Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research

Ecotourism in Morocco: Review of the Current Situation, Natural Potential, Cultural Diversity, Obstacles and Recommendations for Future Research

Soukaina Chellik — 2023-11-20

This review attempts to highlight the past and current status of ecotourism in Morocco, investigate its committed as an essential sustainable product, and make recommendations to develop this sector. A deep electronic bibliographic search on Google Scholar, research engines, and databases including Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Hindawi between 1970 and 2023. To accomplish this review, we used the following keywords: ‘ecotourism, geotourism, and sustainable tourism, all in relation to Morocco. Currently, the state has developed articulate projects and policies looking for the enlargement of this segment as a strong alternative pillar. Equally, ecotourism is a way to protect cultural and natural heritage. However, tourist destinations remain conquered by seaside products. While other sustainable practices remain hostile. The concentration of marketing and infrastructure in empirical-coastline cities attracts visitors to these destinations, while other regions are less visited despite their richness in natural and cultural potentials. On the other hand, we proposed to upsurge the awareness of populations toward their cultural and natural heritage as a good manner to protect them and increase their incomes, which is sufficient to develop sustainable tourism. Finally, more deep studies on the effects of ecotourism on the natural ecosystems and cultural values are urgently needed to clarify the potential of natural products counting ecosystems, and their ecological services, of cultural heritage counting prehistoric monuments, mainly in isolated regions, and of infrastructure capabilities between distant places to encourage the equitable distribution of visitors in different regions.

Multicomponent Crystal Formation of Dexibuprofen-Caffeine to Improve Solubility

Fikri Alatas — 2023-11-20

Alteration of solid form via a multicomponent crystal formation can be a choice to improve the solubility of a poor solubility drug, such as dexibuprofen. The purpose of this research was to produce dexibuprofen-caffeine (DXI-CAF) multicomponent crystal and to evaluate its solubility and dissolution rate. Preliminary investigation to predict the multicomponent crystal formation was conducted by observing crystal morphology by polarization microscope and knowing phase solubility type of DXI in caffeine solution. Liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) method was used to produce DXI-CAF multicomponent crystal and ethanol was used to accelerate its formation. Powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were utilized to analyze DXI-CAF multicomponent crystal formation. Evaluation of physicochemical properties was carried out by the solubility testing in water and pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. The dissolution rate tests were also performed in the same pH. The DXI-CAF showed a different crystal morphology from pure DXI and CAF after crystallized in ethanol. Meanwhile, a BS type curve was obtained from the determination of phase solubility. The LAG product revealed a distinctive PXRD pattern and DSC thermogram that was different from pure DXI and CAF, thereby indicating DXI-CAF multicomponent crystal formation. The increase in solubility and dissolution rate was shown in the DXI-CAF multicomponent crystal in all pH. Succinctly, DXICAF multicomponent crystal can be prepared by the LAG method which shows the potential in enhancing solubility and dissolution rate of dexibuprofen.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Characterization of its Habitats Using Satellite Images in Fez City, North Central Morocco

Youness El Fattouhi — 2023-11-20

Leishmaniasis is a serious public and veterinary health concern. Species of the subgenus Larroussius are the suspected and proven vectors of the leishmaniasis visceral form. This study was aimed at investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and characterizing its habitats using satellite images. The entomological sampling was based on a preliminary stratification of the study area, in which the sandflies were collected at 12 selected stations in Fez City using sticky paper traps. The environmental factors studied for each station were land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil moisture index (SMI). Correlations between the number of species of sandflies and each of the environmental factors were evaluated using Pearson's correlation. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05 (95% confidence level). Two species of the subgenus Larroussius, which are vectors of visceral leishmaniasis, Ph. perniciosus (96.54%) and Ph. longicuspis (3.46%), were found in the collected 231 specimens. Statistical analysis of the environmental factors also demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the number of Ph. perniciosus and LST in all environments. However, the correlation between the isolated species and NDVI was not strong and only significant in the urban area (r = 0.79, p = 0.0018), and no significant correlation was found with the SMI. The findings of this study could help health authorities develop appropriate future vector control strategies.

Correlation Analyses of the Oral Biofilm Growth Inhibition towards Hydrophobicity Reduction of Oral Pathogenic Bacteria

Diyah T. Utamia — 2023-11-20

Bacteria have a tendency to form multicellular biofilms, which adhere to surfaces and contain extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This tendency is accompanied by hydrophobic interactions, which are vital in the biofilm attachment process. Oral biofilms contribute to a range of oral health issues, including gingivitis, dental caries, and halitosis. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the correlation between oral biofilm growth inhibition and hydrophobicity reduction in Streptococcus mutants, Streptococcus sanguinis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces viscosus. Essential oil-derived compounds, namely eugenol, C-10 massoia lactone, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, and zerumbone, were applied in the experiment. A microdilution assay using crystal violet staining evaluated the oral microbes' biofilm growth. The adhesion of microbes to hexadecane was measured to assess hydrophobicity reduction, which was analyzed correlatively using PAST (Paleontological Statistics) software and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The results showed a positive correlation of the hydrophobicity reduction towards the biofilm formation inhibition for all tested microbes (graphical angle <45°). The Principal Component (PC) analysis, based on the eigene values, showed that PC1 and PC2 accounted for 54.149% and 25.652% of the total variation, respectively. These two components explained 79.801% of the total variation, indicating a significant level of variability. This finding supported the notion that a greater reduction in microbial hydrophobicity was associated with stronger inhibitory activity against planktonic growth. The hydrophobicity reduction assay may indicate a potential of bioactive compounds against biofilm growth inhibition of oral microbes.

In Vitro Antioxidation, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Thai Traditional Diabetic Medicine

Supawadee Trerattanathawan — 2023-11-20

Globally, interest in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with medicinal plants is growing. Treatment of diabetes mellitus using traditional recipes in the Royal Textbook of King Rama V has been widely documented. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of the recipe extracts of a Thai traditional diabetic medicine on antioxidation, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Recipe-I comprised 6 Thai medicinal plants without any additional medicinal material, while Recipe-II was composed of 6 Thai medicinal plants with 2 additional medicinal components (ammonium alum and potassium nitrate). Constituent plants of the 2 recipes were extracted with aqueous (H₂O), 50% ethanol (HE), and 95% ethanol (E). Phytochemical screening was conducted on the various extracts to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). Three different assays, including FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic] acid) radical scavenging were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the various extracts. The inhibitory activities of the recipe extracts against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. The results showed that Recipe-II-E was significantly higher in both TPC and TFC. The antioxidant activity of Recipe-I-E and Recipe-II-E was more potent in DPPH and FRAP assays, while Recipe-II-E was significantly more potent in the ABTS assay. Concerning the αglucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, Recipe-I-H₂O was significantly (p < 0.05) more effective among the test extracts. The findings of this study revealed that the test recipe extracts possess noticeable in vitro antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities.

A Comparative Study on Polyphenol, Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant and AntiInflammatory Capacity of Different Solvent Extract from Portulaca oleracea in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Mice

Truong T.P. Thao — 2023-11-20

Portulaca oleracea L., belonging to the Portulacaceae family, is a succulent annual plant, that has been used as vegetables and folk medicine in many Asian countries. There is no systematic and comprehensive research on the comparison of phytochemical quantification and biological activities from various extracts of this plant. This study examined the total polyphenol and flavonoid content of various Portulaca oleracea extracts and assessed their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. Comparing four extracts (methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) from P. oleracea, methanolic extract (ME) showed the greatest total polyphenol (60.52±1.88, mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid content (44.78±1.17 mg QE/g DW). Thus, across all activities examined, ME had the strongest in vitro antioxidant (IC50=43.52 g/mL for DPPH, IC50=9.71 g/mL for FRAP), and anti-inflammatory effects (80% protein denaturation and 74.81% protection of HRBC membrane). Remarkably, after treatment of ME for 5 h, ME has significantly reduced paw volume (0.098 mL) and thickness (0.62 mm) on carrageenan-induced inflammation (hind paw edema model), compared to the inflamed model (0.19 mL and 1.52 mm). Moreover, ME helps protect the inflamed site in mice based on its ability to reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase glutathione (GSH). The applications of ME in the treatment of inflammatory illnesses and oxidative damage are pharmacologically supported by our results. Also, 60 minutes after ingestion of ME, it dramatically raised the plasma levels of polyphenols and flavonoids as well as the antiradical capacity in healthy mice. Our results showed that ME consumption can support in vivo diet-related health advantages.

Essential Oil of Eucalyptus polybractea (L.): Chemical Composition, Antifungal, Insect Repellent and Insecticidal Activities

Asma Chibi — 2023-11-20

Eucalyptus essential oil has a wide range of bioactivity, but research on the activity of Eucalyptus polybractea is limited. Due to the great need for sustainable pesticides, this study was carried out to assess the antifungal and insecticidal activities of essential oil (EO) of E. polybractea. EO was extracted from the leaves by hydrodistillation and the composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity was tested against the following organisms; Aspergilus niger, Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium sp1, Penicillium expansum, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium sp2, Fusarium sp, Aspergilus flavus, Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma viride which were isolated from wheat grain. The insecticidal and repellant activity was tested against stored product pests; Tribolium castaneum. GC-MS analysis revealed a significant number of monoterpenes in the essential oil with Eucalyptol (34.87%) being the major component. The highest antifungal activity was observed against Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium sp2, Aspergilus flavus and Trichoderma viride. EO showed repellent activity to T. castaneum (PR = 65%, after 45 min) and highly toxic with 100% mortality after 72 hours of exposure. The study therefore revealed significant intra-specific changes in EO quality, which is reflected in the different rates of antifungal and insecticidal activity.

Essential Oils of Origanum compactum: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Bioproducts

Ben El Jilali Sarah — 2023-11-20

Antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress are currently real threats to public health. Essential oils derived from aromatic plants are potential solutions to these health problems. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Moroccan oregano (Origanum compactum) essential oils (EOs). The EOs were extracted from the leaves and buds of the plant using the Clevenger apparatus. The oils obtained were characterized by GC-MS analysis. The EOs were also screened for antioxidants using the DPPH and TAC assays. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the EOs against some pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) was determined using the disk diffusion method. The GC-MS chromatographic analysis of the EOs derived from O. compactum (EOOC) revealed a high concentration of thymol and carvacrol as the predominant compounds in EOOC. The evaluation of EOOC's ability to scavenge DPPH radicals demonstrated a significant inhibition rate (IC50 = 0.235 mg/mL). Additionally, the measurement of total antioxidant capacity indicated the presence of a substantial amount of antioxidants in the oil (422.17 ± 22.53 mg EAA/g of EO). The antibacterial results displayed a higher efficacy of EOOC against the tested pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus MIC = 0.751 µl/mL). From the experimental results obtained, the EO of Moroccan Origanum compactum contained eco-friendly antimicrobials and antioxidants and can constitute a promising agent to combat the issues of resistance to conventional drugs and ineffective drug usage.

Biological Resource of Family Commelinaceae in Maha Sarakham Province: Diversity, Traditional Uses and Conservation Status

Piyaporn Saensouk — 2023-11-20

The Family Commelinaceae is considered one of the largest families in the plant kingdom, comprising 41 genera and 731 species. The biodiversity in Maha Sarakham Province plays a significant role in the daily lives of its inhabitants. It’s used as local food, vegetables, medicinal and ornamental plants, rituals, natural dyes, traditional cosmetics, and construction materials. This study aimed to determine Commelinaceae’s diversity, conservation status and traditional uses in Maha Sarakham Province, northeastern Thailand. Seven genera with 26 species of Commelinaceae were collected between January and December 2021 in field surveys. The genus diversity was Murdannia (7 species), Cyanoyis and Tradescantea (5 species each), Commelina (4 species), Callisia (3 species), Amischotolype and Floscopa (1 species each). Callisia repens, Callisia fragrans, and Tradescantia spathacea are popular ornamental species with varied leaf colour. Commelinaceae is significantly distributed in the Kantharawichai District in four ecosystems: deciduous dipterocarp forest (13 species), mixed deciduous forest (4 species), river basin (5 species) and 11 species in home gardens. This study reported 15 native (57.69%) and 11 cultivated species (42.31%) grouped into non-common species (50%) and common species (50%). The phenology is presented from June to September. The conservation status of five species is Least Concern (LC). The study revealed that 16 species from the research area are used for food, ornamental (9 species), rituals (1 species), medicine (4 species), and other purposes (8 species). This study provides important biological resource data on Commelinaceae; to our knowledge, this is the first biodiversity survey of the family.

Topical Antibacterial Therapy from Moringa oleifera Extract Against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Prisca Pakan — 2023-11-20

Moringa oleifera is considered a versatile plant. It has been shown that antimicrobial properties exist in leaves, stem bark, root bark, cotyledon seeds, and seed coats of Moringa oleifera. These antimicrobial properties are believed to be due to secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, tannins and phenols in different plant parts. Acne (Acne Vulgaris) is a common skin condition believed to be caused by the build-up of dead skin cells, bacteria, and dried sebum that blocks the hair follicles in the skin. Natural products are known to possess phytoconstituents for treating many skin infections. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves with concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%, formulated into topical gel preparations against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The moringa leaves were macerated for three days in 70% ethanol. Carbopol 940 was used as the gelling agent. Three extract concentrations were prepared: 5%, 10%, and 15%. As a positive control, 1% clindamycin gel was used in an in vitro bacteriostatic activity test. The gel was physically evaluated for its organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesion. The study showed that the extract concentrations affected the gel's viscosity, pH, and adhesion. Also, the bacteriostatic activity tests of the Moringa leaf extracts revealed that formulas 1, 2 and 3 had inhibition zones between 6.12 mm, 7.98 mm, and 8.35 mm, respectively. In conclusion, the formulations containing 5%, 10% and 15% moringa extract showed bacteriostatic activity against the test organism and normal range for organoleptic, homogeneity and viscosity tests, pH and adhesion tests.

Olive Mill Pomace Impact on the Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L

Issam Alaoui — 2023-11-20

Sustainable methods for enhancing the quality of medicinal herbs are required to provide high amounts of antioxidants widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. In this study, the impact of olive pomace (OMP) addition on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of two selected Rosmarinus officinalis at different proportions 0 and 25% of OMP was examined. The experiments were done in a shade house at the National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Taounate, Morocco. The various parameters TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity (DPPH), pH, CEC (meq.100g^-1), EC (μS.cm^-1), macroand micronutrient content (mg.kg^-1), and nutrient uptake (g. plant^-1) were measured after the samples were extracted by sonication. The results indicated that rosemary leaves treated with 25% OMP amendment exhibited the highest TPC (68.48 mg GAE g^-1 DW), TFC (6.13 ± 6.103 mg GAE g^-1 DW), and antioxidant activity (1.279± 0.26 mg/mL DW). Additionally, the addition of OMP to the soil increased the level of macro- and micronutrients, mainly P, K, and Ca, as well as nutrient absorption factors including P, K, Ca, Cu, and Zn in the rosemary leaves, all of which were increased slightly but significantly. Notably, there was a positive association between DPPH, TPC, TFC, and soil organic matter. These results show that OMP addition has a great impact on the nutritional quality of rosemary leaves and directly increases TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. This study emphasizes the positive impacts of OMP on the bioactive qualities and overall nutrient profile of rosemary plants.

Validation of HPLC Method for Quantifying 1,4-Naphthoquinone in Ethanol and Water Extracts of Eleutherine bulbosa

Roihatul Mutiah — 2023-11-20

Eleutherine bulbosa (E. bulbosa) is a traditional medicinal plant known to contain 1,4-naphthoquinone as the active compound responsible for its pharmacological effects. Ensuring consistent pharmacological effects in pharmaceutical preparations necessitates the quantitative measurement of the active compound content in the extract. This study aims to establish a method for quantifying the levels of 1,4-naphthoquinone in both ethanol and water extracts of E. bulbosa and to determine the optimal levels in both extracts. The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was employed to assess the 1,4-naphthoquinone levels. Method validation was conducted to evaluate the accuracy, precision, linearity, and selectivity of the method. The validation results indicate that this method has met the standards, with the linearity test yielding an “r” value of 0.9939, the selectivity test indicating selectivity at 3.507 minutes, the precision test resulting in a %RSD of 0.7159%, and the accuracy test showing a % recovery of 99.53%. These method validation parameters satisfy the required criteria, affirming the reliability of the method employed. The average levels of 1,4-naphthoquinone in the ethanol extract were determined to be 4.5797 ppm, while in the water extract, it measured 3.2314 ppm. These findings imply that the ethanol extract contains a higher concentration of 1,4- naphthoquinone compared to the water extract. Consequently, it can be inferred that the HPLC method for quantifying 1,4- naphthoquinone levels is valid, and the ethanol extract is recommended as a superior raw material for the development of traditional medicines due to its higher content of active compounds.

The Potency of Java Apple (Syzygium samarangense) AS α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitor: An In-Silico Approach

Tukiran Tukiran — 2023-11-20

Diabetes remains one of the health issues in Indonesia. The number of diabetes patients is increasing each year. The number of diabetes patients also impacts the use of diabetes medications, increasing the demand for diabetes drugs. Acarbose is commonly used to manage diabetes by inhibiting the α-glucosidase and α-amylase. However, acarbose has side effects such as diarrhea, abdominal bloating, and borborygmus. Therefore, an alternative with a similar mechanism to acarbose is needed. As reported that Java apple (Syzygium samarangense) has the potency to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. This study aimed to analyze the potency of the ethyl acetate extract of Java apple stem bark as an α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor using an in silico approach. The types of α-glucosidase used are human maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) as α-amylase. From 61 compounds presented in S. samarangense ethyl acetate extract, 17 compounds showed good inhibition and docked at the same active site as acarbose (control drug), indicating that the compounds serve as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. The binding affinity of these compounds ranges from -8.4 to -10.8 kcal/mol. Three compounds (epigallocatechin, isoengeletin, and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside) showed good drug-likeness and drug score value. The drug-likeness value is 0.31525, 1.8995, and 1.9289; the drug score value is 0.82, 0.79, and 0.77, respectively. The toxicity of these compounds was not detected. Therefore, epigallocatechin, isoengeletin, and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside are promising drug candidates.

Extractions, Standardizations, and In-Vivo Toxicological Investigations of The Vietnamese Fish Mint (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)

Tran V. Hung — 2023-11-20

Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HC), a perennial plant distributed mainly in the tropics and subtropics regions, has been widely used as a folk medicine in Asian countries such as Vietnam. Nevertheless, limited studies have reported the pharmacognostical standardization and toxicity of the Vietnamese HC. Therefore, this study collected, identified, extracted, and in-vivo toxicological tested various HC samples at four locations, representing the whole Vietnam, including Hanoi (the Northern area), Dak Lak (the Western area), Bien Hoa (the Middle area), and Long An (the Southern area). All plant samples satisfied the quality requirements according to the standards of the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia V and Hong Kong Pharmacopoeia. Next, a standard extraction and preparation process of HC was developed with an extraction solvent of 70% ethanol, concentrated under reduced pressure to a density of 1.16 g/mL, and spray-dried with excipients of Syloid244FP:lactose (1:2 w/w) to obtain the crude ethanolic extract of HC with optimal recovery efficiency (71.35%). Finally, the crude HC extract was evaluated its acute toxicity in rats at a dose of 50 g/kg body weight, and sub-acute toxicity in rabbits at a dose of up to 1.5 g/kg/day. No potential toxicity was noted in both settings. Conclusively, the Vietnamese HC extract, which was standardized and possessed safeness in both rat and rabbit animal models, could be further investigated to become a pharmaceutical agent in the future.

Optimization Growth, Yield and Secondary Metabolites Quality of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) with Various Levels of Shade and Sulfur Fertilizer

Akbar Saitama — 2023-11-20

Kencur can grow well in the lowlands or upper lands with loose soil which does not contain much air. The quality of yield of kencur rhizome is determined by its maturity level. An addition of sulfur and the provision of shading could increase the quality and yield of rhizome. The purpose of this study was to study and determine the response of two accessions to the application of sulfur fertilizer and different shade treatments in increasing yield and quality of the rhizome. The research was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021 in Jatikerto Agro Techno Park of Brawijaya University, Malang. A split-split-plot design was used in this study. The design consisted of main plots at 25% and 50% shades, subplots: Banyuwangi and Blitar accessions, and sub-subplots: 0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 MgSO4. The yields obtained indicated that there were interactions between treatments that occured in dry weight parameters of the rhizome, total plants and kencur productivity. By contrast, other treatments such as fresh weight only interacted in the treatment of accession and sulfur fertilizers without the presence of shade treatment. In both accesions, an increase in sulfur fertilizer doses could increase the percentage of total antioxidant activity. However, the antioxidant content was higher at 25% shade compared to that at 50% shade. The dose of sulfur fertilizer at both the shade and accession used was able to increase ethyl p-methoxycinnamate content.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil of Origanum majorana Growing in Middle Atlas of Morocco

Fatima El Kamari — 2023-11-20

The purpose of this work was to determine the chemical composition and assess the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Origanum majorana grown in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. The yield of essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation is about 1 ± 0.05%.The chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the Aerial parts of Origanum majorana was studied by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of the GC-MS analysis of the volatile components of the EO revealed the presence of 21 components, representing 98.51% of the total essential oils (EOs). The main compounds were carvacrol (41.09%), terpinen-4-ol (28.08%), followed by p- Cis-Sabinene hydrate (21.12%), γ-Terpinene (2.7%), Spathulenol (1.5%) and thymol (1.32%). Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH and FRAP assays. The results demonstrated that our EOs exhibit a significant antiradical effect with an IC₅₀ value of 0.25 mg/mL compared to the pure reference antioxidant BHT with an IC₅₀ value of 0.11 mg/mL. The antibacterial effect of this essential oil was tested against five bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive with a MIC value of 1.98 ± 0.01, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia with an MIC value of 2.01 ± 0.35ug/ml. The results show that Origanum majorana essential oil process antibacterial and antioxidant properties and it can be used as a natural food preservative and as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by bacteria.

Formulation of Lozenges Containing Menthol and Citrus hystrix DC. Essential Oil for Pharyngitis Support Treatment

Ngoc T.M. Le — 2023-11-20

This study aimed to develop antibacterial lozenges using kaffir lime fruit peel oil (Citrus hystrix) and assess its efficacy against bacteria responsible for sore throats. The essential components of the lozenges included Citrus hystrix DC essential oil and menthol. The lozenges were fabricated through the direct compression method. Several parameters, such as color, taste, odor, time for oral disintegration, and adherence to in-house specifications, were also assessed. Additionally, the stability of the lozenges was examined following ICH guidelines under accelerated conditions for a duration of six months (at 40°C and relative humidity of 70%). The antibacterial properties of menthol and Citrus hystrix DC essential oil were evaluated against common bacterial strains, including Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 29212, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 33533, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC 25238. The development of lozenges incorporating menthol and Citrus hystrix essential oil was successfully achieved. The preferred combination ratio was determined to be 2:1 of calcium silicate to menthol and essential oils, as it effectively masked the bitter taste. These lozenges adhered to the specifications outlined in the USP 38 monograph for menthol lozenges and exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy. Based on accelerated stability testing, the estimated expiration date for these lozenges was approximately 26 months. The results suggested that the lozenge tablet containing menthol and Citrus hystrix DC essential oils may offer an alternative functional supplement for the prevention of pharyngitis.

Polyphenolic Compounds, Triterpenes, Carlina Oxide, Antioxidant Activity and Carbohydrate Profile of Different Vegetal Parts of Carlina vulgaris L., Carlina acanthifolia All. and Carlina corymbosa L.

Emine N. Saralieva — 2023-11-20

It is known that plants from the Carlina genus possessed many biologic activity due to the bioactive compounds. The current study investigates the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of the different vegetal parts of Carlina vulgaris L., Carlina acanthifolia All. and Carlina corymbosa L. The samples (roots and aerial part) were collected from Bulgaria (Golo Bardo and Vlahina mountains). Total phenols, flavonoids, individual phenolic compounds, triterpenes, phytosterols, carlina oxide, fructans, and individual sugars were determined. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using four methods. The highest total phenolic content was found in ethanol extract from C. acantifololia All. roots. Three phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid), three flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, and quercetin), and triterpenes (lupeol and betulin) were detected in all samples (mainly in roots). However, p-Coumaric acid and ursolic acid were detected only in C. vulgaris, while carlina oxide was found only in C. acantifololia All. roots. The result showed that the roots of C. acanthifolia All. were characterized by appreciable amounts of total fructans (20 g/100 g dry weight), while inulin represented 18-12 g/100 g of dry weight. Sugars were found in all plant materials. The current study provides data about the chemical composition of extracts obtained from three members of the Carlina genus and their use as a source of antioxidants, phenolic compounds, carlina oxide, and inulin-type prebiotics.

Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Inhibitory Activity Against mrkA, treC, and luxS Genes in Biofilm-forming Klebsiella pneumoniae: An In Silico Study

Inayati Inayati — 2023-11-20

Biofilm-forming Klebsiella pneumoniae is a multidrug resistant organism that causes severe infections in humans. The   luxS, treC and mrkA genes play a significant role in the formation of K. pneumoniae biofilms. Cinnamaldehyde has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against pathogenic bacteria. The present study aims to investigate the antibiofilm activity of cinnamaldehyde in silico. In silico study was done using Autodock Vina software and pharmacokinetics prediction using the pkCSM strategy. The ability of cinnamaldehyde to inhibit the mrkA, treC, and   luxS genes of K. pneumonia was accessed by docking the 3D structure of cinnamaldehyde with the luxS, mrkA, and treC gene receptors. Post-docking analysis such as binding affinities, hydrophobic interactions, and pharmacokinetic predictions were carried out. Cinnamaldehyde showed low binding affinities for the three genes; luxS (-5.6 kcal/mol),   mrkA (-5.0 kcal/mol), and treC (-6.0 kcal/mol). The root mean square deviation (RMSD) values were found to be 1.461, 1.210, and 1.426 for luxS, mrkA, and treC gene receptors, respectively. Cinnamaldehyde had a number of hydrophobic interactions as seen in the ligand-receptor interactions for luxS (Lys 13; Asn 15; His 11; Pro 43; Leu 159; and Val 9), mrkA (Phe 157; Ala 162; and Lys 129). Cinnamaldehyde had high bond-free energy similar to that of ciprofloxacin docked with the same gene receptor. From the pharmacokinetics predictions, cinnamaldehyde had a good pharmacokinetics profile. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde has a high docking score comparable to ciprofloxacin and therefore has a potential for use as antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Antibacterial Properties of Leaves and Peels Extracts of Citrus aurantifolia cultivated in Algeria against Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Originating from Raw Milk

Lamia Benredjem — 2023-11-20

Plants have an increased consumer preference and acceptability for the treatment of several diseases. Here, the antibacterial properties of organic extracts obtained from leaves and peels of Citrus aurantifolia from Algeria have been characterized. Two solvents, methanol, and ethanol, were employed to extract the bioactive components. Quantitative analysis of total phenols and flavonoids was conducted for the different extracts. The antibacterial activity was tested against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains originating from raw milk and reference strains including   Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. The results revealed that leaves and peels extracts displayed significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. The inhibition zone diameters observed ranged from 16.00 mm to 22.00 mm. The highest antimicrobial effect was observed with the ethanol extracts against the multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains, as indicated by a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.56 mg/ml. The highest total phenolics and flavonoids contents were found to be 96 mg GAE/g and 54 mg QE/g in peels. Hence, the reported results unveil valuable insights into the antibacterial effects of Citrus aurantifolia extracts which have potential antimicrobial applications.

A Novel Green Extraction and Molecular Docking Study: Effect of Native Cyclodextrins and Derivatives on the Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

Bunleu Sungthong — 2023-11-20

Andrographolide (AP) is a sparingly water solubility bioactive compound from Andrographis paniculata. It exhibits several pharmacological activities. With respect to its hydrophobicity, the high-yield extract of AP is primarily obtained from organic solvents, which are considered as environmentally harmful substances. Therefore, the green extraction using an alternative solvent is eventually performed to obtain the highest AP extract. The objectives of this study are to investigate the extraction efficiency of AP using different types of cyclodextrins (CDs) in aqueous media and in silico molecular docking study of AP with the corresponding CDs. The cyclodextrinassisted extraction of AP using alpha cyclodextrin (αCD), beta cyclodextrin (βCD), gamma cyclodextrin (γCD), methyl beta cyclodextrin (MβCD), trimethyl beta cyclodextrin (triMβCD) and hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPβCD) at a concentration of 1 mM was investigated in aqueous media comparing with water and methanol by ultrasonication. The amount of AP in each extract was determined by an HPLC method. In screening process, HPβCD exhibited the highest extraction yield of AP compared with the other CDs. However, it was significantly lower than that in the methanolic extract (P < 0.05). Subsequently, the extraction of AP was performed as a function of HPβCD concentration. Increasing the concentration of HPβCD resulted to obtain the better extraction yield of AP comparing with a positive control of methanol (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the green extraction using HPβCD could be an alternative method to achieve a higher AP in the extract than that in the methanolic extract.

The Counter-Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra Against Gastrointestinal Tract Toxicity of Indomethacin on Rats

Aiman A. Shoiab — 2023-11-20

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. has been used in treating various medical conditions, including stomach disorders such as flatulence and dyspepsia. Its anti-ulcer activity has been reported to be conflicting. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effects of G. glabra extract on indomethacin-induced gastritis and other gastrointestinal toxicities in rats. Thirty Wistar rats were used in the study and divided into three groups, ten rats in each group. Group I (Control) had free access to standard rat food and water; Group II (Test) had indomethacin administered orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg, given daily; Group III (Intervention) had an ethanol extract of G. glabra administered at 200 mg/kg body weight suspended in distilled water. G. glabra was collected locally in Egypt. The gastroprotective effect of the extract was studied in rats in combination with indomethacin. The present study shows that G. glabra extract significantly protects the stomach mucosa against indomethacin-induced gastritis in rats, where the inflammation grade caused by a combination of extract of G. glabra and indomethacin in the intervention group was less than that of the test group with indomethacin alone (p < 0.01). However, the inflammation grade of gastric mucosa in the intervention group was insignificant compared to the control group (p > 0.01). Furthermore, G. glabra extract significantly increases gastric pH, decreases the stomach’s secretion volume and total acidity, and enhances serum iron, hemoglobulin, and vitamin B12 levels (p ≤ 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that G. glabra exerted a gastric protective effect.

In Silico Evaluation of Natural Antiviral Compounds Targeting the RBM of SARSCoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Ilyes Zatla — 2023-11-20

Emerging in Wuhan in December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a devastating global pandemic. In response to this crisis, considerable efforts have been dedicated to developing preventive and therapeutic approaches, including investigations into natural products that hold promise in combatting COVID-19. This study utilized computational methods to screen and identify six potential natural antiviral compounds with demonstrated efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Molecular docking simulations were employed to predict and analyze the binding interactions between these selected natural compounds and the target protein. Factors such as binding affinity, interaction patterns, and structural compatibility within active sites were taken into account. The results revealed that some of the molecules exhibited positive binding, others didn’t bind at all, with possible interactions between them and the target protein. The computational evaluation obtained for these compounds call for further investigation to evaluate their potential as Spike glycoprotein inhibitors, presenting potential benefits in COVID-19 treatment. These findings contribute to the discovery of novel natural antiviral compounds for SARS-CoV-2, offering valuable leads for subsequent experimental validation and future drug design strategies in the ongoing battle against COVID-19.

Utilizing the Pyrx Program to Conduct in Silico Screening of Polyphenol Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Mango Plants (Mangifera Indica)

Ahmad Najib — 2023-11-20

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a tropical plant from Asia with the potential to cure diseases including colorectal cancer. The research aimed to determine the amount of free energy (ΔG) from the polyphenol compounds of mango plants on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in silico using PyRx program with molecular docking method. The receptor used was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database with 1YY9 codes and the ligands used were downloaded from the KNApSAcK database. The validation of the docking method showed the RMSD value of 1.645 Å in the Alpha-Mannose; 1.381 Å in Beta-D-Mannose; 1.605 Å at 2- (Aetylamino)-2-Deoxy-A-D-Glucopyronose; and 1.334 Å in N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine. As the standard, Cetuximab was used as a therapy for colorectal cancer. The polyphenol compounds in mango plants showed bond-free energy (ΔG) with a range of values between -8.5 kcal/mol to -6.0 kcal/mol, and the best value was Aurasperone D (-8.5 kcal/mol). Compared to Cetuximab (-6.4 kcal/mol), the value of bond-free energy (ΔG) of Aurasperoune compounds was smaller with quite a farther range of values -2.5 kcal/mol. Polyphenolic compounds discovered in Mango plants displayed potential as inhibitors for the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR).

Exploring Plant Species in Vietnam for the Production of pH Indicator Paper

Vu T. Hoa — 2023-11-20

Purple cabbage, turmeric, magenta, amaranth, and red beet contain colour anthocyanins. These colours change according to pH environments. This research aims to explore the potential of utilizing various plant species, such as purple cabbage, turmeric, magenta, amaranth, and red beet, to develop pH indicator paper. The colour solutions of these plants were extracted with deionized water. The extracted solutions were analyzed by IR spectra and UV-Vis spectra. The peak of OH, C=O, and C-O in IR spectra changed in alkaline, neutral, and acidic environments, respectively. The maximum absorption wavelengths of the extracted solutions in UV-Vis spectra were 533 nm and 600 nm in alkaline and neutral environments, respectively. The pH indicator paper was created by impregnating plain white computer paper with extract solutions to achieve uniform colouration. These prepared pH indicator papers were used to detect the pH of household chemicals, including milk, soap, toothpaste, and various fruits and vegetables. The study demonstrates that these plant species exhibit excellent sensitivity to different pH values, possess good durability, and remain unaffected by environmental factors. The developed pH indicator paper holds promising practical applications for testing the pH of diverse chemicals. In this study, the pH indicator paper was employed to determine the acidity or alkalinity levels of commonly found household items, including fruits, beverages, and cleaning solutions. The results highlight the versatility and convenience of utilizing plant-based pH indicator paper for monitoring pH variations in daily life applications.

Identification of Nutritional Components of Different Varieties of Peanut Oil by Chromatographic Analysis

Long D. Thanh — 2023-11-20

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an energy-rich food containing a substantial amount of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. In this study, Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and High- Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were applied to identify various phytochemical and nutritional ingredients in the oil of ten peanut varieties (TL03, LDH09, CNC, L14, TL04, SENNA, LDH01, L27, L19, and LACDOBG) collected from different provinces in Vietnam. The chromatographic analysis identified twenty-five (25) secondary metabolites in the oil of the peanut varieties. Vitamins E and B1 contents ranged from 0.195 to 0.230 mg/mL and 0.003 to 0.005 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas, Vitamins A and B3 were absent in the peanut oil. There were high levels of omega 6, omega 9, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the oil of all the peanut varieties, while omega 3 was present in the oil of some peanut varieties but was not detected in the oil of CNC, L14, TL04, LACDOBG, L27, and SENNA. A total of 22 fatty acids were found in the oil of the peanut varieties, with the highest concentration being C18:1 c9 - Oleic acid (43.13 to 50.71 g/100 g), followed by C18:2 n-6 - Linoleic acid (26.01 to 33.63 g/100 g) and C16:0 - Palmitic acid (11.24 to 12.19 g/100 g). The present study demonstrated that peanut oil is a rich source of energy, vitamins, and essential fatty acids that benefit human health.

Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Fruits in Mice

Tran T.P. Nhung — 2023-11-20

This study investigates the analgesic and antipyretic effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit in mice. In vivo experiments were conducted using ethanol extract from Gardenia jasminoides fruit (EEGJ) at 75, 100, and 125 mg/kg. The positive control group was treated with standard medications, including aspirin (10 mg/kg) and fentanyl (10 mL/kg) for pain experiments, and acetaminophen (10 mg/kg) for fever experiments. In contrast, the negative control group received normal saline (10 mL/kg). The analgesic effectiveness of EEGJ was assessed by measuring response latency and the reduction in writhing responses. Fever was induced by injecting a 20% yeast suspension (10 mL/kg), and rectal temperature was measured both before and after the intervention. The results demonstrated that EEGJ significantly reduced acetic acid-induced writhing responses by 25.8%, 34.78%, and 48.27%, respectively. Furthermore, this extract exhibited a pronounced dose-dependent inhibition of formalin-induced pain during the second phase, with inhibition rates of 15.31%, 25.23%, and 33.57%, respectively. The highest pain inhibition due to mechanical stimulus in the Haffner tail clip test at 15 minutes was observed at a dose of 125 mg/kg, achieving an inhibition rate of 43.08%. Additionally, after 3 hours, rectal temperature significantly decreased in the EEGJ 125 mg/kg group (37.29 ± 0.12^oC) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study unequivocally demonstrates that ethanol extract from Gardenia jasminoides fruit exhibits potent analgesic and antipyretic effects, with the highest activity observed at the dose of 125 mg/kg. Phytochemical constituents in EEGJ, such as alkaloids and flavonoids, may be responsible for the observed effects.

Evaluation of Clitoria ternatea L. Flower Extract in Preventing Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Intisari Dewi — 2023-11-20

Flavonoids and anthocyanins can be found in the Clitoria ternatea flower (C. ternatea). It has been demonstrated to lessen oxidative stress and to inhibit both the pancreatic enzyme -amylase and the intestine's -glucosidase. HbA1c is commonly used to detect glycemic levels, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) is crucial for determining the potential risk of lipid peroxidation-related problems. This research assessed C. ternatea flower extract's (CTE) alter on fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and MDA in Wistar rats with diabetes (DM) induced by streptozotocin- nicotinamide (STZ-NA). Thirty-six male Wistar rats were all used in this post-testonly control group experiment and allocated into six groups: standard control, DM control, DM+4,5 mg/kg acarbose, and DM+150 mg/kg CTE, DM+300 mg/kg CTE, and DM+600 mg/kg CTE, respectively. After 28 days of therapy, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and MDA plasma levels were assessed. DM+600 mg/kg CTE showed the lowest fasting blood glucose levels at 90.43±0.94 mg/dl. With a p-value of p<0.05, the Kruskal-Wallis test findings for fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels demonstrated significant differences between the therapy groups. DM+600 mg/kg CTE showed the lowest levels of MDA of 3.13±0.09 nmol/ml and HbA1c of 26.04±0.13 ng/ml. One-way ANOVA findings for MDA levels had a p-value of p<0.05, indicating a significant difference between the treatment groups. According to the results, rats with diabetes induced by STZ-NA had lower fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and MDA after receiving C. ternatea extract. Clitoria ternatea may have the ability to prevent DM problems.

Acute and Subacute Toxicity Study of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seed Extract in Wistar Rat

Ibrahim Hinad — 2023-11-20

Fenugreek (Trigonella-foenum-graecum L.) seeds are commonly utilized in cuisine as spices, in the traditional treatment and in the prevention of various troubles. This study attempts to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of its extract in wistar rats. In the acute toxicity, single oral administration of four doses (0,05 g, 0,3 g, 2 g and 5 g /kg.bw) to wistar rats was tested and to test subacute toxicity, quotidian oral administration of fenugreek seed extract at dosages of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg.bw was used for 28 days. The results of acute toxicity did not show any deaths and no indication of intoxication was observed in the rats for 14 days following receipt of the various doses of the extract. The subacute toxicity results demonstrated that repeated administration of the extract led to a significant weight gain (p<0.05) in treated rats in comparison to control rats. Treatment of rats with fenugreek seed extract did not cause any signs of intoxication and did not affect the hematological parameters of the rats compared to control rats (p>0.05). Gross examination revealed that the appearance of vital organs was not altered and histological examination revealed steatosis and an increase in the nuclei of hepatocytes in rats given a repeated dose of 3 g /kg of fenugreek seed extract. Fenugreek seeds extract is generally tolerated by rats even at high doses but more care should be taken at chronic use.

Antispasmodic and Relaxant Effects of Thymus algeriensis Dichloromethane fraction on Intestinal Smooth Muscle Motility of Wistar rats

Leila Beyi — 2023-11-20

Digestive disorders are common reasons for medical consultations, making natural remedies based on medicinal plants increasingly popular. This study explored the potential benefits of Thymus algeriensis on the motility of the smooth intestinal muscle to address digestive tract disorders. The study focused on an in vitro test using the rat jejunum to evaluate the antispasmodic and relaxant effects of its dichloromethane fraction. The results showed that the dichloromethane fraction caused a significant relaxing effect on spontaneous contraction and an antispasmodic effect on rat jejunum precontracted with carbachol or KCl in a dose-response manner (p ˂ 0.001). The inhibitory activity demonstrated was comparable to those produced by a non-competitive antagonist of voltage-dependent Calcium channel and cholinergic receptors. These findings highlight the potential of Thymus algeriensis dichloromethane fraction to address digestive disorders.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic from Rhizophora mucronata Derived from Sambera Beach, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Usman Usman — 2023-11-20

This study aims to evaluate the bioactive compounds, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties of methanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts of Rhizophora mucronata mangrove leaves. The R. mucronata leaf samples (1 kg) were extracted with methanol, followed by liquid-liquid partition extraction with dichloromethane, and finally ethyl acetate solvent. The extraction procedure was repeated three times for one 24-hour period. The phytochemical content of the three extracts was determined using the color test method, followed by an antioxidant activity test using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) to detect antidiabetic activity. The phytochemical contents of methanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts of R. mucronata mangrove leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract is categorized as extremely strong, with an IC₅₀ value of 34.64 ppm. In addition, the ethyl acetate extracts reduced blood glucose levels in mice by 57.64% after 24 hours. The mangrove plant R. mucronata from the Sambera beach, particularly the ethyl acetate extract, has the potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant and alternative anti-diabetic medicine.

Formulation, Optimization and In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Carvedilol Mucoadhesive Buccal Films by Using Natural Polymers

Lakshmi Vajrala Leela — 2023-11-20

This study utilizes Quality by Design (QbD) principles to optimize carvedilol buccal film composition. The optimization method used a factorial design, changing three important material attributes (CMAs): the concentration of lime basil seed mucilage, the concentration of plasticizer (PG 10%), and the percentage of permeation enhancer at three different levels (low, medium, and high). Critical quality attributes (CQAs) included drug content (%), drug release percentage, and folding endurance. A 33 factorial experimental design created a first-order response surface model. The optimized buccal formulation, R20, featured high polymer, plasticizer, and medium permeation enhancer concentrations. It yielded favorable CQAs: 96.9 ± 2.4% drug content, 97.4 ± 2.4% drug release at 24 hours, and 422 ± 12 folding endurance. The identified optimal concentrations, established through the solvent casting process, offer a promising buccal film formulation for further research and potential in vivo studies.

Prediction of Antidiabetic Compounds in Curcuma longa – In vitro and In silico Investigations

Temitope I. Adelusi — 2023-11-20

Mitigation of postprandial blood glucose and inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes is an indispensable measure for the treatment or management of type II diabetes mellitus. Medicinal plants due to their diverse bioactive compounds have been reported umpteen times in the management and treatment of diabetes. Hence, the research exploits both in vitro and in silico methodologies to investigate the antidiabetic capacity of Curcuma longa aqueous extract. Its phytochemical components were deduced and quantified in conjunction with its antioxidant potential and inhibitory potential against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase (enzymes indispensable to carbohydrate metabolism) through in vitro assay. GC-MS revealed bioactive compounds from Aqueous Curcuma longa extract were subjected to ADMET profile, Lipinski rule, and Molecular docking studies. Curcuma longa aqueous extract had enormous phenol, flavonoid, and tannin. The extract scavenged DPPH and NO in addition to its inhibitory capacity against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values of 93.34ug/ml and 45.23ug/ml respectively. Consensus molecular docking studies revealed stigmasterol and 2-[4-(1-Ethyl-3- methyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enamido]benzoic acid as top-rank hits against alphaglucosidase. They also proclaimed promising ADMET and bioactive properties in comparison to the standard, acarbose. Consequently, they could be prospective compounds that contribute highly to alpha-glucosidase inhibition as observed in the enzyme assay result. The inhibitory potential of Curcuma longa might be due to the strong binding affinity of its bioactive compounds to alphaglucosidase. Therefore, this research establishes Curcuma longa as a functional food for the management of type-2 diabetes while the bioactive compounds especially stigmasterol and 2-[4- (1-Ethyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enamido]benzoic acid could be a nutraceutical for the management of type 2 diabetes.

Biochemical Effects of Fermentation on Selected Phytochemicals, Enzymes and Antioxidant Activities in The Under-Utilized Seeds of Chrysophyllum albidum Linn and Terminalia catappa Linn

Oluwatofunmi E. Odutayo — 2023-11-20

Chrysophyllum albidum Linn and Terminalia catappa Linn are both tropical plants. Fruits from these plants are eaten because of their edibility and delicious taste, and the seeds being underutilized are mostly discarded. As the quest for food security increases, food processing methods that can improve under-utilized seeds for edibility are needed. This study’s aim was to examine the outcome of fermentation on the phytochemical and antinutrient constituents of these seeds. Their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme activities were also studied. Tannin, phytate, alkaloid and oxalate levels decreased significantly in the two seeds after fermentation (p<0.05). Fermented extracts from the seeds significantly decreased (p<0.05) in their ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. C. albidum seeds significantly increased (P<0.05) in ferric reducing assay property (FRAP) only, T. catappa seeds however showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in TAC and FRAP at the end of fermentation. A remarkable reduction (P<0.05) was detected in the α-amylase activity of the fermented seeds of C. albidum, while a significant elevation (P<0.05) in the α-amylase activity of the fermented T. catappa seeds manifested. Lipase activity increased significantly (P<0.05) in the fermented seeds of both species. Significant elevation (P<0.05) of protease activity also manifested in the fermented C. albidum seeds. The distinct reduction in antinutrient status of the seeds, coupled with the increased digestive enzymes activities, was shown during fermentation, thus indicating fermentation as a tool to enhance the edibility and health outcomes of these under-utilized seeds.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Fractions of Parinari kerstingii Leaf Extract

Nwamaka M. Odu — 2023-11-20

In Nigeria, Parinari kerstingii, a member of the Chrysobalanaceae family, is frequently used as a medicinal plant and is thought to have several biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties of selected GC-MS bioactive constituent fractions of Parinari kerstingii leaf extract. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays (NORSA) were used to measure the extract’s antioxidant activity. In contrast, the fractions’ membrane stabilization potential and platelet aggregation inhibition properties were used to measure the extract’s in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. GC-MS characterizations of the crude extract identified bioactive constituents responsible for these activities. The results of the GC-MS analysis revealed that bioactive compounds with known antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, such as n-Hexadecanoic acid, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-e.t.c. were found in the fractions. The extract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered radical- scavenging activities compared to the fractions at 100, 400, and 800 mg/ml concentrations. Avian (Chicken) erythrocyte membrane was significantly (p< 0.05) protected by various doses (100–800 μg/ml) of extracts against rupture initiated by heat and hypotonic solution (water). Also, platelet aggregation inhibition was exhibited when compared with fractions. In the entire test, the fractions provided no similar order in strengths, indicating the likely presence of various bioactive constituents for each evaluated biological activity. This preliminary in vitro investigation determined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics of Parinari kerstingii leaf, which might be explored further in vivo for the potential use of the plant’s isolates as sources of naturally derived anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules.

Effect of Fermentation Time on Proximate Composition, Phytochemical and Functional Properties of Delonix regia Seeds

Olayinka O. Alabi — 2023-11-20

This study looked at how the length of fermentation influenced the proximate, phytochemical, and functional characteristics of Delonix regia seeds. For each treatment, 600g of the drained-soaked seeds were used. the treatments were in triplicate in a completely randomized design. The seeds were naturally fermented in polythene bags for different lengths of time in a dark place. There were five treatments, denoted T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, with corresponding fermentation durations of 0 days, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. The results showed that T5 had a higher crude fat content at 20.83, while T1, the unfermented control, had the lowest at 10.37. The crude fibre content in T1 showed a high value of 9.58, whereas T2 and T5 gave the highest and lowest values among the fermented treatments at 9.30 and 7.05, respectively. T1 at 39.99 alkaloid content was higher but lower in T5 at 36.01. T2 saponin at 9.92 was higher but lower in T5 (7.40). T1 had a better water absorbing capacity (38.88), while T4 had a better oil absorbing capacity (19.60). The bulk density and specific gravity in the treatments were not significantly different. The best value for Paste clarity was at T4 (85.03). The study showed that the phytochemical composition of the Delonix regia seeds dropped with increased fermentation time, and the proximate composition of the seeds improved, signifying that fermentation enhances the seeds' nutritional properties. To optimize its nutritional potential, it is recommended to ferment the seeds for at least three days.

Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius in Mice and Rats

Amarachi Chike-Ekwughe — 2023-11-20

Tapinanthus cordifolius (TC), a hemiparasitic plant in the Loranthaceae family and the Tapinanthus genus, possesses numerous medicinal properties. In order to establish its medicinal quality and toxicity profile for appropriate application in traditional medicine. This study was designed to determine the safety profile of Tapinanthus cordifolius. Oral acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the ethanolic extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius were evaluated. The OECD (No. 423) limit test was followed to determine the LD₅₀ in Swiss mice, while for the sub-chronic toxicity in Wistar rats, the OECD 407 guideline was followed. Acute toxicity studies in rats revealed no mortality or observable toxicity symptoms at doses of 2000, 5000 mg/kg for a 14-day observation period. The 28-day toxicity tests of the extract showed no significant changes in body weight, food and water intake, urine output and faecal output. Haematological parameters, kidney function indices, and liver function parameters showed no significant effect after treatment with m. Histological examination of various organs showed no changes in the normal architecture of the cells in the tissues of the organs. Thus, based on the results, Tapinanthus cordifolius is considered relatively safe when administered orally at the dose tested.

Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitory Activity of Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) and HPLC-DAD Analysis

O. Joel Onoja — 2023-11-20

Dysmenorrhea a painful gynecological problem reported by women in their reproductive years, is a common condition and is refers to painful menstruation with severe cramping affecting the lower part of the abdomen caused by excessive prostaglandin production within secretory endometrial cell. Already existing drugs have numerous limitations. The objective of the study is to evaluate the cyclooxygenase inhibitory and radical scavenging potential of Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) in the management of dysmenorrhea. The entire dried Heliotropium indicum plant was extracted by successive extraction procedure. Cyclooxygenase assay was carried out using COX-2 Test kit and ABTS assay was also carried out using ABTS Radical cation decoloration assay. HPLC-DAD was used to detect polyphenolic molecules. In cyclooxygenase assay, methanol extract showed highest anti-inflammatory activity with the lowest IC₅₀ of 0.553±0.05 mg/mL when compared with Ibuprofen (IC₅₀ of 0.065±0.00 mg/mL) at 1-0.03125 mg/mL, nhexane and ethyl acetate have IC₅₀ of 0.782±0.01mg/mL and 0.608±0.01mg/mL, respectively. Heliotriopium indicum extract also showed an antioxidative activity when tested with ABTS radical cation decoloration with ethyl acetate having the highest activity (IC50 of 0.315±0.00 mg/mL) when compared with Trolox (IC₅₀ of 0.034±0.00 mg/mL) at 1-0.03125 mg/mL. Tannic acid, naringenin, garlic acid, quercetin, maleic acid and saponin were identified from HPLC-DAD analysis at various concentration. Heliotriopium indicum has the potential to prevent the production of excessive prostaglandin by its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2. Therefore, could be a source of new COX-2 inhibitors.

A Comparative Assessment of Morphometrics and Bacterial Assemblages of Crassostrea gasar (Oyster) from Riparian Swampy Areas of the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria

Victoria F. Akinjogunla — 2023-11-20

The Crassostrea gasar (C. gasar) are economically important bivalves. The study investigated the physico-chemistry, the morphometrics and microbial profiles of C. gasar, water, and sediment from the Lagos Lagoon. The physico-chemistry and morphometry of C. gasar were determined using standard methods while the microbial were identified by Vitek 2 automated system. The mean Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (Log CFU/mL) of C. gasar flesh and shells ranged from 5.28 ± 0.3 to 5.41 ± 0.3 and 5.49 ± 0.1 to 5.62 ± 0.3 respectively. The mean total coliform counts of sediment ranged from 4.34 ± 0.2 to 4.39 ± 0.2 Log CFU/mL, while the highest mean faecal coliform counts and total fungal counts of water samples were 2.41 ± 0.3 and 2.41 ± 0.1 Log CFU/mL, respectively. Vibrio spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger were the species found in all samples in varying percentages. The median-sized C. gasar had the highest values of 7.5 – 12.4 cm (TL); 4.5 – 7.4 cm (MW); and 80.5 – 160.4 g (TW). The highest mean values for surface water temperature, pH, salinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Phosphate were 27.3 ±1.51^oC, 29.8 ± 1.94, 16.5 ± 0.39 ‰. 7.26 ±0.01 mg/L and 0.39 ± 0.01 mg/L respectively. This study revealed that C. gasar from the riparian swampy areas harboured some potential pathogenic organisms of significant public health concern and can contribute to the spread of illnesses when consumed.

Glycemic and Biochemical Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Parkia biglobosa Leaves in Wistar rats Experimentally Induced with Diabetes

Obioma U. Njoku — 2023-11-20

This study evaluated the effect of polyphenol-rich fraction of Parkia biglobosa leaves (PBF) in rats experimentally induced with diabetes. Thirty albino rats divided into five groups (n=6) were used for this study. Except for group one, the rats were first maintained on high high-calorie diet for eight weeks followed by streptozotocin injection (40 mg/kg). Groups 1 and 2 (normal and diabetic controls respectively) received 1 ml of distilled water throughout the experiment. Group 3 received 50 mg/kg of glibenclamide while groups 4 and 5 received 200 and 400 mg/kg of PBF respectively. After 4 weeks of treatment, after an overnight fast, blood was collected from the rats for haematological and biochemical analyses. Body weight and fasting blood glucose measurements were taken weekly. The in vitro antioxidant analysis revealed good ferric reducing power, and DPPH radical-quenching activity (IC₅₀ = 0.47mg/ml). The PBF groups had markedly (p<0.05) reduced blood glucose and showed better glucose tolerance compared to the untreated group. The PBF groups also had marked (p<0.05) diminution of liver enzymes’ activities (ALP, ALT, AST) as well as markedly reduced bilirubin levels relative to the diabetic control. Urea, creatinine, and K+ levels were markedly (p<0.05) reduced in the PBF groups relative to the untreated, while the PBF groups had markedly high Na+ levels in comparison to the diabetic control. This result justifies the use of the leaves locally for disease management and could serve as a cheaper and low- toxicity alternative in the management of diabetes and associated complications.

Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research

Ecotourism in Morocco: Review of the Current Situation, Natural Potential, Cultural Diversity, Obstacles and Recommendations for Future Research

Multicomponent Crystal Formation of Dexibuprofen-Caffeine to Improve Solubility

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Characterization of its Habitats Using Satellite Images in Fez City, North Central Morocco

Correlation Analyses of the Oral Biofilm Growth Inhibition towards Hydrophobicity Reduction of Oral Pathogenic Bacteria

In Vitro Antioxidation, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Thai Traditional Diabetic Medicine

A Comparative Study on Polyphenol, Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant and AntiInflammatory Capacity of Different Solvent Extract from Portulaca oleracea in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Mice

Essential Oil of Eucalyptus polybractea (L.): Chemical Composition, Antifungal, Insect Repellent and Insecticidal Activities

Essential Oils of Origanum compactum: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Bioproducts

Biological Resource of Family Commelinaceae in Maha Sarakham Province: Diversity, Traditional Uses and Conservation Status

Topical Antibacterial Therapy from Moringa oleifera Extract Against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Olive Mill Pomace Impact on the Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L

Validation of HPLC Method for Quantifying 1,4-Naphthoquinone in Ethanol and Water Extracts of Eleutherine bulbosa

The Potency of Java Apple (Syzygium samarangense) AS α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitor: An In-Silico Approach

Extractions, Standardizations, and In-Vivo Toxicological Investigations of The Vietnamese Fish Mint (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)

Optimization Growth, Yield and Secondary Metabolites Quality of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) with Various Levels of Shade and Sulfur Fertilizer

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil of Origanum majorana Growing in Middle Atlas of Morocco

Formulation of Lozenges Containing Menthol and Citrus hystrix DC. Essential Oil for Pharyngitis Support Treatment

Polyphenolic Compounds, Triterpenes, Carlina Oxide, Antioxidant Activity and Carbohydrate Profile of Different Vegetal Parts of Carlina vulgaris L., Carlina acanthifolia All. and Carlina corymbosa L.

Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Inhibitory Activity Against mrkA, treC, and luxS Genes in Biofilm-forming Klebsiella pneumoniae: An In Silico Study

Antibacterial Properties of Leaves and Peels Extracts of Citrus aurantifolia cultivated in Algeria against Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Originating from Raw Milk

A Novel Green Extraction and Molecular Docking Study: Effect of Native Cyclodextrins and Derivatives on the Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

The Counter-Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra Against Gastrointestinal Tract Toxicity of Indomethacin on Rats

In Silico Evaluation of Natural Antiviral Compounds Targeting the RBM of SARSCoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Utilizing the Pyrx Program to Conduct in Silico Screening of Polyphenol Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Mango Plants (Mangifera Indica)

Exploring Plant Species in Vietnam for the Production of pH Indicator Paper

Identification of Nutritional Components of Different Varieties of Peanut Oil by Chromatographic Analysis

Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Fruits in Mice

Evaluation of Clitoria ternatea L. Flower Extract in Preventing Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Acute and Subacute Toxicity Study of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seed Extract in Wistar Rat

Antispasmodic and Relaxant Effects of Thymus algeriensis Dichloromethane fraction on Intestinal Smooth Muscle Motility of Wistar rats

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic from Rhizophora mucronata Derived from Sambera Beach, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Formulation, Optimization and In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Carvedilol Mucoadhesive Buccal Films by Using Natural Polymers

Prediction of Antidiabetic Compounds in Curcuma longa – In vitro and In silico Investigations

Biochemical Effects of Fermentation on Selected Phytochemicals, Enzymes and Antioxidant Activities in The Under-Utilized Seeds of Chrysophyllum albidum Linn and Terminalia catappa Linn

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Fractions of Parinari kerstingii Leaf Extract

Effect of Fermentation Time on Proximate Composition, Phytochemical and Functional Properties of Delonix regia Seeds

Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius in Mice and Rats

Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitory Activity of Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) and HPLC-DAD Analysis

A Comparative Assessment of Morphometrics and Bacterial Assemblages of Crassostrea gasar (Oyster) from Riparian Swampy Areas of the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria

Glycemic and Biochemical Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Parkia biglobosa Leaves in Wistar rats Experimentally Induced with Diabetes

Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Inhibitory Activity Against mrkA, treC, and* luxS* Genes in Biofilm-forming Klebsiella pneumoniae: An In Silico Study