<i>In vitro</i> germination and structure of hard seed testa of natural tetraploid <i>Trifolium pratense L.</i>

Abstract

Scarified and non-scarified seeds of natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. were germinated on in vitro and ex vitro germination media. The medium producing the best outcome was determined and germination media were compared. Additionally, testa of normal and hard seeds were examined. The
media producing the best outcomes in both seed groups (scarified and non-scarified) were hormonefree MS medium, filter paper and soil respectively. Macrosclereid layer of normal seed testa was thicker
than that of hard seed testa due to imbibitions. Whereas, epidermis walls in the macrosclereid layer of hard seed testa were thicker when compared to those of normal seed testa.