Low hypoxia tolerance in larvae of the sardine <i>Sardinops sagax</i> and anchovy <i>Engraulis encrasicolus</i> may limit their stock recovery in the northern Benguela upwelling system

Abstract

Physiological traits of five key fish species (Cape hake Merluccius spp., pelagic goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus, Cape horse mackerel Trachurus capensis, European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax) from the northern Benguela upwelling system (NBUS) were compared during their larval stage by measurements of enzymatic activities of key metabolic enzymes (citrate synthase [CS] and pyruvate kinase [PK]). Two distinct age classes (early larvae: 8‒14 days old; late larvae: 22‒29 days old) for each species and from two areas were compared: Terrace Bay (20° S), the main spawning ground of Cape horse mackerel and anchovy, and Kunene (17° S), near the Angola–Benguela frontal zone, where warm and hypoxic water masses intrude into the NBUS. The results revealed significantly higher CS activity in both larval age classes in Cape horse mackerel, anchovy and sardine compared with Cape hake and pelagic goby. Pelagic goby and Cape horse mackerel had significantly higher PK activity compared with Cape hake, anchovy and sardine, apparent in both larval age classes and both areas. Results for anaerobic metabolism indicate higher capacity for pelagic goby and Cape horse mackerel to recover from oxygen debt built up in prey capture and predator escape behaviour and a higher potential for hypoxia tolerance when compared with Cape hake, anchovy and sardine. These results suggest higher survival probability for pelagic goby and Cape horse mackerel compared with the other species under conditions of a shoaling oxygen minimum zone and may explain their current dominance in the NBUS.