The effect of indigenous <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> fungi (AMF) on phyto-accumulation in <i>Carica papaya</i> hybrids

Abstract

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fruit with a resilient and distinctive aroma. The consumption of the fruit is global due to its high nutritive and medicinal values. However, there has been low production of quality papaya fruits due to unavailability of crucial mineral elements in the soils. The current study therefore, focuses on the effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biofertilizer on the quality of papaya fruits. In order to verify AMF effectiveness on papaya fruits, four treatments were used: AMF inoculum only, composted farm yard manure (FYM) only, combination of AMF inoculum and compost FYM and control where only soil and sand media were used at a ratio of 1:1. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and Malkia papaya hybrids were used. The papaya seeds from JKUAT and Malkia papaya hybrids were sown in trays and transplanted at 3 leaves stage into 5 litre pots within a green house. The AMF spores were bulked using sorghum plants to obtain the AMF inoculum. The treatments were added into the soil media of the papaya plantlets at a ratio of 1:3, every 4 weeks after first transplanting until they were 20 weeks old. They were then transplanted to 100 litre containers, where completely randomized design was used and replication of six papaya plants for each treatment and hybrid. Watering, weeding and cooling the green house with water fumes was carried out when necessary; as the papaya plants grew until the fruits attained physiological maturity. The fruits were separately harvested and ripened to a predetermined stage. They were then analysed for moisture content, crude fibre, minerals (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc), ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and total polyphenols. Data obtained was subjected to two-way ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05 significance level; means were separated using Tukey's HSD test in Genstat's 15th edition. JKUAT hybrid with AMF inoculum treatment had 3.07%crude fibre and 8.42mg/100g phosphorous content while JKUAT hybrid with both AMF inoculum and manure treatments had 4.9 % crude fibre and 9.88 mg/100g phosphorous content. Malkia and JKUAT hybrids with compost FYM treatment had potassium content of 98.31mg/100g and 109.4 mg/100g respectively while the controls had 31.58 mg/100g and 35.32mg/100g respectively. Incorporating soil media with manure and AMF inoculum improved the nutritive quality of papaya fruits and this was contingent on papaya hybrids.