp. The extent of this economic loss calculated using data from findings about the rejection rate, cattle part/organ cost, and average cattle slaughtered annually, revealing an estimate of ₦92,295,500 annual economic loss resulting from BC infestation and condemnation.

Optimization of African locust beans “Daddawa” production using response surface methodology

M.N. Nafisa , K. Abdulfatai , A.A. Orukotan , S. Idris — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this research, optimization of ‘Daddawa’ production was carried out using Response Surface Methodology. Fresh samples of African locust beans seeds were obtained from Central Market, Kaduna metropolis. The Bacillus subtilis used to accomplish the fermentation was isolated from fermented products (‘Ogi and Daddawa’) and was identified using conventional biochemical tests and molecular method using 16SrDNA sequence homology. African locust bean seeds were processed into ‘Daddawa’ The laboratory methods adopted were similar to the traditional method except that glass wares were used as fermentation vessels, aluminum foil instead of the traditional sack, calabash, leaves etc. The production was done in 100 mL beaker. Three variable factors which include locust beans weight, fermentation duration and inoculum were varied to optimize the production according to the experimental runs generated by Design Expert Software based on Central composite design (CCD). Percentage protein of the Daddawa produced was used as response to analyse the optimization using Response Surface Methodology. The bioprocess was optimized for “Daddawa” production using B. Subtilis in which a percentage protein yeild of 98±0.20 was recorded. These optimum conditions were 50g locust bean weight, 5 days fermentation duration, and 0.6mL inoculum volume. The proximate composition of the optimized product shows higher values compared to the unoptimized Daddawa. Furthermore, optimization experiments showed an improvement of 18-20% over traditional methods. This has underscored the importance of response surface methodology in bioprocess optimization contributing to standardization of parameters, enhanced yields, and a scientific basis to improve this indigenous food at industrial scale.

Development of a machine learning model for predicting Escherichia coli growth under different environmental conditions

H.S. Auta , A.A. Yusuf , M. Abubakar , I.O. Musa, G. Aruwa — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Escherichia coli (E. coli), a Gram-negative bacterium predominantly inhabiting the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans, encompasses both benign and pathogenic strains. The ability of this strain to persist and proliferate in food matrices underscores the critical importance of effective control measures and predictive tools in ensuring food safety across the food production and distribution chain. This research investigated the development of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for predicting Colony Forming Units (CFU) of E. coli based on selected environmental factors such as temperature and pH. The study involved the collection of CFU data under varying conditions, with temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 50 °C and pH levels from 2 to 12. The ANN model demonstrated a high predictive accuracy, achieving an R-squared value of 98%, indicating strong correlations between predicted and actual CFU values. The results showed that the optimal growth temperature for E. coli was 35 °C and pH of 7 (neutral), where the predicted CFU closely matched the actual count. Additionally, the model proved effective across a range of conditions, confirming its reliability as a tool for predicting microbial growth. These findings underscore the potential application of the ANN model in fields such as food safety, microbiology, and environmental monitoring, providing a valuable resource for controlling bacterial populations in various settings.

Nutritional and sensory acceptability of candy traditionally made from various nuts in Nigeria

A. Saleh, A.S. Magaji, A.A. Ahmad — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to evaluate the nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of traditional candies made from various nuts. The study employed proximate and mineral analyses following the methods, while sensory evaluation was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale. Results indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) among the candies, with mineral composition ranging from calcium 3.04 mg/kg, magnesium 9.06 mg/kg, potassium 390.02 mg/kg, sodium 667.43 mg/kg, phosphorus 22.31 mg/kg, manganese 9.05 mg/kg, to iron 2.80 mg/kg. Proximate analysis revealed a moisture content of 8.34%, fat of 13.45%, protein of 16.67%, fiber of 4.03%, carbohydrate of 55.02%, and an energy value of 407.81 kcal/kg. Sensory evaluation yielded scores of 6.86 for appearance, 7.63 for color, 6.80 for texture, 6.71 for flavor, 6.87 for hardness, 7.30 for fracturability, 6.97 for sweetness, 6.43 for clarity, 5.77 for stickiness, and 7.21 for overall acceptability. These findings suggest that traditional nut-based candies possess diverse nutritional properties and sensory attributes that may complement daily dietary requirements and potentially address mineral deficiencies. Furthermore, these products could enhance the utilization of locally available food materials and serve as functional snacks in regions with limited access to diverse nutritional resources.

Pattern of antibiotics sensitivity and bacterial profile in uncomplicated acute appendicitis

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Acute appendicitis is a common cause of urgent abdominal surgery, with bacterial involvement playing a significant role in both obstructive and catarrhal forms; however, limited studies have explored the bacterial profile and antibiotic sensitivity in uncomplicated cases. This study aimed to determine the bacterial profile and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in acute uncomplicated appendicitis in an African community. A cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months, involving 100 adult patients clinically diagnosed with acute appendicitis who underwent appendectomy. Intraluminal and periappendiceal swabs were collected for bacterial microscopy, culture, and antibiotic sensitivity testing, alongside histological examination of appendiceal specimens; patients with complicated appendicitis were excluded. The predominant aerobic bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (39.1%), Klebsiella spp (15.4%), and Proteus spp (8.3%), while anaerobic isolates included Bacteroides spp (14.1%), anaerobic streptococci (10.3%), and Clostridium welchi (3.2%). Aerobic bacteria showed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (78.8%), ceftriaxone (63.5%), meropenem (62.3%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (55.8%), but resistance to cotrimoxazole and amikacin (88.5%). Anaerobes demonstrated 93.5% sensitivity to metronidazole. In conclusion, E. coli, Klebsiella spp, and Bacteroides spp were the predominant organisms, with sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and metronidazole, respectively, and no correlation was found between clinical features and bacterial patterns in acute uncomplicated appendicitis.

Gene-xpert detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients with suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Center And Referral Hospital, Saye–Zaria, Nigeria

B. Abdullahi , M.A. Shaibu , A.U. Jibrin — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most ancient chronic infectious illnesses and the second greatest cause of infectious death worldwide, behind COVID-19. This study was conducted at the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Center and Referral Hospital, Saye, Zaria, Nigeria, with the intention of detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients with suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF assay was employed in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and multi-drug resistant MTB. Thirty three (23.0%) of the 100 sputum samples obtained were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Two (8.7%) of the 23 Mycobacterium tuberculosis were found to be MDR-MTB, while the remaining 21 (91.3%) were not. The study found that there were statistically significant differences in the age-based distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among the patients. Specifically, patients aged 2-25 years old had the highest rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (33.3%), while patients aged 49-71 years old had the lowest rate (3.8%). The male patient population had a slightly higher prevalence of 23.1% than the female patient population of 22.9%, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.985). Based on the patients' marital status, there was a statistically significant (P = 0.003) difference in the infection distribution; the prevalence of the infection was higher in single (i.e., unmarried) patients—38.5%—than in married patients (13.1%). Malnutrition (P=0.000), cattle rearing (P=0.026, OR=4.028), and a history of tuberculosis (OR=1.362) are additional significant risk factors. Health facilities should use the GeneXpert assay to quickly diagnose tuberculosis and identify cases of multidrug resistant TB. This will enable a more efficient and timely course of treatment.

Prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis in selected communities of Kaduna North Local Government, Kaduna State

H.D. Ibrahim , B.C. Onusiriuka, D.M. Dibal — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Digenetic trematode flatworms (flukes) of the genus Schistosoma are the cause of schistosomiasis. These water-borne parasitic diseases are extremely debilitating and chronic, causing serious health problems as well as financial burden. After malaria, schistosomiasis is thought to be the most prevalent tropical parasitic disease. Cercariae that pierce the skin while bathing, washing, playing in rivers, streams, lakes, fishing, working in agriculture, or engaging in any other activity involving contact with infested water are the means by which S. haematobium is spread. Therefore, this research aims to study the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis in selected communities of Kaduna North L.G.A. A total of 300 samples were collected from three communities: Rafin Guza, Badarawa and Ungwan Dosa. The samples were examined microscopically, then subjected to sedimentation technique and microscopy. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis found in this study was 19%. There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.002) in the occurrence of the infection across the three communities: the highest was 24% in Rafin Guza, followed by Badarawa (17%) and the least was at Ungwan Dosa (16%). The age group 11 to 15 had prevalence infection rate of 12.66 % contributing to the total prevalence infection rate of 19 % across all three communities. One of the major suspects of this parasitic infection is due to their association with water. The positive cases were further confirmed by ELISA. There is a need for communitybased health education and awareness campaign which will help to reduce the burden of the disease.

Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus infection: Prevalence, vaccine coverage and its barriers in Katagum Local Government Area, Bauchi State Nigeria

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) remains a major global health challenge, particularly in developing countries where vaccination coverage is low. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HBV infection, knowledge, attitudes, and vaccine uptake among patients in Katagum Local Government Area Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of 385 patients were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected and tested for HBV surface antigen (HbsAg) using a rapid detection kit. Demographic data, vaccination status, and knowledge of HBV were obtained through structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The overall prevalence of HBV was 3.9%, with a higher rate in males (2.6%) compared to females (1.3%). Adults aged 25–64 years had the highest prevalence (2.6%), while no cases were recorded among individuals above 65 years. Rural residents had a higher prevalence (2.34%) than urban residents (1.56%). Vaccination coverage was 43.38%, with higher uptake among urban residents (23.38%) and males (35.06%). Marital status (p = 0.049) and place of residence (p = 0.000) were significantly associated with vaccine uptake. Knowledge of HBV was significantly linked to vaccination status (p = 0.031), as were attitudes toward the disease and its prevention (p < 0.001). The main barriers to vaccination were lack of awareness (42.20%), fear of side effects (22.94%), and negative attitudes toward vaccination (20.64%). The study highlighted a moderate HBV prevalence and suboptimal vaccination coverage in Katagum LGA, Bauchi State. There is a need for intensified awareness campaigns, improved vaccine accessibility, and targeted interventions to increase HBV vaccination rates, particularly in rural areas and among vulnerable groups.

A preliminary assessment of north-eastern Nigeria's Geothermal Potential Zones using land surface temperature

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The exploration of renewable energy resources is crucial for meeting the increasing energy demands of developing regions, particularly in North-Eastern Nigeria, where energy shortages persist. This study provides a preliminary assessment of geothermal potential zones in the region by analyzing land surface temperature (LST) patterns derived from satellite-based remote sensing data. Utilizing Landsat datasets, the spatial and temporal distribution of LST was examined to identify geothermal anomalies indicative of subsurface heat sources. Key geospatial techniques, including thermal anomaly mapping and integration with geological and tectonic data, were employed to delineate areas of potential geothermal interest. Images encompassing the study area were obtained and processed using ArcGIS's raster calculator basic tool to estimate the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) of the study region. The findings revealed vegetation covers that can be used as an indicator of geothermal surface manifestation by assessing the leaf condition associated with the geothermal system below the surface. Geothermal anomalies were suggested by the data, which showed little vegetation and a high temperature of roughly 24 °C throughout the study area. Results highlight several hotspots, particularly along fault zones and regions with volcanic features, which align with areas of known tectonic activity. These findings suggest a promising potential for geothermal energy exploration in NorthEastern Nigeria, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Further geophysical investigations and field studies are recommended to validate these preliminary findings and assess the feasibility of harnessing geothermal energy in the identified zones. This research provides a foundation for renewable energy exploration in North-Eastern Nigeria, offering valuable insights for sustainable energy development in the region, and contributes also to the growing body of research on renewable energy resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and underscores the importance of geothermal energy as a viable solution for sustainable development in the region.

From static sampling to dynamic insights: The future of water quality monitoring with sensors, IOT, and drones

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Traditional water quality monitoring systems face significant limitations, including labour-intensive processes, high costs, and inadequate real-time data acquisition, which lead to gaps in detecting rapid changes and contamination events. Recent advancements in sensor technology, the Internet of Things (IoT), and drones have introduced innovative solutions to address these challenges. High- sensitivity sensors, such as nanosensors and bio-sensors, detect pollutants at trace levels. At the same time, multi-parameter platforms offer detailed insights into key indicators like turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and microbial contamination. IoT systems integrate these sensors into interconnected networks, leveraging cloud computing and artificial intelligence for real-time analysis, decision-making, and efficient monitoring. Drones with advanced sensors, including multispectral and hyperspectral cameras, provide highresolution, spatially comprehensive data, overcoming accessibility challenges in remote and hazardous areas. These technologies collectively enable holistic and adaptive water quality monitoring frameworks. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, cybersecurity risks, and the lack of standardized protocols persist. This review critically evaluates the state of sensor technologies, IoT applications, and drone systems, highlighting their transformative potential. By addressing existing barriers and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, these advancements pave the way for improved water resource management, environmental sustainability, and resilience against global water quality crises.

Science World Journal

Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos organophosphorous pesticide using Aeromonas hydrophila,/i> isolated from selected agricultural wastewater in Kaduna State

First principles study of structural stability, electronic and mechanical properties of lithium doped calcium hydrides as superconductors

Enhanced AI-Powered Customer Experience Model

New one-pot synthetic route and spectroscopic characterization of dinuclear triple carboxylatobridged cuii complexes of the polypyridyl ligands

Parasequence set analysis of the Maastrichtian to Paleocene stratigraphic succession in the Sokoto sector of Iullemmeden basin, Northwestern Nigeria

Mathematical model to investigate effect of valves on transient hydrogen-natural gas mixture production in high-pressure, high-temperature gas producing wells

A web-based platform for disaster management

Bayesian seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average: Modelling two decades of inflation dynamics in Nigeria

Assessment of trace metal concentrations in drinking water samples from selected locations in Gezawa and Gabasawa Local Government Areas, Kano State, Nigeria

Effects of addition of banana peels on the rheological properties of transesterified calabash oil

Assessment of climate variability and meteorological drought in Lere, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Spatio-temporal analysis of rainfall distribution in the northern part of Katsina State, Nigeria

Analysis of temperature variation in hydromagnetized flow in the presence of Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation

Evaluation of the impact of mining activities and environmental remediation strategy in Udege-Beki Town, Nasarawa Lga, Nasarawa State

Assessment of abattoir waste management in Hadejia Metropolis, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Evaluation of geothermal energy resource potential in northeastern Nigeria using spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data

Robust Pearson correlation coefficient for imbalanced sample size and high dimensional data set

A deep learning model for gender recognition using voice data

Mathematical analysis of Mpox model in the presence of early screening with therapy and isolation with treatment as control strategies

Deterministic model of anti-banditry dynamics in Nigeria with incorporation of vulnerable community (ies)

Exploring small arms and light weapons control approach to anti-banditry measures using discrete time delay model

An experimental malware for smartphones

Legacy of extraction: Unraveling heavy metal contamination in water and soil at abandoned mine sites

Assessing hardware-driven variations from workstations to personal computers in gate simulation time for radioembolization studies

Microbial production of sweeteners and their industrial applications: Current status and future prospects

Investigation of flame retardancy, microstructure and water absorption properties of wood fiber composite for military gears

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Lactobacillus planetarium isolated from fermented sorghum bicolor and in vitro antimicrobial activities

Phytochemicals and antibacterial efficacy of Annona muricata (soursop) stem bark and leaf extracts against some clinical bacterial isolates

Proximate analysis of ten selected spice plants for enhanced nutrition and health benefits

Development of a lecture attendance monitoring system with multi-level authentication

Fenton oxidation de-contamination of kerosene and gasoline contaminated surface water from the Ogbe Ijoh River: Process optimization and kinetic modelling

Investigation of groundwater potential in Tarauni lga using integrated geophysical techniques

Perception of residents on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Kaduna North Local Government Area

Potential of producing organic fish and poultry feeds from agricultural and food wastes as sustainable alternatives for farmers in Kaduna, Nigeria

Optimal site selection for nuclear power plants in Nigeria using geospatial multi-criteria-evaluation techniques

Solution of volterra-fredholm integro-differential equations using Chebyshev least square method

Transvaginal scan cervical length measurement versus bishop score prior to induction of labour: A randomised controlled study in Osogbo Metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria

Evaluation of antimalarial potential of a herbal preparation containing the fallen leaves of female Carica papaya L (Caricaceae) AND Citrus aurantifolia C (Rutaceae) on Plasmodium berghei infected mice

Development of a hybrid macroeconomic model for forecast of economic indicators

Modeling of groundwater level in River Mallam Sule Catchment Area, Nigeria

Influence of settlement pattern on inter-religious and inter-cultural harmony in Kaduna metropolis

The effect of improved water and sanitation on health status of households in Zaria Local Government Area, Kaduna State

Analysing the existence and uniqueness solution of a wildfire model with diffusion and convection of moisture

Genetic diversity of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L Ellis & Saroja accessions from four states in Nigeria

Antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant properties of the stem and leaf extract of Dodonaea viscosa

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among children attending Daycare Centers in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State

Tensile, flexural, impact, hardness and structural characterization of coir fiber/maize husk hybrid composites for electrical fittings

Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric determination of some biochemical components from Crossopteryx febrifuga powered extracted using different media

Prevalence of depression among internally displaced persons in Abuja, Nigeria

Trace metal contents of vegetables in Ogbedigbo Afor, Delta State, Nigeria

Exploring cost-effective methods for extending shelf life of three pepper varieties (Capsicum species L) produced in Kwadon, Yamaltu Deba, Gombe State – Nigeria

Prevalence, risk factor and economic losses associated with Bovine cysticercosis in selected slaughter slabs in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Optimization of African locust beans “Daddawa” production using response surface methodology

Development of a machine learning model for predicting Escherichia coli growth under different environmental conditions

Nutritional and sensory acceptability of candy traditionally made from various nuts in Nigeria

Pattern of antibiotics sensitivity and bacterial profile in uncomplicated acute appendicitis

Gene-xpert detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients with suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Center And Referral Hospital, Saye–Zaria, Nigeria

Prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis in selected communities of Kaduna North Local Government, Kaduna State

Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus infection: Prevalence, vaccine coverage and its barriers in Katagum Local Government Area, Bauchi State Nigeria

A preliminary assessment of north-eastern Nigeria's Geothermal Potential Zones using land surface temperature

From static sampling to dynamic insights: The future of water quality monitoring with sensors, IOT, and drones